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Anthropogenic climate change is approaching predicted tipping points and there is an urgent need to de-carbonize energy systems on a global scale. Generation technologies that do not emit greenhouse gas need to be rapidly deployed, and energy grids need to be updated to accommodate an intermittent fluctuating supply. Rapidly advancing battery technology, cost reduction of solar and wind power and other emerging generation technologies are making the needed changes technically and economically feasible. Extracting energy from fast-flowing tidal currents using turbines akin to those used in wind farms, offers a reliable and predictable source of GHG free energy. The tidal power industry has established the technical feasibility of tidal turbines, and is presently up-scaling deployments from single isolated units to large tidal farms containing many turbines. However there remains significant economic uncertainty in financing such projects, partially due to uncertainty in predicting the long-term energy yield. Since energy yield is used in calculating the project revenue, it is of critical importance. Predicting yield for a prospective farm has not received sufficient attention in the tidal power literature. this task has been the primary motivation for this thesis work, which focuses on establishing and validating simulation-based procedures to predict flows through large tidal farms with many turbines, including the back effects of the turbines. This is a challenging problem because large tidal farms may alter tidal flows on large scales, and the slow-moving wake downstream of each rotor influences the inflow to other rotors, influencing their performance and loading. Additionally, tidal flow variation on diurnal and monthly timescales requires long-duration analysis to obtain meaningful statistics that can be used for forecasting. This thesis presents a hybrid simulation method that uses 2D coastal flow simulations to predict tidal flows over long durations, including the influence of turbines, combined with higher-resolution 3D simulations to predict how wakes and local bathymetry influence the power of each turbine in a tidal farm. The two simulation types are coupled using a method of bins to reduce the computational cost within reasonable limits. The method can be used to compute detailed 3D flow fields, power and loading on each turbine in the farm, energy yield and the impact of the farm on tidal amplitude and phase. The method is demonstrated to be computationally tractable with modest high-performance computing resources and therefore are of immediate value for informing turbine placement, comparing turbine farm-layout cases and forecasting yield, and may be implemented in future automated layout optimization algorithms. / Graduate

Les caractéristiques des transferts de masse et de chaleur par convection forcée lors de l'évaporation du film liquide dans le canal en présence d'un cylindre carré poreux parcouru par un écoulement transversal sont étudiées numériquement. L'objectif principal de la présente étude est d'évaluer l'effet de l'introduction d'un cylindre carré poreux sur le transfert de chaleur et de masse. Plus précisément, cette étude examine l'influence de paramètres tels que l'humidité relative de l'air ambiant, la température de l'air à l'entrée, le flux de chaleur imposé, la position du cylindre, le taux de blocage et le nombre de Reynolds. Une comparaison entre les deux configurations, avec et sans cylindre carré poreux a été réalisée pour mettre en évidence l'effet de son ajout. Pour modéliser ce phénomène nous avons résolu l'équation classique de convection forcée et le modèle de Darcy-Brinkman-Forchheimer dans les milieux poreux. Nous avons trouvé que l'insertion d'un cylindre carré poreux dans le canal pourrait perturber l'écoulement et améliorer de manière significative les taux de transfert de masse et de chaleur au niveau des parois du canal. Les transferts de chaleur et de masse deviennent plus importants avec la diminution du nombre de Darcy et lorsque l'obstacle poreux est placé au milieu du canal. Par contre, l'augmentation de l’humidité relative de l’air ambiant et de la température d'entrée réduit le transfert de masse. A Da = 10-6, l'écoulement ne pénètre plus à travers le cylindre poreux, la structure de l'écoulement est similaire à celui d'un cylindre carré plein. Enfin, nous proposons des lois de corrélations qui permettent de prédire les valeurs des nombres de Sherwood et de Nusselt en fonction des nombres de Reynolds, de Biot et du taux de blocage. / The characteristics of mass and heat transfers by forced convection during liquid film evaporation in the channel with a built in porous square cylinder in a cross flow are investigated numerically. The main objective of the present study is to evaluate the effect of introducing a porous square cylinder on the heat and mass transfer. Specifically, this study examines the influence of parameters such as the relative humidity of the ambient air, the air inlet temperature, the imposed heat flux, the variation of the cylinder position, blockage ratio and Reynolds number on the performance of the evaporation at the channel wall. A comparison between the two configurations, with and without, porous square cylinder has been performed to highlight the effect of its addition. To achieve this, we solved the classic equation of forced convection and the Darcy-Brinkman-Forchheimer model in the porous media. We find that the insertion of a porous square cylinder in the channel could make the flow more disturbed and significantly improve mass and heat transfer rates at the channel walls. The heat and mass transfer enhancements is greater with a decrease of the Darcy number and for γ=1 when the porous obstacle is placed in the middle of the channel. It is also greater with a decrease of the temperature and relative humidity of the air at the inlet. At Da = 10-6, the flow does not penetrate through the porous cylinder, the flow pattern is similar to that of a solid square cylinder. Finally, we propose correlations that allow us to define the Sherwood and Nusselt numbers based on the Reynolds, Biot numbers and the blockage ratio.

Shear layer development over a NACA 0018 airfoil at a chord Reynolds number of 100,000 was investigated experimentally. The effects of experimental setup and analysis tools on the results were also examined. The sensitivity of linear stability predictions for measured separated shear layer velocity profiles to both the analysis approach and experimental data scatter was evaluated. Analysis approaches that are relatively insensitive to experimental data scatter were identified. Stability predictions were shown to be more sensitive to the analysis approach than to experimental data scatter, with differences in the predicted maximum disturbance growth rate and corresponding frequency of approximately 35% between approaches. A parametric study on the effects of experimental setup on low Reynolds number airfoil experiments was completed. It was found that measured lift forces and vortex shedding frequencies were affected by the end plate configuration. It was concluded that the ratio of end plate spacing to projected model height should be at least seven, consistent with the guideline for circular cylinders. Measurements before and after test section wall streamlining revealed errors in lift coefficients due to blockage as high as 9% and errors in the wake vortex shedding frequency of 3.5%. Shear layer development over the model was investigated in detail. Flow visualization images linked an observed asymmetry in wake velocity profiles to pronounced vortex roll-up below the wake centerline. Linear stability predictions based on the mean hot-wire profiles were found to agree with measured disturbance growth rates, wave numbers, and streamwise velocity fluctuation profiles. Embedded surface pressure sensors were shown to provide reasonable estimates of disturbance growth rate, wave number, and convection speed for conditions at which a separation bubble formed on the airfoil surface. Convection speeds of between 30 and 50% of the edge velocity were measured, consistent with phase speed estimates from linear stability theory.

Shear layer development over a NACA 0018 airfoil at a chord Reynolds number of 100,000 was investigated experimentally. The effects of experimental setup and analysis tools on the results were also examined. The sensitivity of linear stability predictions for measured separated shear layer velocity profiles to both the analysis approach and experimental data scatter was evaluated. Analysis approaches that are relatively insensitive to experimental data scatter were identified. Stability predictions were shown to be more sensitive to the analysis approach than to experimental data scatter, with differences in the predicted maximum disturbance growth rate and corresponding frequency of approximately 35% between approaches. A parametric study on the effects of experimental setup on low Reynolds number airfoil experiments was completed. It was found that measured lift forces and vortex shedding frequencies were affected by the end plate configuration. It was concluded that the ratio of end plate spacing to projected model height should be at least seven, consistent with the guideline for circular cylinders. Measurements before and after test section wall streamlining revealed errors in lift coefficients due to blockage as high as 9% and errors in the wake vortex shedding frequency of 3.5%. Shear layer development over the model was investigated in detail. Flow visualization images linked an observed asymmetry in wake velocity profiles to pronounced vortex roll-up below the wake centerline. Linear stability predictions based on the mean hot-wire profiles were found to agree with measured disturbance growth rates, wave numbers, and streamwise velocity fluctuation profiles. Embedded surface pressure sensors were shown to provide reasonable estimates of disturbance growth rate, wave number, and convection speed for conditions at which a separation bubble formed on the airfoil surface. Convection speeds of between 30 and 50% of the edge velocity were measured, consistent with phase speed estimates from linear stability theory.

In this thesis, techniques for testing aircraft models in ground effect in a low speed wind tunnel are investigated. Although these types of tests have been done before, the current study is unique in that forces are measured with an overhead balance instead of an internal balance. This has the advantage that the types of models that are difficult to mount on a sting with an internal balance, can often be mounted with a strut protruding from the top of the model. Positioning a sting-mounted model close to the ground at a high angle-of-attack is also usually difficult if not impossible. Finally, drag measurements are often more accurate when measured with an overhead balance rather than with an internal sting-type balance. The disadvantages associated with this method of testing are identified and solutions suggested. These include accurate moment transfers and correcting for support tares and interference. The thesis also investigates general procedures associated with ground effect testing such as proper boundary corrections and the necessity of a rolling floor. A simplified preliminary test series was performed in order to identify shortcomings in the existing equipment and procedures. This series is explained in Chapter 2. Chapter 4 and 5 describe changes made to the existing equipment following this test series. These include a novel telescopic fairing to shroud the mounting strut and an internal pitching mechanism. The correction techniques and general theory are summarised in Chapter 3. The author concludes in Chapter 6 that with the application of the techniques described in this thesis, the test engineer should be able to obtain accurate and reliable data from most aircraft configurations. Additional suggestions for testing models in ground effect are also given in this chapter. Finally, a few shortcomings that still need to be investigated are mentioned at the end of Chapter 6. AFRIKAANS : Hierdie verhandeling ondersoek tegnieke om vliegtuigmodelle in grondeffek in 'n laespoed-windtonnel te toets. Alhoewel hierdie tipe van toetse al voorheen gedoen is, is die huidige studie uniek deurdat 'n oorhoofse balans eerder as 'n interne balans gebruik word. Die voordeel hiervan is dat modelle wat moeilik op 'n naald- of "sting"-balans monteer kan word, baie keer makliker monteer kan word met 'n stang wat deur die bokant van die model steek. Posisioneering van 'n naald-gemonteerde model naby aan die vloer van die tonnel by hoe invalshoeke is gewoonlik ook baie moeilik indien nie onmoontlik nie. Laastens is sleurkrag-metings wat met 'n oorhoofse balans gemeet is gewoonlik meer akkuraat as sleurkrag-metings wat met 'n interne naald-tipe balans gedoen is. Die nadele wat met hierdie toetsmetode geassosieer kan word, word geïdentifiseer en moontlike oplossing word voorgestel. Hierdie sluit die berekening in van akkurate moment-transformasies en monteersleureffekte en -steurings. Die verhandeling ondersoek ook algemene prosedures wat met grondeffektoetse geassosieer kan word, byvoorbeeld akkurate wandkorreksies en die nodigheid van die rolvloer. 'n Vereenvoudigde vooraf-toetsreeks was uitgevoer om moontlike tekortkominge in die bestaande toerusting en prosedures te identifiseer. Hierdie toetsreeks word in Hoofstuk 2 bespreek. Hoofstuk 4 en 5 verduidelik die veranderinge wat aan die bestaande toerusting gemaak is na aanleidng van hierdie toetsreeks. Hierdie veranderinge sluit 'n teleskopiese windskerm in om die monteerstang te isoleer van die wind, sowel as 'n interne heimeganisme om die invalshoek van die model te verstel. Die korreksieprosedures en algemene teorie word in Hoofstuk 3 opgesom. Die outeur se gevolgtekking in Hoofstuk 6 stel dat die toetsingenieur, met behulp van die gebruik van die tegnieke in hierdie verhandeling beskryf, in staat behoort te wees om betroubare metings te kan neem van meeste vliegtuigkonfigurasies. Verdere voorstelle vir die toets van modelle in grondeffek word ook in hierdie hoofstuk gemaak. Uiteindelik word 'n paar tekortkominge genoem wat moontlik in 'n toekomstige studie ondersoek kan word. / Dissertation (MEng)--University of Pretoria, 1999. / Mechanical and Aeronautical Engineering / unrestricted

A new aerodynamic device, based on flow interference effects, is studied in order to significantly improve the cornering performance of racing motorcycles in MotoGP. After a brief overview on why standard downforce devices cannot be used on motorcycles, the new idea is introduced and a simplified mechanic analysis is provided to prove its effectiveness. The concept is based on the use of anhedral wings placed on the front fairing, with the rider acting as an interference device, aiming to reduce the lift generation of one wing. Numerical calculations, based on Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equations, are performed on simplified static 2D and 3D cases, as a proof of concept of the idea and as a preparation for further analysis which may involve experimental wind-tunnel testing. The obtained results show that the flow interference has indeed a significant impact on the lift on a single wing. For some cases the lift can be reduced by 70% to over 90% - which strengthens the possibility of a realistic implementation. / Ett nytt aerodynamisk koncept som nyttjar effekter av flödesinterferenser är utvärderat i syfte att på ett noterbart sätt förbättra en roadracing-motorcykels kurtagningsmöjligheter. Efter en kort genomgång av varför diverse klassiska "downforce" lösningar ej är applicerbara på motorcyklar, presenteras det nya konceptet. Varpå en mekanisk analys genomförs i syfte att se över dess tillämpbarhet. Konceptet bygger på anhedrala vingar som placeras på den främre kåpan, där föraren agerar som ett interferensobjekt, och försöker störa ut lyftkraften som den ena vingen genererar. Numeriska beräkningar baserade på RANS-ekvationer är utförda i förenklade statiska 2D och 3D fall. Som ett vidare steg rekommenderas vindtunneltester. Resultaten visar att flödesinterferenser är ytterst märkbara för vingar och i vissa fall kan lyftkraften reducerats med 70-90%. Detta förstäker möjligheten för en realistisk implementering.

L’objectif général de cette thèse était d’analyser les effets d’une modification expérimentale de la capacité-posturo-cinétique (CPC) sur l’organisation biomécanique de l’initiation de la marche (IM) chez le jeune adulte. L’hypothèse générale était qu’une altération de la CPC a un effet négatif sur la stabilité et/ou la performance motrice et, qu’à l’inverse, une amélioration de la CPC a un effet positif. Pour tester cette hypothèse, trois expérimentations ont été réalisées, chacune ayant pour objet de modifier une composante spécifique de la CPC en lien avec le contexte clinique. Dans une première expérimentation, les effets d’une fatigue bilatérale aigue des Tibialis Anterior, muscles impliqués dans les ajustements posturaux anticipateurs (APA) de l’IM, étaient analysés. Les résultats ont montré que lorsque l’IM était réalisée en condition de fatigue, le recul anticipateur du centre des pressions et la vitesse du centre de gravité lors du décollement du pied étaient réduits, malgré une augmentation de la durée des APA. En conséquence, la performance motrice (vitesse maximale du centre de gravité/longueur du pas) était réduite. Les résultats d’une étude complémentaire ont montré que les sujets restaient cependant capables d’atteindre le même niveau de performance qu’en condition « sans fatigue » lorsque la consigne expérimentale l’exigeait. Dans une deuxième expérimentation, les effets d’une hypomobilité unilatérale du genou induite par un port d’attelle ont été investigués. En condition de port d’attelle, l'amplitude des APA médio-latéraux, ainsi que la stabilité étaient augmentées comparativement à la condition contrôle (IM sans port d’attelle). En revanche, la performance motrice était réduite. Là encore, lorsque la consigne expérimentale l’exigeait, les sujets étaient capables d’atteindre le même niveau de performance motrice qu’en condition contrôle, mais au détriment de la stabilité. Enfin, dans une troisième expérimentation, les effets d’une augmentation de la mobilité de la chaîne posturale, induite par une manipulation vertébrale de type HVLA étaient analysés. Les participants étaient répartis dans groupe expérimental (subissant la manipulation HVLA) et un groupe témoin (subissant une manipulation neutre). Les résultats ont mis en évidence un gain de mobilité du rachis de 20% suite à ce type de manipulation, suggérant une amélioration de la CPC. De façon surprenante, l’amplitude des APA et la performance motrices étaient réduites dans le groupe expérimental uniquement. En conclusion, l’ensemble de ces résultats suggère que lorsque la CPC est modifiée expérimentalement, le SNC priorise la protection corporelle, le maintien de la stabilité posturale ou le maintien de la performance motrice, en fonction de la consigne expérimentale et de la contrainte appliquée au niveau du système musculo-squelettique. / The main objective of this thesis was to assess the effects of an experimental modification of the posturo-kinetic capacity (PKC) on the biomechanical organization of gait initiation (GI) in young adults. The general hypothesis was that an alteration of PKC has a negative effect on stability and / or motor performance and that conversely, an improvement in PKC has a positive effect. To test this hypothesis, three experimentations were conducted. Each of them aimed at modifying a specific component of the PKC related to the clinical context. In a first experimentation, the effects of acute bilateral fatigue of Tibialis Anterior, muscles involved in the anticipatory postural adjustments (APA) of GI, were analyzed. Results showed that when the GI was performed in fatigue condition, the anticipatory backward of the center of pressure as well as the speed of the center of gravity during the detachment of the foot were reduced, despite an increase in the duration of APA. As a consequence, the driving performance (maximum center of gravity speed / step length) was reduced. Results of a complementary study showed that the subjects were nevertheless able to reach the same level of performance as in "no fatigue" condition when the experimental set point required it. In a second experimentation, the effects of unilateral hypomobility of the knee induced by orthosis were investigated. In orthosis condition, both mediolateral APA amplitude and stability were increased, compared to control condition (GI without orthosis). However, motor performance was reduced. Again, when the experimental set point required it, the subjects were able to achieve the same level of motor performance as under control conditions, but to the detriment of stability. Finally, in a third experimentation, the effects of an increase of postural chain mobility induced by HVLA-type (High-Velocity, Low-Amplidude) vertebral manipulation were assessed. The participants were divided into experimental group (with HVLA manipulation) and a sham group (with neutral manipulation). The results showed a spinal mobility gain of 20% following this type of manipulation, suggesting an improvement of the PKC. Surprisingly, APA amplitude and motor performance were reduced in the experimental group only. To conclude, all these results suggest that when PKC is experimentally modified, the CNS prioritizes body protection, maintenance of the postural stability or maintenance of the motor performance, depending on experimental conditions and constraints applied on musculoskeletal system.

This thesis proposes that Alba Emoting™ is a safe, effective, and versatile technique of generating emotions for acting performance. Alba Emoting is safe because it resolves four major problems some actors experience while generating emotions for acting performance. These problems include, &ldqup;emotional hijacking,” “emotional hangover,” “emotional blockage,” and using emotional memories which are faded, incomplete, inconsistent, or full of mixed emotions. Alba Emoting solves these four problems through the help of certified trainers, the step-out procedure, and the emotional effector patterns, which allow actors consistent access to a large range of emotions. Alba Emoting is effective because it enables actors to control emotional inspiration through technique to create emotions that are felt by the actor and audience. It is versatile because it can be integrated with various rehearsal and emotional exploration techniques. This thesis demonstrates how Alba Emoting may be used with aspects of Stanislavski's System of Acting and Jeremy Whelan's Mosaic Acting System. It also demonstrates how Alba Emoting is used by Hyrum Conrad to create his ArcWork. The purpose of this thesis is to convince universities, conservatories, and other acting training programs to teach Alba Emoting as a technique for generating emotion in acting performance.

Supply chain resilience has become an important topic within supply chain management, as increasingly complex supply chains set out for increased risk in these networks. Supply chain resilience is a risk management approach that includes the ability to mitigate disruptions through specific capabilities. The previous disruptive events of the COVID-19 pandemic and the Suez Canal blockage-21 have highlighted the vulnerabilities of global trade and the need for more resilient supply chains. The purpose of this thesis was to analyse supply chain resilience and the need for dynamic and operational capabilities in the global maritime transport sector to mitigate impacts from slow-onset and sudden-onset disruptions. In specific, the vulnerabilities highlighted through the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic and the Suez Canal blockage-21 over time. This study was conducted as a multiple case study investigating the maritime transport sector’s resilience during COVID-19 and the Suez Canal blockage-21. The data was triangulated through semi-structured interviews, industry podcasts, and business reports and further analysed using a grounded analysis approach. The study showed that the continuous disruptions on supply chains caused by the COVID-19 pandemic and the Suez Canal blockage-21 generated economic consequences, congestions, and capacity constraints that the maritime transport sector could not fully mitigate. The study also provides evidence that severe impacts on supply chains were not necessarily caused by a lack of resilience, but rather the persistency of disruptions did not diminish over time. Even though the maritime transportation sector is considered flexible and agile in adapting to the new market situation, increased collaboration, integration, innovation, and digitalization were found necessary to improve the resilience of the maritime transport sector to become even better prepared for future disruptions.