Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka hur barn i förskolan uppfattar människokroppen, hur de uttrycker sig, hur intresserade de är av lärandet och om det är möjligt att jobba med ämnet människokroppen i förskolan. Jag hoppas att denna studie kan öppna upp för ett ökat intresse kring att jobba med människokroppen i förskolan.Metoden som använts är kvalitativa intervjuer i kombination med bildmaterial i form av konturerna av en människokropp och sju olika kroppsdelar barnen fick placera ut och beskriva funktionen av. Denna metod användes för att ge barnen möjlighet att uttrycka sig fritt kring de olika kroppsdelarna. Intervjuerna genomfördes på 14 barn i åldern 4-5 år. Barnen fick med egna ord förklara hur de olika kroppsdelarna fungerade och hur de tyckte det är att jobba med ämnet människokroppen.Resultatet visar att flertalet av barnen kunde placera ut de flesta kroppsdelarna och beskriva flertalet av kroppsdelarnas funktioner. Majoriteten av barnen i undersökningen tyckte det var roligt att jobba med människokroppen. / The purpose of this study is to examine how preschool children perceive, express and how interested they are about the learning of the human body and if it is possible to work with the topic the human body in preschool. I hope this study could lay as ground for an increased interest in working with the human body in preschool.The method used is qualitative interviews combined with graphic images in form of a texture of a human body and seven different body parts, which the children were to place out and to describe the function of the body part. This method was used to give the children the opportunity to express themselves freely about the different body parts. The interviews were conducted on 14 children ages 4-5. The children got, with her/his own words, explain how the specific body part worked and what her/his thoughts were about working with the subject the human body.The result shows that most of the children could place and explain most of the functions of the body parts used. The majority of the children in this study thought it was fun to work with the human body.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Chicago, Department of Near Eastern Languages and Civilizations, August 2000. / Includes bibliographical references. Also available on the Internet.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Uppsala : Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet, 2004. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.

Three idiom pairs were analysed in order to identify which conceptual motivation, in the form of metaphors, metonymies, embodied motivations and conventional knowledge, were present. Each pair had one Swedish- and one English idiom. They had a similar semantic meaning and they both contained a lexical word for a body part – but not the same body part. The aim was to find out how the idioms could have a similar semantic meaning without having the same structure and the same words. The aim was the research questions were answered by analysing the idiom pairs from a cognitive linguistic perspective. The result of the study showed there are cognitive and conceptual motivations for the underlying process, which makes people understand the idioms in a similar way. The reason for why the Swedish and the English idioms used different words for body parts seems to have been the notion of embodiment and of cultural and conventional knowledge. The different words for the body parts did not seem to affect the semantic similarity of the idiom pair.

Organ donation is traditionally based on the notion of making a gift based on altruism. An important aspect of ‘altruistic gifting’ is commitment to a solidaristic approach to meeting transplant needs. In line with this, people are encouraged to donate their organs at death to a common pool for collective provision, or donate a live organ to another freely. Given a chronic organ shortage, proposals have been made to change this system to increase donation. Proposals include introducing some organ market or payment in the form of a reward to incentivise live or deceased donation. However, these proposals have been opposed because of the grip of ‘altruistic gift’ as the only ethically acceptable way to procure and distribute organs. To support the ethical acceptability of other systems, ‘altruistic gift’ has been subject to various criticisms. One criticism is the moral relevance of altruism: people may donate on other motives other than altruism; or, altruism is not the motive that underpins most deceased organ donations. Another criticism is the moral value of altruism: even if deceased organ donations are in general altruistic, altruism does not express communal virtues like generosity that support solidarity. A third criticism is the value of the concept of altruism when understood in the pure sense: ‘pure altruism’ fashions an unnecessary or false dichotomy – gift versus sale – in the way people can ethically relate and help each other. Consistent with or following this criticism, it has been argued that use of a financial reward to incentivise donation can be compatible with preserving donation as altruistic albeit in a ‘non-pure’ sense. ‘Altruism’ and reward can co-exist as motives for donation. This thesis concerns itself centrally with the third criticism. It argues that the concept of altruism delineates a distinctive moral ‘perspective’ of a common humanity that engenders a devotion to others’ interests. Accordingly, as I argue, ‘non-pure’ definitions of altruism are misleading as to how a financial reward can be compatible with altruism. From this, the thesis argues that introduction of a financial reward for organ donation would not preserve donation as altruistic. Based on an understanding of altruism as also a motive for ‘creative’ relationships, the thesis counters criticisms of its relevance and value to deceased organ donation under a gift model. As part of its legal analysis, the thesis considers the antithesis of ‘altruistic gift’: the idea of organs as property which places individual control on their disposition at its moral centre. It has been argued that organs should be owned as property so that individuals can sell them, or transmit them to relatives so that relatives can claim payment from donation. To provoke thought on whether organs should be owned as private property like any other, the thesis proposes an inheritance regime for organs with family as default successor.

Context. Underwater human detection has been an important problem in computer vision areas. Body part-based models could gain good performance in on-land human detection with occlusion existing scenarios. This thesis explores the feasibility of human body parts detection in underwater environment. Objectives. This thesis aims to build a DNN-based underwater human body part detector for human body part detection task. Three body part detectors implemented with different DNN-based models (Faster R-CNN, SSD and YOLO) are built and compared over underwater human body part detection task. Methods. In this thesis, experiments are used as research methods. Three DNN-based models which are regarded as the independent variables in the experiment is trained, tested and evaluated. And the detection results of detector based on the three different models are dependent variables. Finally the detection performance calculated on the result for each detector is compared. Results. Underwater Body part detector based on Faster R-CNN provides the best detection performance on the body part detection task in terms of mAP, and YOLOv2 achieves the fastest detection speed but it has the smallest mAP value. In addition, SSD model has both decent detection performance and also detection speed. Conclusions. Underwater Body part detector based on Faster R-CNN, SSD, and YOLO could gain good performance over underwater human body part detection task. Building an underwater body part detector via deep learning method is feasible.

L’hypothèse sur laquelle repose notre travail est que la comparaison de la lexicalisation des noms d’éléments du corps (dorénavant, NEC) et de la phraséologie des NEC entre deux langues va permettre de mettre en évidence des différences de conceptualisation et de culture entre deux sociétés. En fonction de cette hypothèse, notre thèse aborde deux thèmes principaux. Premièrement, nous étudions les NEC coréens (dorénavant, NECC) en nous focalisant sur les noms neutres d’éléments externes du corps humain. Les NECC ont des caractéristiques universelles : richesse lexicale, éléments du vocabulaire basique, source de l’« embodiment », universel physio-conceptuel et nature de quasi-prédicats sémantiques. En même temps, les NECC montrent des particularités sémantiques, syntaxiques et morphologiques liées aux spécificités de la langue coréenne. La comparaison de la lexicalisation des NECC et des NEC français montre que même si les éléments du corps sont des universels physio-conceptuels, il n’y a pas de correspondance lexicale univoque entre les deux langues. Deuxièmement, nous focalisons notre attention sur la phraséologie des NECC et sa modélisation dans le Réseau Lexical du Coréen, une modélisation lexicographique formelle fondée sur une conception relationnelle du lexique. Nous bornons la phraséologie des NECC aux collocations contrôlées par les NECC (par ex. koga oddukhada, litt. nez+SUB être.haut ‘avoir un nez haut et beau’). Dans la phraséologie des NECC, nous prenons aussi en compte la phraséologisation dans un mot-forme (par ex. napjakko, ‘nez aplati’). Nous appelons collocation morphologisée ce type de phrasème morphologique par opposition à la collocation lexicale. À partir de l’examen des collocations non seulement lexicales mais aussi morphologisées contrôlées par NEC, nous pouvons obtenir les composantes sémantiques de la définition de la base, le NEC. Après cela, nous proposons un patron universel de définition des NEC, qui est le fondement du modèle explicatif de la phraséologie des NEC. Ce modèle s’appuie sur l’hypothèse selon laquelle on peut trouver dans les définitions des NEC des composantes récurrentes. Différentes collocations (du type Magn, Ver, Bon, Real1, en termes de fonctions lexicales de la Théorie Sens-Texte) sont alors générées relativement au sémantisme de ces composantes. Finalement, nous comparons la description de la phraséologie des NECC à celle des NEC français, afin d’observer les diverses non-correspondances entre les phrasèmes des deux langues. Ce travail approfondit notre compréhension de la phraséologie aussi bien en général, qu’en tant qu’elle est appliquée au coréen et au français, et met en relief des différences culturelles encodées dans les deux langues. Il peut également trouver des applications en didactique et en traductologie. / The hypothesis on which our work is based is that the comparison of the lexicalization of body element nouns (henceforth, NEC, Fr. nom d’élément du corps) and the phraseology of the NEC between two languages will make it possible to highlight the differences of conceptualization and culture between two societies.According to this hypothesis, our thesis deals with two main themes. Firstly, we study the Korean NEC (henceforth, NECC, Fr. nom d’élément du corps coréen) focusing on the neutral nouns of human external body elements. The NECC have universal characteristics: lexical richness, elements of the basic vocabulary, sources of the embodiment, physio-conceptual universals and their nature of semantic quasi-predicates. At the same time, the NECC show language-specific semantic, syntactic and morphological characteristics. The comparison of the lexicalization of the NECC and the French NEC shows that even if the elements of the body are physio-conceptual universals, there is no univocal lexical correspondence between the two languages.Secondly, we focus our attention on the NECC’s phraseology and its modeling in the Korean Lexical Network, a formal lexicographic model based on a relational conceptualization of the lexicon. We limit the NECC’s phraseology to collocations the NECC control (ex. koga oddukhada, ‘have a high and pretty nose’). Within the NECC’s phraseology, we also take into account the phraseologisation in a word-form (ex. napjakko, ‘flat nose’). We denote this morphological phraseme by the term morphologised collocation, as opposed to the lexical collocation. From the examination of lexical and morphologised collocations which NECC control, we can identify the semantic components of the definition of the NECC. After that, we propose a universal definition pattern of the NEC, which is the foundation of the explanatory model of the NEC’s phraseology. This model is based on the assumption that recurrent components can be found in the definitions of NEC. Different collocations (of the type Magn, Ver, Bon, Real1, in terms of Lexical Functions of the Meaning-Text Theory) are then generated from the semantism of these components. Finally, we compare the description of the phraseology of the NECC with that of the French NEC, in order to observe the various non-correspondences between the phrasemes of the two languages.This work deepens our understanding of phraseology in general and in specific languages (Korean and French), and highlights cultural differences encoded in both languages. It can also find applications in didactics and translation.

A scarcity of experimental studies covering the decomposition of dismembered body parts has created a gap in knowledge of the effect of dismemberment on the estimation of post-mortem interval (PMI) and their post-mortem history in a forensic context. The aim of this study was to record the decay of detached body parts in some depositional settings where they are likely to be disposed of: burial, wrapping and freezing. A series of controlled laboratory experiments was carried out using Sus scrofa body parts and pork belly, to understand how ambient temperature, soil moisture, and wrapping and freezing of body parts affected their decomposition. Rates of decay were subject to a higher temperature and soil moisture level in a burial microenvironment, with metabolic microbial activity confirming the results. Temperature was a predominant factor in the decay rates of wrapped body parts, with a raised ambient temperature causing even higher temperature in the wrapped microenvironment, resulting in accelerated decay rates. Freezing decelerated the decomposition of body parts, retarding microbial growth and activity and causing differential decomposition between body parts. Freezing demonstrated morphological changes in body parts specific to this microenvironment. Predominantly Gram-negative bacteria that may be associated with body microflora were involved in decomposition in all three microenvironments. Taphonomic, chemical and microbiological analyses carried out in this study have a potential for forensic application in the examination of dismembered remains that have been deposited in freezing and indoor settings. Further experiments are necessary to understand buried decomposition patterns in field conditions.

This thesis examines an automated method to detect surface deformations on automotive panels for the purpose of quality control along a manufacturing assembly line. Automation in the automotive manufacturing industry is becoming more prominent, but quality control is still largely performed by human workers. Quality control is important in the context of automotive body panels as deformations can occur along the assembly line such as inadequate handling of parts or tools around a vehicle during assembly, rack storage, and shipping from subcontractors. These defects are currently identified and marked, before panels are either rectified or discarded. This work attempts to develop an automated system to detect deformations to alleviate the dependence on human workers in quality control and improve performance by increasing speed and accuracy. Some techniques make use of an ideal CAD model behaving as a master work, and panels scanned on the assembly line are compared to this model to determine the location of deformations. This thesis presents a solution for detecting deformations of various scales without a master work. It also focuses on automated analysis requiring minimal intuitive operator-set parameters and provides the ability to classify the deformations as dings, which are deformations that protrude from the surface, or dents, which are depressions into the surface. A complete automated deformation detection system is proposed, comprised of a feature extraction module, segmentation module, and classification module, which outputs the locations of deformations when provided with the 3D mesh of an automotive panel. Two feature extraction techniques are proposed. The first is a general feature extraction technique for 3D meshes using octrees for multi-resolution analysis and evaluates the amount of surface variation to locate deformations. The second is specifically designed for the purpose of deformation detection, and analyzes multi-resolution cross-sections of a 3D mesh to locate deformations based on their estimated size. The performance of the proposed automated deformation detection system, and all of its sub-modules, is tested on a set of meshes which represent differing characteristics of deformations in surface panels, including deformations of different scales. Noisy, low resolution meshes are captured from a 3D acquisition, while artificial meshes are generated to simulate ideal acquisition conditions. The proposed system shows accurate results in both ideal situations as well as non-ideal situations under the condition of noise and complex surface curvature by extracting only the deformations of interest and accurately classifying them as dings or dents.

This thesis examines an automated method to detect surface deformations on automotive panels for the purpose of quality control along a manufacturing assembly line. Automation in the automotive manufacturing industry is becoming more prominent, but quality control is still largely performed by human workers. Quality control is important in the context of automotive body panels as deformations can occur along the assembly line such as inadequate handling of parts or tools around a vehicle during assembly, rack storage, and shipping from subcontractors. These defects are currently identified and marked, before panels are either rectified or discarded. This work attempts to develop an automated system to detect deformations to alleviate the dependence on human workers in quality control and improve performance by increasing speed and accuracy. Some techniques make use of an ideal CAD model behaving as a master work, and panels scanned on the assembly line are compared to this model to determine the location of deformations. This thesis presents a solution for detecting deformations of various scales without a master work. It also focuses on automated analysis requiring minimal intuitive operator-set parameters and provides the ability to classify the deformations as dings, which are deformations that protrude from the surface, or dents, which are depressions into the surface. A complete automated deformation detection system is proposed, comprised of a feature extraction module, segmentation module, and classification module, which outputs the locations of deformations when provided with the 3D mesh of an automotive panel. Two feature extraction techniques are proposed. The first is a general feature extraction technique for 3D meshes using octrees for multi-resolution analysis and evaluates the amount of surface variation to locate deformations. The second is specifically designed for the purpose of deformation detection, and analyzes multi-resolution cross-sections of a 3D mesh to locate deformations based on their estimated size. The performance of the proposed automated deformation detection system, and all of its sub-modules, is tested on a set of meshes which represent differing characteristics of deformations in surface panels, including deformations of different scales. Noisy, low resolution meshes are captured from a 3D acquisition, while artificial meshes are generated to simulate ideal acquisition conditions. The proposed system shows accurate results in both ideal situations as well as non-ideal situations under the condition of noise and complex surface curvature by extracting only the deformations of interest and accurately classifying them as dings or dents.