In the Time of the Butterflies é um romance da escritora dominicana-americana Julia Alvarez sobre a vida e a morte das Borboletas, Las Mariposas, codinome das irmãs Mirabal, membros de um movimento clandestino contra o regime ditatorial de Rafael Leonidas Trujillo na República Dominicana, que se tornaram símbolos da luta contra o Trujillato depois de serem assassinadas a mando do ditador. Essa dissertação tem como objetivo expor como forma literária e contexto social estão diretamente relacionados nesse romance. Ela defende a ideia de que o borramento de três gêneros literários distintos metaficção historiográfica, autobiografia e bildungsroman reflete o questionamento das fronteiras entre o privado e o público, o pessoal e o político, o eu e o outro, o individual e o coletivo, a literatura e a história, fato e ficção e história e subjetividade. Ela também tenta mostrar como a problematização dessas dicotomias implica na contestação de noções pré-concebidas de identidade, história e nação / In the Time of the Butterflies is a novel by the Dominican-American writer Julia Alvarez on the life and death of the Butterflies, Las Mariposas, codename of the Mirabal sisters in the national underground movement that fought against the dictatorial regime of Rafael Leonidas Trujillo in the Dominican Republic. The novel is an attempt to re-member the sisters assassination under the dictators orders, a story that has never been officially told. This dissertation aims to expose how literary form and political content are related in this novel. It argues that the blurring of three distinct literary genres historiographic metafiction, autobiography and the bildungsroman reflects the questioning of the boundaries between private and public, personal and political, self and other, individual and collective, literature and history, fact and fiction as well as history and subjectivity. It also tries to show how the problematizing of these dichotomies de-naturalizes received notions of identity, history and nation

O objetivo desta dissertação é investigar e analisar a transgressão e o borramento de fronteiras de gênero (categoria narrativa) e sua conexão com a emancipação do sujeito feminino no nível da narrativa nos dois últimos romances de Angela Carter, Nights at the Circus e Wise Children, à luz da teoria da intertextualidade paródica. O tipo de opressão pela qual passam as narradoras/protagonistas Fevvers e Dora Chance bem como as outras personagens femininas em ambos os romances mostra-se intrinsicamente relacionada às restrições ideológicas e formais tradicionalmente impostas aos gêneros (categoria narrativa) pelo patriarcalismo. Estas são precisamente as normas e regulamentos que Angela Carter se propõe desvelar, questionar e minar de forma a preparar o caminho para novas alternativas bem como diferentes possibilidades de futuro tanto para homens como mulheres. A principal contribuição desta dissertação está em sua tentativa de relacionar gênero (categoria narrativa), gênero (determinação sexual) e mudança social a fim de encorajar mais pesquisas sobre o poder político que subjaz a pós-moderna reescritura ou reinvenção e borramento de gêneros (categoria narrativa) praticada pelo sujeito feminino / The aim of this dissertation is to investigate and analyse the transgression and blurring of genre boundaries and its connection with the emancipation of the female subject on the level of the narrative in Angela Carters last two novels, Nights at the Circus and Wise Children, in the light of parodic intertextuality theory. The sort of oppression the narrators/protagonists Fevvers and Dora Chance as well as the other female characters undergo in both novels turn out to be intrinsically related to the ideological and formal constraints traditionally imposed on genres by patriarchy. These are precisely the norms and regulations Angela Carter sets out to unveil, question and undermine so as to pave the way for new alternatives as well as different future possibilities for men and women alike. The main contribution of this dissertation lies in its attempt to relate genre, gender and social change in order to nourish further research on the political power underlying postmodern female rewriting or reinvention and blurring of genres

In the Time of the Butterflies é um romance da escritora dominicana-americana Julia Alvarez sobre a vida e a morte das Borboletas, Las Mariposas, codinome das irmãs Mirabal, membros de um movimento clandestino contra o regime ditatorial de Rafael Leonidas Trujillo na República Dominicana, que se tornaram símbolos da luta contra o Trujillato depois de serem assassinadas a mando do ditador. Essa dissertação tem como objetivo expor como forma literária e contexto social estão diretamente relacionados nesse romance. Ela defende a ideia de que o borramento de três gêneros literários distintos metaficção historiográfica, autobiografia e bildungsroman reflete o questionamento das fronteiras entre o privado e o público, o pessoal e o político, o eu e o outro, o individual e o coletivo, a literatura e a história, fato e ficção e história e subjetividade. Ela também tenta mostrar como a problematização dessas dicotomias implica na contestação de noções pré-concebidas de identidade, história e nação / In the Time of the Butterflies is a novel by the Dominican-American writer Julia Alvarez on the life and death of the Butterflies, Las Mariposas, codename of the Mirabal sisters in the national underground movement that fought against the dictatorial regime of Rafael Leonidas Trujillo in the Dominican Republic. The novel is an attempt to re-member the sisters assassination under the dictators orders, a story that has never been officially told. This dissertation aims to expose how literary form and political content are related in this novel. It argues that the blurring of three distinct literary genres historiographic metafiction, autobiography and the bildungsroman reflects the questioning of the boundaries between private and public, personal and political, self and other, individual and collective, literature and history, fact and fiction as well as history and subjectivity. It also tries to show how the problematizing of these dichotomies de-naturalizes received notions of identity, history and nation

O objetivo desta dissertação é investigar e analisar a transgressão e o borramento de fronteiras de gênero (categoria narrativa) e sua conexão com a emancipação do sujeito feminino no nível da narrativa nos dois últimos romances de Angela Carter, Nights at the Circus e Wise Children, à luz da teoria da intertextualidade paródica. O tipo de opressão pela qual passam as narradoras/protagonistas Fevvers e Dora Chance bem como as outras personagens femininas em ambos os romances mostra-se intrinsicamente relacionada às restrições ideológicas e formais tradicionalmente impostas aos gêneros (categoria narrativa) pelo patriarcalismo. Estas são precisamente as normas e regulamentos que Angela Carter se propõe desvelar, questionar e minar de forma a preparar o caminho para novas alternativas bem como diferentes possibilidades de futuro tanto para homens como mulheres. A principal contribuição desta dissertação está em sua tentativa de relacionar gênero (categoria narrativa), gênero (determinação sexual) e mudança social a fim de encorajar mais pesquisas sobre o poder político que subjaz a pós-moderna reescritura ou reinvenção e borramento de gêneros (categoria narrativa) praticada pelo sujeito feminino / The aim of this dissertation is to investigate and analyse the transgression and blurring of genre boundaries and its connection with the emancipation of the female subject on the level of the narrative in Angela Carters last two novels, Nights at the Circus and Wise Children, in the light of parodic intertextuality theory. The sort of oppression the narrators/protagonists Fevvers and Dora Chance as well as the other female characters undergo in both novels turn out to be intrinsically related to the ideological and formal constraints traditionally imposed on genres by patriarchy. These are precisely the norms and regulations Angela Carter sets out to unveil, question and undermine so as to pave the way for new alternatives as well as different future possibilities for men and women alike. The main contribution of this dissertation lies in its attempt to relate genre, gender and social change in order to nourish further research on the political power underlying postmodern female rewriting or reinvention and blurring of genres

Throughout the ages makeup has been used to hide blemishes, blur imperfections and provide an oil free look of the skin. In the past few years, more attention has been given to face powders ingredients as some of them may be associated with health risks as well as impact the environment. Therefore, there is a need for new safe cosmetic ingredients with improved performance.  It has previously been shown that Upsalite®, a mesoporous magnesium carbonate with an extraordinary high surface area and narrow pore size distribution, has great potential to replace other powder ingredients used as fillers and absorbers in powder cosmetics. In this work functional and physical attributes of Upsalite in powder cosmetics have been further investigated to generate comparative data for claim support. Oil uptake, speed and interaction were investigated and compared with other powders. In addition, a method to quantify transparency and blurring effect of Upsalite compared to other materials has been developed and applied.  It was shown that Upsalite has exceptional absorption capacity of oil and is able to absorb oil much quicker than silica and other cosmetic powders. Preferential interaction with polar compared to non-polar oils was found and the dual interaction of Upsalite with oil and moisture was further substantiated. Transparency studies of Upsalite revealed that Upsalite is more transparent on a glass substrate but was found opaquer on skin than talc and mica. This is explained by that its measured refractive index of 1.62 is slightly higher leading to a somewhat improved coverage. The blurring effect study showed that Upsalite has a blurring index in the range of the best existing cosmetic powders, improving blurring index of mica, talc and BN-12 by up to 60% and can replace silica and microplastics such as Nylon-12. Upsalite was found to visually blur imperfections without looking white.

Domestic violence against women and children is a significant international issue. There are many obstacles survivors face, and the problem is more complex than is often perceived. This interior design practicum responds by focusing on the design of a transitional housing facility that creates a paradigm shift away from the institutional approach. The key interior spaces include areas that help individuals nourish and heal from their challenging experiences; the overall approach focused on establishing community networks amongst the residents. The overarching architectural language and designs were informed primarily by Japanese Zen, Theory of Supportive Design, Lifeboat theory, and Experiential Learning Theory. Additional literature investigation on Shinrin-yoku and Therapeutic Landscapes have helped to shape the final programme and design. Along with relevant precedent studies, a design has been proposed called Hana's Place, a transitional housing facility that is aimed at being a place survivors of domestic violence can call home.

Domestic violence against women and children is a significant international issue. There are many obstacles survivors face, and the problem is more complex than is often perceived. This interior design practicum responds by focusing on the design of a transitional housing facility that creates a paradigm shift away from the institutional approach. The key interior spaces include areas that help individuals nourish and heal from their challenging experiences; the overall approach focused on establishing community networks amongst the residents. The overarching architectural language and designs were informed primarily by Japanese Zen, Theory of Supportive Design, Lifeboat theory, and Experiential Learning Theory. Additional literature investigation on Shinrin-yoku and Therapeutic Landscapes have helped to shape the final programme and design. Along with relevant precedent studies, a design has been proposed called Hana's Place, a transitional housing facility that is aimed at being a place survivors of domestic violence can call home.

PURPOSE. Gait during obstacle negotiation is adapted in visually normal subjects whose vision is temporarily and unilaterally blurred or occluded. This study was conducted to examine whether gait parameters in individuals with long-standing deficient stereopsis are similarly adapted. METHODS. Twelve visually normal subjects and 16 individuals with deficient stereopsis due to amblyopia and/or its associated conditions negotiated floor-based obstacles of different heights (7-22 cm). Trials were conducted during binocular viewing and monocular occlusion. Analyses focused on foot placement before the obstacle and toe clearance over it. RESULTS. Across all viewing conditions, there were significant group-by-obstacle height interactions for toe clearance (P < 0.001), walking velocity (P = 0.003), and penultimate step length (P = 0.022). Toe clearance decreased (similar to 0.7 cm) with increasing obstacle height in visually normal subjects, but it increased (similar to 1.5 cm) with increasing obstacle height in the stereo-deficient group. Walking velocity and penultimate step length decreased with increasing obstacle height in both groups, but the reduction was more pronounced in stereo-deficient individuals. Post hoc analyses indicated group differences in toe clearance and penultimate step length when negotiating the highest obstacle (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS. Occlusion of either eye caused significant and similar gait changes in both groups, suggesting that in stereo-deficient individuals, as in visually normal subjects, both eyes contribute usefully to the execution of adaptive gait. Under monocular and binocular viewing, obstacle-crossing performance in stereo-deficient individuals was more cautious when compared with that of visually normal subjects, but this difference became evident only when the subjects were negotiating higher obstacles; suggesting that such individuals may be at greater risk of tripping or falling during everyday locomotion. / RCUK (Research Councils, UK)

L'imbrication de la théâtralité et des paradigmes issus du performance art est inscrite au coeur du théâtrepostdramatique, défini par Hans-Thies Lehmann, et elle fut également placée au coeur de ce qui fut nommé la« vague flamande » des années 1980. C'est de ce mécanisme que rend compte le terme de théâtreperformantiel, choisi par contraste avec le performatif austinien. En assimilant l'idéal des avant-gardeshistoriques d'une fusion art-vie, fondée sur l'action réelle en temps réel, la théâtralité se trouve à la foisdébordée et révélée dans son essence, comme un processus en cours, qui prévoit la réception d'un regardactif et complice et se donne à vivre comme un événement. La théâtralité performantielle, fondée sur lemontage et le recyclage, oscille entre deux pôles : celui de l'immersion, du choc voire du rêve d'un art total,d'une part, et celui de la mise à distance méta-théâtrale et auto-référentielle, d'autre part. Au centre de cettetension, l'image scénique oppose une résistance au flux des visibilités du monde. C'est ce que révèle uneimmersion au coeur des processus créatifs de trois troupes fondées au début des années 2000 : AbattoirFermé, le Warme Winkel et Wunderbaum. La participation observante éclaire en profondeur les enjeuxesthétiques et idéologiques de cette rencontre entre théâtre et performance. Elle révèle aussi la validité etl'actualité d'une interrogation sur les idéaux de l'avant-garde, dans le contexte d'une crise et d'undurcissement politique et économique auxquels sont confrontés ces artistes, après une période de prospéritéet d'institutionnalisation des pratiques expérimentales. / In postdramatic theatre, as theorized by Hans-Thies Lehmann, theatricality, processuality andperformance art have merged. This overlapping was precisely at the heart of the so-called Flemish Wave, inthe 1980s. That generation drew links between the avant-garde's ideals and methods, and today's youngartists. The blurring of art and life overflows theatrical stages and frames, but thereby reveals the veryessence of theatricality : what is showed on those contemporary stages is the emergence of a process, animage in construction, a work-still-in-progress...This is what coins down the expression « théâtreperformantiel » (« performantial theatre » versus performativity). Frictions between representation, illusionand performativity provoke a constant oscillation between meta-theatrical distance, self-referentiality, shockand sensationnal immersion. It even flirts with the dream of total art. These works also rely on an activespectator's gaze. In the midst of these contradictions, stage images oppose a resistance to the visual flows ofthis world. These movements are explored through a field analysis and a close-up on the creative processesof three Flemish and Dutch groups created around 2000 : Abattoir Fermé, the Warme Winkel andWunderbaum. Participative observation offers deeper insight into the aesthetic and ideological issues at stakeat the heart of this encounter between theatre and performance. It also reveals the currency and the validity ofquestioning the avant-garde's ideals given the context of an economic crisis and political tightening.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:23:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Carlos Eduardo Neves de Carvalho.pdf: 1819884 bytes, checksum: 743f5d09de2989d46ea6b1219468c007 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-09-30 / This essay is dedicated to the study of two empiric phenomena resulting from the use of the mark in the consumer market: acquisition and loss of trademark distinctiveness. The first part is dedicated of the study of acquisition of trademark distinctiveness which could happen in two possibilities: secondary meaning and notoriety. First of all, is addressed the distinctiveness, as the main trademark function and its condition of validity for granting the trademark registration. In the first case, the acquisition of distinctiveness of a trademark occurs by the factual phenomenon known as secondary meaning, in which a descriptive sign, apparently not distinctive, through its prolonged use on the market, acquired a secondary meaning as a distinctive brand, being therefore susceptible for trademark registration. In the second type of acquired distinctiveness, a common trademark can become notorious, renowned and with high commercial prestige within the consumer market through the trademark owner´s advertising investments, which receives special trademark protection: well-known mark within its commercial activity branch, and famous mark, which receives legal protection in all classes of goods and services. The Second Part of this work is dedicated to the study of the loss of distinctiveness of a trademark which may occur in two situations: genericism and dilution. The first situation, genericism, is the factual phenomenon opposed to the secondary meaning, in which, the trademark owner's behavior to promote its brand, results into semantic synonymous and descriptive of the product or service marked by the renowned trademark. The second situation of the loss of trademark distinctiveness is called the dilution phenomenon, which can occurs in three situations: the improper use of a high-renowned trademark in different goods and services marked by the original brand (blurring), the harm to a high-renowned trademark reputation (tarnishment) and the disparagement of a high-renowned trademark in promotional campaigns made by competitors / A presente dissertação analisa dois fenômenos fáticos decorrentes da utilização de uma marca no mercado consumidor: a aquisição e a perda de distintividade marcária. A Primeira Parte dedica-se ao estudo da aquisição de distintividade marcária que pode acontecer em duas hipóteses: significado secundário e notoriedade. Primeiramente, é abordada a distintividade como principal função marcária e condição de validade para a concessão do registro marcário. Na primeira hipótese, a aquisição de distintividade de um sinal marcário ocorre pelo fenômeno fático conhecido como secondary meaning, na qual um sinal descritivo, aparentemente não distintivo, face ao uso prolongado no mercado, adquire uma significação secundária como marca distintiva no mercado consumidor, tornando-se passível para registro. Na segunda hipótese, um sinal marcário comum, face aos elevados investimentos publicitários do titular, torna-se tão conhecido dentro do mercado consumidor, que recebe proteção especial: marca notoriamente conhecida dentro de seu ramo de atividade comercial, e marca de alto renome que possui proteção legal em todas as classes de produtos e serviços. A Segunda Parte deste trabalho dedica-se ao estudo da perda de distintividade de uma marca, o que poderá ocorrer em duas hipóteses: degeneração e diluição. A primeira situação, que é o fenômeno fático oposto ao significado secundário, ocorre pela degeneração, na qual, face ao comportamento do titular, ao promover sua marca, esta se transforma em sinônimo semântico do produto ou serviço assinalado por ela. A segunda situação de perda de distintividade ocorre pelo fenômeno da diluição, que pode se dar em três possibilidades: uso indevido de uma marca de renome em bens diversos daqueles assinalados pela marca original (ofuscação ou turvação), ofensa à reputação da marca de renome (maculação), ou adulteração desta marca em campanhas promocionais feita pelos concorrentes (propaganda comparativa)