Aim The main aim of this study was to investigate if a combination of classic resistance training and blood flow restricted resistance exercise (BFRE) training would result in greater increases in quadriceps muscle growth compared with other strength training studies. The second aim was to investigate if there would be any difference in muscle hypertrophy between men and women after the training intervention.   Method Twenty untrained subjects (10 males and 10 female) were recruited to participate in a 10-week unilateral resistance training intervention. Sixteen subjects completed the training intervention. After two familiarization sessions subjects performed three sessions per week in leg press and leg extension, except for week 4 and 8 were subjects performed five BFRE training sessions Monday to Friday. All subjects performed a one repetition maximum test in leg press and leg extension pre and post the training intervention. Ultrasound screening was performed pre and post training intervention to measure muscle thickness in m. vastus lateralis (VL).   Results The 10-week intervention resulted in a significant increase of VL muscle thickness by 15,1 % ± 7,6 (p ≤ 0,01). Both men and women increased in VL muscle thickness, men (n=7) by 15,4 % ± 9,3 (p ≤ 0,01) and women (n=9) by 14,8 % ± 6,0 (p ≤ 0,01), with no difference between genders. Maximal strength increased for the entire group in the leg press by 59,1 % ± 27,4 (p ≤ 0,01) and in the leg extension by 19,8 % ± 13,1 (p ≤ 0,01). Men had an increase of 58,1 % ± 18,0 (p ≤ 0,01) and women with 60,3 % ± 32,8 (p ≤ 0,01) in the leg press. In the leg extension women and men increased their maximal strength by 23,3 % ± 7,4 (p ≤ 0,01) respectively 17,0 % ± 14,4 (p = 0,051).   Conclusions Our unique training protocol resulted in a superior increase in muscle growth in comparison with most other strength training studies. Our result can be converted to an increase of 17,3 % (0,25 % per day) in VL muscle CSA, which is much greater than the mean increase of 0,11 % per day reported in a large meta-analysis (Wernbom, Augustsson & Thomeé 2007).

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Aim: To examine local muscle oxygen kinetics when performing wrist extensions till failure in an occluded versus non-occluded state, to compare the perceived ratings of pain and local muscle exertion, and analysing presence of gender differences. Methods: Twenty-one healthy individuals (mean age 25,6±3.2, 10 females) performed wrist extensions at 30% of peak isometric strength till failure. The order in which the states was performed was randomized. The oxygen kinetics in the m. extensor digitorum was analysed using Near-infrared spectroscopy continuously. Ratings of perceived pain and local muscle exertion were collected before exercise, when reaching failure and post exercise recovery. Result: No difference was identified in tissue oxygen saturation (TOI) at the exercise plateau (-24.0±18.3% vs -23.5±13.9%, p=0.609). TOI at rest was lower for the occluded state (64.2±4.5% vs 57.2±5.9%, p<0.001). During the second minute of recovery, there was a greater increase in TOI for the occluded state (0.01±0.01%/sec vs 0.04±0.03/sec, p<0.001). A higher rating of perceived pain was found for the occluded state during baseline (0.0±0.0 vs 0.7±0.9, p=0.005) and first minute of recovery post exercise (2.3±2.0 vs 3.3±2.1, p=0.011). No clinically relevant gender differences were found. Conclusion: Venous occlusion during low-intensity dynamic wrist extensions affects the local oxygen kinetics in the muscle before and after exercise. The oxygenation kinetics does not differ when exercise plateau is reached when both regimes are performed till failure. This suggests that performing low-load dynamic wrist extensions in a no-relaxation manner, may have the same effects no matter whether occlusion is used or not. / Syfte: Att undersöka den lokala syreomsättningen i muskeln när handledsextensioner utförs till failure i ockluderat tillstånd jämfört med icke-ockluderat tillstånd, samt att jämföra den skattade upplevda smärtan och lokala muskelansträngningen, och eventuella skillnader mellan könen. Metod: Tjugoen friska individer (medelålder 25.6±3.2, 10 kvinnor) utförde handledsextentioner på 30 % av maximal isometrisk styrka till failure. Ordningen av ocklusion och icke-ocklusion var randomiserad. Nära-infraröd spektroskopi användes för att undersöka syreomsättningen lokalt i m. extensor digitorum. Skattning av upplevd smärta och lokal muskelansträngning samlades in före träning, vid failure och vid återhämtning efter träning. Resultat: Ingen skillnad identifierades i vävnadssyremättnad (TOI) vid uppnådd träningsplatå (-24.0±18.3% vs -23.5±13.9%, p=0.609). TOI i vila var lägre för det ockluderade tillståndet (64.2±4.5% vs 57.2±5.9%, p <0.001). Under den andra återhämtningsminuten var det en större ökning av TOI för det ockluderade tillståndet (0.01±0.01%/sek vs 0.04±0.03/sek, p <0.001). En högre skattning av upplevd smärta sågs för det ockluderade tillståndet under den första vilominuten (0.0±0.0 vs 0.7±0.9, p=0.005) och första minuten av återhämtning (2.3±2.0 vs 3.3±2.1, p=0.011). Inga kliniskt relevanta skillnader mellan könen hittades. Slutsats: Ocklusion under lågintensiva dynamiska handledsextensioner påverkar den lokala syreomsättningen i muskeln före och efter träning. Den muskulära syreomsättningen skiljer sig däremot inte när träningsplatå uppnås när båda regimerna utförs till failure. Detta tyder på att utförande av dynamiska handledsextensioner på låg belastning utan att muskeln tillåts att slappna av, kan ge samma effekter oberoende av om ocklusion appliceras eller inte.