Bakgrund: Antalet personer med diabetes i världen ökar ständigt. Dåliga levnadsvanor ökar risken för diabeteskomplikationer. Vården har ett ansvar att stärka patientens motivation och förmåga till egenvård.  Syfte: Undersöka effekten av MI som behandlingsmetod för att hjälpa diabetespatienter till förbättrad egenvård.    Metod: Litteraturstudie. Artikelsökningar gjordes i de medicinska databaserna Pubmed, Cinahl och Scopus. I studien inkluderades 10 originalartiklar varav fem var av medelkvalitet och fem av hög kvalitet. Dessa delades in i två grupper vilka var effekt på HbA1c och blodfetter samt effekt på egenvård.    Resultat: Utifrån inkluderade studier kunde ingen signifikant effekt påvisas i HbA1c och blodfetter eller gällande kost, fysisk aktivitet eller medicinsk följsamhet. Däremot sågs positiv effekt vid mätningar av upplevd kompetens, kunskap och egenkontroll. En studie visade positiv effekt på HbA1c av MI i kombination med KBT.  De effekter som kunde påvisas avtog kort tid efter behandlingssessionerna upphört. Studiernas utformning och mätmetoder ifrågasattes.    Slutsats: I nuläget finns få studier inom området därför är det för tidigt att rekommendera MI som metod inom diabetesvården. Mer forskning behövs om MI med tydligare fokus på personalens relation med patienten och personalens MI-färdigheter om man syftar till att mäta effekten av MI-samtalet. / Background: The number of people with diabetes in the world is constantly increasing. Bad food habits increase the risk of diabetes complications. Healthcare has a responsibility to enhance the patient's motivation and ability for self-care. Objective: Investigate the impact of MI as a treatment to help patients with diabetes to better self-care. Method: Literature review. The search for articles were made in the medical databases Pubmed , Cinahl and Scopus. The study included 10 original articles of which five were medium and five high quality. These were divided into two groups, effect on HbA1c and blood lipids and effect on self-care. Results: Based on the included studies, no significant effect is demonstrated in HbA1c and blood lipids or current diet, physical activity or medical adherence. There was however a positive effect in measurements of perceived competence, knowledge and self-control. One study demonstrates a positive effect on HbA1c of MI in combination with CBT. The effects found subsided shortly after the treatment sessions ended. Study design and measurement methods were questioned. Conclusion: Few studies exist in the field, therefore, it is too early to yet recommend the MI-method in diabetes care. More research is needed on MI with a clearer focus on the interviewers relationship with the patient and the MI skills of the interviewers if one aims to measure the effect of the MI-sessions.

Syftet med studien var att med en explorativ ansats undersöka huruvida inflammation och blodfetter kan mediera sambandet mellan fysisk aktivitet och kognitiv funktion hos äldre vuxna. Longitudinell data över ett tidsspann om nio år hämtades från The English Longitudinal Study of Ageing (ELSA). Urvalet bestod av 2380 deltagare, där samtliga var minst 50 år gamla. Fysisk aktivitet (FA) mättes genom självskattning vid intervju. Mått för kognitiv funktion utgjordes av resultat från tester som avser mäta domänerna minne och exekutiv funktion. För minne användes ett Word-list learning-test som mäter omedelbar och fördröjd återgivning (OÅ & FÅ). För exekutiv funktion användes ett Animal Naming-test som mäter verbal fluency (VF). Data för inflammationsmarkörer och blodfetter inhämtades genom blodprov. Inflammationsmarkörer som undersöktes var C-reactive Protein (CRP) och fibrinogen. Blodfetter som undersöktes var High-Density Lipoproteins (HDL-kolesterol), Low-Density Lipoproteins (LDL-kolesterol) samt triglycerider. Medieringsanalys med strukturell ekvationsmodellering (SEM) indikerade att blodfetter, men inte inflammation, medierar sambandet mellan fysisk aktivitet och minne. Resultaten indikerade inte på någon mediering av varken blodfetter eller inflammation avseende domänen exekutiv funktion. I motsats till vad som beskrivs i stora delar av litteraturen pekade resultaten dock på att LDL-kolesterol hade en skyddande roll för kognitiv funktion, och att HDL-kolesterol påverkade kognitiv funktion negativt. Studiens resultat visade att blodfetter kan utgöra en underliggande mekanism för sambandet mellan fysisk aktivitet och minne. / The purpose of the study was to investigate, with an exploratory approach, whether inflammation and blood lipids can mediate the relation between physical activity and cognitive function in older adults. Longitudinal data over a time span of nine years was collected from The English Longitudinal Study of Aging (ELSA). The sample consisted of 2380 participants, all of whom were at least 50 years old. Physical activity (FA) was measured through self-assessment at an interview. Measures of cognitive function consisted of results from tests aimed at measuring the domains of memory and executive function. Memory was assessed with a Word-list learning task which measures immediate and delayed recall. Executive function was assessed with an Animal Naming task which measures verbal fluency. Data for inflammatory markers and blood lipids were obtained through blood samples. Inflammatory markers that were examined consisted of C-reactive Protein (CRP) and fibrinogen. Blood lipids that were examined consisted of High-Density Lipoproteins (HDL cholesterol), Low-Density Lipoproteins (LDL cholesterol) and triglycerides. Mediation analysis with structural equation modelling (SEM) indicated that blood lipids, but not inflammatory markers, mediate the relation between physical activity and memory. Results did not indicate any mediation of neither inflammatory markers nor blood lipids in the physical activity-executive function relation. In contrast to what is commonly described in the literature, the results indicated that LDL-cholesterol has a protective role of cognitive function, and that HDL-cholesterol had a negative effect on cognitive function. The study showed that blood lipids can be an underlying mechanism of the relation between physical activity and memory.

Ginger belongs to the family of Zingiberaceae and has been utilized by mankind since ancient times to cure the common cold, headaches, nausea and stomach ache. Scientific studies have shown that ginger possess anti-microbial, anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, antioxidative, hypoglycemic, hepatoprotective and diuretic characteristics. Newly conducted studies have indicated that ginger also has antidiabetic effects. Ginger contains several substances and two of these are the enolic compounds gingerol and shogaol which may contribute to gingers antidiabetic effect. Diabetes type 2 is a condition where the pancreas can´t produce a sufficient amount of insulin, mainly due to insulin resistance. Increased blood glucose levels can eventually damage both large and small blood vessels which increases the risk of developing atherosclerosis. When the small blood vessels are damaged it can affect the blood supply to the eyes, kidneys and various parts of the nervous system. This could lead to reduced vision, kidney failure and decreased blood circulation. Firsthand treatment for type 2 diabetes is lifestyle changes which include dietary changes, increased exercise/activity and weight loss. When this isn’t enough oral medication, that stimulate the pancreas insulin production and increases the tissues sensitivity to insulin, is given. The purpose of this report is to answer the question: Can ginger be used as a complement to pharmaceutical treatment of diabetes type 2? This is a literature study where Pubmed and Google Scholar were used to search for scientific studies about gingers effect on patients with diabetes type 2. The result showed that ginger has a hypoglycemic effect in patients with type 2 diabetes. This effect seems to be dependent on dosage. Ginger seems to affect insulin resistance and insulin sensitivity in a positive way. The result also shows that ginger affect blood lipids, this result varied in the different studies, but conclusively it showed that it could decrease triglycerides and low density lipoprotein. It can occur a mild chronic inflammation in patients with type 2 diabetes. Ginger is known to be anti-inflammatory which can be considered an antidiabetic effect. The result in this study shows that some inflammatory markers decrease in patients with diabetes type 2. Despite different results all the studies in this report show that ginger has several antidiabetic effects. Ginger seems to have a positive effect on blood glucose levels, insulin resistance, blood lipids and inflammation. So to answer the question: Can ginger be used as a complement to pharmaceutical treatment of diabetes type 2? Yes, ginger seems to contribute to a antidiabetic effect and would be an good addition to the regular treatment of a patient with diabetes type 2.