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Five adult male volunteers were studied to investigate the effect of opiate receptor blockade on the physiological response to a maximum of 60 minutes of stationary cycling at 70% V02peak in a hot (33 0 C/65% RH) environment. Exercise bouts were conducted following the administration of naloxone (4mg IV) 5 minutes prior to exercise with a follow-up 4mg dose at 25 minutes of exercise. In the placebo trial, volume-matched doses of saline were administered at the same points. No significant drug effect was observed on rectal or mean skin temperature during exercise. Post-exercise skin temperature was significantly (P<.001) higher on naloxone versus saline. Forearm blood flow (FBF) was consistently higher from minute 25 of exercise until test termination, although only the minute 25 and minute 55 data points were significantly elevated (P<.05, P<.005, respectively) . The rectal temperature threshold at which FBF plateaued was higher on naloxone (P=.054), and the FBF: rectal temperature slope was higher on naloxone throughout the trial. No significant changes were observed in heart rate or estimated mean arterial pressures, although both were consistently lower on naloxone. Gross sweat response was not altered by the drug. Plasma Beta-Endorphin was significantly (P<.Ol) higher on naloxone versus saline, and Beta-Endorphin was significantly elevated in the naloxone trial only. The observation that FBF was significantly higher on naloxone without inducing compensatory heart rate or blood pressure changes suggests that the opioids may be involved in the blood volume shifts that occur during prolonged exercise in the heat. / Master of Science

Six adult males of similar body composition and aerobic capacity were tested to study the effects of changes in plasma volume (PV), osmolality (OSM) and sodium (Na+) on core temperature (Tc) under three exercise-thermoregulatory stress conditions. The protocol consisted of 120 min of upright stationary cycling at 50% V02max under neutral (24° C, 50% RH) - euhydrated (NE), hot (35°C, 50% RH) - euhydrated (HE), and hot-hypohydrated (HH) environmental conditions. Venous blood samples were obtained at -30 min, 0 min and at 15 min intervals through a 30 min recovery and were analyzed for blood hematocrit and hemoglobin, and for plasma osmolality and sodium. Hematocrit and hemoglobin were used to calculate relative changes in plasma volume. Tc showed qualitatively similar linear increases in the first 45 min of each trial. At 60 min, Tc in the NE trial plateaued at 37.9°C. In the HE trial, Tc continued to show a slight further increase after 45 min while in NE it became significantly (p<0.05) lower at 45 min as compared to HE and HH; at 60 min of exercise, the core temperature of all three trials differed significantly (p<0.05), with HH being the highest (38.3°C). Percent change in plasma volume was not different between trials, but did show the greatest decrease in all trials from O to 15 min of the exercise phase with at least -4.3%. Osmolality was significantly different (p<0.05) between the NE (X = 283.3 m0smol/kg) and the HH (X = 292.5 m0smo1/kg). Plasma sodium was significantly (p<0.05) higher for all intervals of HH (X = 137.9 meq/L) as compared to the NE (X = 135.1 meq/L) and HE (X = 134.8 meq/L). These data suggest that core temperature (Tc) increase in moderate intensity endurance exercise is less related to a decreased circulating plasma volume, but is more strongly associated with rising osmolality, specifically the increase in the Na+ electrolyte, which occur with progressive hypohydration. / Master of Science

Na endotoxemia e na sepse alterações nos sinais vitais e em biomarcadores estão presentes e sinalizam o grau de comprometimento fisiológico. Embora a interpretação sobre as concentrações do óxido nítrico (NO) e do lactato plasmáticos na pressão arterial sejam bem estabelecidas na literatura, elucidações sobre suas participações na temperatura corporal ainda são incipientes. Assim, este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito da endotoxemia na temperatura corporal, pressão arterial média e correlacionar esses valores com os biomarcadores NO e lactato plasmáticos. Foram utilizados 40 ratos divididos igualmente em cinco grupos experimentais. A indução da endotoxemia foi realizada por meio da administração endovenosa de lipopolissacarídeo (LPS) bacteriano, respectivamente 0,5 mg/Kg, 1,5 mg/Kg, 3,0 mg/Kg e 10 mg/Kg. O grupo controle recebeu 0,5 mL de solução salina. O experimento teve duração de seis horas. Na 0h (medida basal) foram coletadas amostras de sangue (0,4 mL) para dosagem do NO e lactato plasmáticos e obtidos os valores de temperatura corporal e pressão arterial média, na sequência os modelos experimentais foram induzidos de acordo com o grupo e a dose de LPS. O mesmo procedimento para as análises das variáveis investigadas foi realizado na 2a, na 4a e na 6a hora. A temperatura corporal e a pressão arterial foram registradas em intervalos de 15 minutos. Nossos resultados mostram que os animais que receberam LPS nas doses de até 3,0 mg/Kg apresentaram aumento significativo na temperatura corporal em relação ao grupo com 10 mg/Kg, que apresentou diminuição nesses valores. O aumento nas concentrações de NO e lactato plasmáticos nos grupos com LPS foram significativamente superiores ao grupo que recebeu solução salina e estiveram correlacionados com o aumento na temperatura corporal. O grupo com 10 mg/Kg também apresentou correlação inversa com os níveis da pressão arterial média. Em conclusão, as variações na temperatura corporal observadas neste estudo mostram efeito dose-dependente de LPS, além disso, em sua maioria os parâmetros vitais analisados estiveram correlacionados com o aumento nas concentrações dos biomarcadores NO e lactato plasmáticos / During endotoxemia and sepsis changes in vital signs and biomarkers are present, which may indicate a degree of physiological impairment. Although the interpretation on plasma nitric oxide (NO) and plasma lactate concentrations in blood pressure are well established in the literature, elucidations about their participation in body temperature are still incipient. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the effect of endotoxemia on body temperature, mean arterial pressure correlating these changes with NO and plasma lactate concentrations. In our study we used 40 rats equally divided in five experimental groups. Induction of endotoxemia was performed by intravenous administration of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS), being 0.5 mg / kg, 1.5 mg / kg, 3.0 mg / kg and 10 mg / kg and control group received 0.5 mL of saline. The experiment lasted six hours. At baseline, blood samples (0.4 mL) were collected for plasma NO and plasma lactate measurements and body temperature and mean arterial blood pressure values were obtained. The same procedure was performed for the analysis of all the variables at 2 nd, 4 th and 6 th hours. Body temperature and blood pressure were recorded at each 15 minute intervals. Our results show that animals receiving LPS at doses up to 3.0 mg / kg showed a significant increase in body temperature in relation to the 10 mg / kg group, which presented a decrease in these values. The increase in NO concentrations and plasma lactate in the LPS groups were significantly higher than the saline group and correlated with the increase in body temperature. The 10 mg / kg group also showed a negative correlation with mean arterial pressure levels. In conclusion, the changes in body temperature observed in this study show a dose-dependent effect of LPS, in addition, most of the vital parameters analysed were correlated with the increase in the concentrations of NO biomarkers and plasma lactate

La mélatonine est connue pour agir directement sur l’horloge circadienne. L’agomélatine est un antidépresseur présentant des propriétés agonistes MT1/MT2 et antagonistes 5-HT2C. Tout d’abord, nous avons évalué les effets de l’agomélatine, de la mélatonine et d’un antagoniste 5-HT2C sur deux sorties de l’horloge (rythme de la mélatonine endogène et de la température corporelle). Les résultats obtenus suggèrent une action centrale de l’agomélatine et de la mélatonine, directement sur l’horloge via les récepteurs MT1/MT2, en induisant une augmentation de l’amplitude et une avance de phase du rythme de mélatonine. Pour la température corporelle, l’ensemble des drogues augmente l’amplitude du rythme, suggérant une action des propriétés agonistes MT1/MT2 et/ou antagonistes 5-HT2C de l’agomélatine. Puis, l’étude sur l’expression du gène horloge Per1, a révélé un effet supérieur de l’agomélatine par rapport à la mélatonine, mais seulement le jour du traitement. L’agomélatine pourrait agir sur la machinerie moléculaire de l’horloge, ce qui reste à exploiter davantage. Ces nouvelles données contribuent à une meilleure compréhension des mécanismes d’action de l’agomélatine. / Melatonin is known to act directly on the circadian clock. Agomelatine is an antidepressant with MT1/MT2 agonist and antagonist 5-HT2C properties. First, we evaluated the effects of agomelatine, melatonin and 5-HT2C antagonist on two clock outputs (rhythm of endogenous melatonin and body temperature). The results suggest a central action of agomelatine and melatonin, directly on the circadian clock via MT1/MT2 receptors, inducing an increase on the amplitude and a phase advance of the rhythm of melatonin. For body temperature, all drugs increased the amplitude of the rhythm, this suggest an action of MT1/MT2 agonist and antagonist 5-HT2C properties of agomelatine. Secondly, the study on the expression of clock gene Per1 revealed a greater effect of agomelatine compared to melatonin, but only on the day of treatment. Agomelatine could act on the molecular machinery of the clock, but requires further investigations. These new data allow a better understand of the mechanisms action of agomelatine.

O choque séptico é a complicação mais comum da sepse e responsável por um grande número de casos de morte em unidades de terapia intensiva. Em pacientes com diagnóstico de sepse, a febre é um dos sinais mais comuns, entretanto a hipotermia pode ocorrer e geralmente está associada a infecções severas, prognóstico pior e alta mortalidade. A confluência de vários fatores contribui para a deterioração da condição clínica do paciente que evolui para choque séptico. Um dos principais fatores é a aumentada síntese de óxido nítrico, que pode mediar alterações na função cardiovascular e termorregulatória. O enfermeiro é capaz de detectar o início dos sinais clínicos desses quadros, que incluem: complicação do quadro pulmonar (com presença de taquipnéia), sudorese fria, confusão mental, oligúria, taquicardia, hipotensão arterial e alteração da temperatura corporal. A detecção desses sinais pode ser facilmente realizada com instrumentos apropriados e exame físico. Neste estudo, o objetivo foi correlacionar os valores de temperatura e as concentrações plasmáticas de óxido nítrico em pacientes com diagnóstico de sepse, sepse grave e choque séptico. Nossos dados mostram que existe uma correlação negativa (p<0.0037; r2=0,1593; Coeficiente de Pearson -0,3991) entre os valores de temperatura corporal e os valores de concentração plasmática de nitrato em pacientes com diagnóstico de choque séptico. Estes dados mostram que quanto mais baixa a temperatura corporal, mais altas são as concentrações plasmáticas de nitrato. / Septic shock is the most common complication of sepsis and responsible for a large number of cases of death in intensive care units. In patients with sepsis, fever is one of the most common signs, but hypothermia can occur and is usually associated with severe infections, worse prognosis and high mortality. The confluence of several factors contributing to the deterioration of the clinical condition of patients who progress to septic shock. A key factor is the increased synthesis of nitric oxide may mediate changes in cardiovascular and thermoregulatory function. The nurse is able to detect the onset of clinical signs in these tables, which include: a complication of pulmonary symptoms (presence of tachypnea), cold sweating, mental confusion, oliguria, tachycardia, hypotension, and changes in body temperature. The detection of these signals can be easily accomplished with appropriate instruments and physical examination. In this study, we aimed to correlate the temperature and plasma concentrations of nitric oxide in patients with sepsis, severe sepsis and septic shock. Our data show that there is a negative correlation (p <0.0037, r2 = 0.1593, Pearson´s coefficient of -0.3991) between the values of body temperature and the values of plasma nitrate in patients with septic shock. These data show that the lower body temperature, the higher plasma concentrations of nitrate.

O presente trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar o desempenho físico-mecânico e de durabilidade de chapas homogêneas de partículas de bagaço de cana-de-açúcar e resina poliuretana à base de óleo de mamona; avaliação do comportamento mecânico de painéis modulares de chapas de partículas e madeira de reflorestamento, por meio de simulação numérica, pelo teste de impacto de corpo mole e aplicado em curral para manejo de bovinos; estudo de parâmetros de comportamento de bovinos manejados na instalação edificada com painéis modulares, por meio da mensuração da temperatura de superfície corporal e da reatividade dos animais. Foram determinadas as propriedades físico-químicas e microestruturais das partículas de bagaço de cana-de-açúcar. Para as chapas homogêneas de partículas sem e com revestimento superficial foram avaliadas as propriedades físico-mecânicas antes e após o envelhecimento natural. A avaliação do desempenho mecânico dos painéis modulares foi realizada por meio de uma simulação numérica, em laboratório pelo teste de impacto de corpo mole e, em loco, aplicado em seringa de um curral para manejo de bovinos. Os animais manejados tiveram sua temperatura de superfície corporal aferida por meio método da termografia de infravermelho e a reatividade mensurada por meio dos parâmetros de tempo de saída da seringa e do escore de comportamento na seringa. As chapas homogêneas de partículas de bagaço de cana-de-açúcar atenderam aos requisitos normativos para aplicação do material como componente estrutural. Os painéis modulares apresentaram deslocamento transversal experimental inferior aos valores aferidos pelo modelo numérico. Os animais manejados na seringa de painéis modulares e convencional, de tábuas de madeira, não apresentaram diferença nos parâmetros de reatividade, mas as temperaturas corporais superficiais média e máxima foram inferiores nos animais manejados na seringa com painéis modulares. / This study aimed to evaluate the physical-mechanical performance and durability of homogeneous sugarcane bagasse particleboards and polyurethane resin based on castor oil; to evaluation of the mechanical behavior of both modular panels of particleboards and reforestation wood by numerical simulation, soft body impact test and application in cattle handling facilities; to study bovine behavior parameters managed in the facility built with modular panels, by measuring body surface temperature and the reactivity of animals. The physicochemical properties and microstructure of the particles of sugarcane bagasse were determined. For homogeneous particleboards both without and with surface coating, the physical and mechanical properties were evaluated before and after natural aging. The evaluation of the mechanical performance of modular panels was performed by means of a numerical simulation, under laboratory conditions by soft body impact test and, in situ, applied to a crowding pen of corral for cattle management. The handled animals had their body surface temperature measured by infrared thermography and their reactivity was measured by the parameters of flight time in crowding pen and behavior score in crowding pen. The homogeneous particleboards of sugarcane bagasse met the regulatory requirements for applications as a structural component. The modular panels showed lower experimental transverse displacement values when measured by the numerical model. The animals handled in the crowding pen of modular panels and conventional wooden boards showed no difference in reactivity parameters, but the average and maximum superficial body temperatures were lower in animals handled the crowding pen with modular panels.