Στις υποθαλάσσιες επικοινωνίες χρησιμοποιούνται ακουστικά κύματα για τη μεταφορά της πληροφορίας. Κατά τη διαδικασία της μετάδοσης εμφανίζονται προβλήματα που σχετίζον- ται με τη καθυστέρηση διάδοσης, την εξασθένηση του σήματος, τις πολλαπλές οδεύσεις λόγω ανάκλασης καθώς και άλλα προβλήματα που παρουσιάζονται στις ασύρματες επι- κοινωνίες. Στην παρούσα εργασία αναλύεται και εξετάζεται η πλειονότητα αυτών. Στο πρώτο κεφάλαιο γίνεται μία συνοπτική περιγραφή του φαινομένου των διαλείψεων καθώς και η ανάλυση βασικών εννοιών, τις οποίες συναντάμε σε επόμενα κεφάλαια. Στο δεύτερο κεφάλαιο περιγράφεται η πολύπλεξη OFDM, η οποία χρησιμοποιείται στις περισσότερες εφαρμογές των υποθαλάσσιων επικοινωνιών. Στο τρίτο κεφάλαιο αναλύεται μαθηματικά η τυφλή εκτίμηση για συστήματα OFDM και αναφέρονται επίσης προσαρμοστικοί αλγόριθ- μοι για την εκτίμηση του καναλιού με βάση την θεωρία η οποία παρουσιάζεται. Τέλος στο τέταρτο κεφάλαιο παρατίθεται κώδικας matlab, στον οποίο γίνεται χρήση των αλγορίθμων των τρίτου κεφαλαίου με σκοπό την εκτίμηση της κρουστικής απόκρισης του καναλιού, ενώ πέραν της γενικής περίπτωσης εξετάζονται επιπλέον λύσεις sparse μορφής. / --

The central aortic blood pressure signal is an important source of information that contains cues about the cardiovascular system condition. Measuring this pulse wave clinically is burdensome as it can be only measured invasively with a catheter. As a result, many mathematical tools have been proposed in the past few decades to reconstruct the aortic pressure signal from the peripheral pressure signals that are usually easier to obtain noninvasively. At the distal level, the blood pressure signal is not directly useful since factors, such as length and stiffness of the arteries, play roles in changing the shape of the pressure signal significantly. In this thesis, multi-channel blind system identification techniques are proposed to estimate the central pressure waveform which vary in their accuracy and complex- ity. First, a simple linear method is applied by approximating the nonlinear arterial system as a linear time-invariant system and applying the cross-relation approach. Next, a more complicated nonlinear Wiener system is proposed to model the nonlinear arterial tree. Along with the channel’s coefficients, the nonlinear functions are estimated using cross-relation and kernel methods. Data-driven machine learning methods are tested to estimate the aortic pressure signals. In many cases, they suffer from underfitting problems. As a remedy, a hybrid machine learning and cross-relation approach is also proposed to add more robustness to the machine learning models. This hybrid approach is implemented by combining the cross-relation with any machine learning method, including deep learning approaches. The various methods are tested using pre-validated virtual databases. The results show that the linear method produces root mean squared errors between 3.40 mmHg and 6.24 mmHg depending on the cross-relation constraint and the equalization tech- nique. On the other hand, the root mean squared errors associated with the nonlinear methods are between 3.76 mmHg and 4.22 mmHg and hence more stable. For the hybrid machine learning and cross-relation approach, applying the cross-relation and the dictionary learning reduce the root mean squared errors up o 67% comparing with the pure machine learning models.

Aeronautical telemetry systems have historically been implemented with constant envelope modulations like CPM. Shifts in system constraints including reduced available bandwidth and increased throughput demands have caused many in the field to reevaluate traditional methods and design practices. This work examines the costs and benefits of using APSK for aeronautical telemetry instead of CPM. Variable rate turbo codes are used to improve the power efficiency of 16- and 32-APSK. Spectral regrowth in nonlinear power amplifiers when driven by non-constant envelope modulation is also considered. Simulation results show the improved spectral efficiency of this modulation scheme over those currently defined in telemetry standards. Additionally, the impact of transitioning from continuous transmission to burst-mode is considered. Synchronization loops are ineffective in burst-mode communication. Data-aided feed forward algorithms can be used to estimate offsets in carrier phase, frequency, and symbol timing between the transmitter and the receiver. If a data-aided algorithm is used, a portion of the transmitted signal is devoted to a known sequence of pilot symbols. Optimum pilot sequences for the three synchronization parameters are obtained analytically and numerically for different system constraints. The alternating sequence is shown to be optimal given a peak power constraint. Alternatively, synchronization can be accomplished using blind algorithms that do not rely on a priori knowledge of a pilot sequence. If blind algorithms are used, the observation interval can be longer than for data-aided algorithms. There are combinations of pilot sequence length and packet length where data-aided algorithms perform better than blind algorithms and vice versa. The conclusion is that a sequential arrangement of blind algorithms operating over an entire burst performs better than a CRB-achieving data-aided algorithm operating over a short pilot sequence.

Les transmissions numériques par satellite sont largement utilisées dans plusieurs domaines allant des applications commerciales en orbites terrestres aux missions d'exploration scientifiques en espace lointain (Deep Space). Ces systèmes de transmission fonctionnent sur des très grandes distances et ils disposent des ressources énergétiques très limitées. Cela se traduit par un très faible rapport signal à bruit au niveau de la station de réception terrestre. Une possibilité d'établir une liaison fiable dans ces conditions très défavorables, réside dans l'utilisation de codes correcteurs d'erreurs puissants tels que les Turbo codes et le LDPC. Cependant, les gains de codage sont conditionnés par le bon fonctionnement des étages de la démodulation cohérente en amont, notamment l'étage de synchronisation. L'opération de synchronisation consiste à estimer et compenser le décalage en phase et en fréquence entre le signal reçu et l'oscillateur local du récepteur. Ces décalages sont généralement provoqués par des imperfections matérielles et le phénomène d'effet Doppler. A très faible rapport signal à bruit, les systèmes de synchronisation actuels se trouvent limités et incapables d'assurer les performances requises. Notre objectif est de fiabiliser l'étage de synchronisation du récepteur dans des conditions très difficiles de faible rapport signal sur bruit, d'effet Doppler conséquent avec prise en compte d'un phénomène d'accélération (Doppler rate) et d'une transmission sans pilote. Cette thèse CIFRE traite du problème de la synchronisation porteuse pour la voie descendante d'une transmission Deep Space. Après la réalisation d'une étude de l'état de l'art des techniques de synchronisation, nous avons retenu les boucles à verrouillage de phase (PLL: Phase Locked Loop). Dans un contexte industriel, les PLL offrent le meilleur compromis entre complexité d'implémentation et performances. Plusieurs détecteurs de phase basés le critère du maximum de vraisemblance ont été considérés et modélisés par leurs courbes caractéristiques. En se basant sur les modèles équivalents, nous avons développé une nouvelle étude de la phase d'acquisition non-linéaire d'une PLL du deuxième ordre avec un détecteur de phase semi-sinusoïdal. La deuxième partie de la thèse a été consacrée à l'étude des techniques de combinaison d'antennes. Ces méthodes visent à exploiter la diversité spatiale et améliorer le bilan de liaison de la chaîne de transmission tout en offrant une flexibilité de conception ainsi qu'une réduction considérable du coût d'installation. A l'issue de cette partie, nous avons proposé un nouveau schéma de combinaison d'antenne qui améliore le seuil de fonctionnement des systèmes existants. / In deep space communication systems, the long distance between the spacecraft and the ground station along with the limited capacity of the on-board power generator result a very low signal to noise ratio (SNR). However, such transmission still possible by using near Shannon limit error correction codes (Turbo code and LDPC code). Nevertheless, to take advantage of this coding gain, the coherent demodulation is mandatory, and the carrier phase synchronization must be reliable at more restrictive SNR. At very low SNR, current synchronization systems are limited and unable to provide the required performances. Our goal is to improve the reliability of the receiver synchronization stage under very difficult conditions of a very low SNR, a variable Doppler effect (Doppler rate) and a blind transmission. This thesis deals with the problem of carrier phase synchronization for the downlink of a Deep Space transmission. After the study of the existing solutions, we selected the phase locked loop (Phase Locked Loop: PLL). In an industrial context, PLL offers the best trade-off between complexity and performance. Several phase detectors based on the maximum likelihood criterion were considered and characterized by their S-curves. Based on the equivalent models, we have developed a new study of the non-linear acquisition phase of a second-order PLL with a semi-sinusoidal phase error detector. The second part of the thesis was dedicated to the antennas combining techniques. These methods aim to improve the link budget of the transmission and offer more flexibility. At the end of this part, we proposed a new antennas combining scheme that improves the operating threshold of existing systems.