This research compared physical characteristics of bodybuilders to judges' rankings, and compared the judges' rankings across three levels of judges: Elite, Trained, and Untrained. Twenty-nine male and nine female bodybuilding athletes consented to anthropometric and circumference measurements. The independent variables in this study were bodyfat, fat-free weight, and proportionality of muscle. Three groups of judges ranked male and female athletes in the Open, Novice, Collegiate, and Masters divisions. The measurements of proportionality of muscle, bodyfat, girths, and fat-free weight were analyzed using simple and multiple regression. The judges' rankings in each class were compared using reliability coefficients, correlation, repeated measures analysis of variance, and the generalized theory for inter-rater reliability. There were significant correlations between the Elite judges' rankings and bodyfat in the Men's Open lightweight class. The Trained and Elite judges' rankings were significantly correlated with bodyfat in the Women's Novice class. Fat-free weight was significantly correlated with the Untrained and Elite judges' rankings in the Women's Novice division. Proportionality of muscle was significantly correlated with the Elite and Trained judges' rankings in the Men's Open lightweight class. Elite and Trained judges' rankings were significantly correlated with bodyfat and proportionality of muscle. All three groups of judges' were significantly correlated with the Overall rankings. The Trained judges' rankings were more correlated and more reliable with the Elite judges. The inter-rater reliability scores were higher for the Elite and Trained judges than for the Untrained judges. When fat-free weight was substituted for body weight in the calculation of proportionality of muscle, prediction of ranking was enhanced. The education session led to a significant disparity in judges' rankings between Trained and Untrained judges. Bodyfat appears to be a better selection variable when comparing physical measurements to judges' rankings in women. Proportionality of muscle is a better selection variable in predicting judges' rankings in men. Prediction models developed from this investigation need further testing. / Ph. D.

Trotz motivierter Therapieversuche gelingt es vielen übergewichtigen Menschen nicht, ihre Bewegungs- und Ernährungsgewohnheiten nachhaltig zu verbessern und das Gewicht zu reduzieren bzw. zu stabilisieren. Es wird angenommen, dass ihnen ein gewisses Maß an Selbststeuerungsfähigkeit (Willensstärke) fehlt. Diese ist notwendig, um ein gefasstes Ziel über eine längere Zeit aufrechtzuerhalten und umzusetzen. Sie steht im Mittelpunkt eines neu konzipierten Selbststeuerungs-, Trainings- und Ernährungs- Programms mit Spaß und wird mittels einer Coaching-Methode individuell gefördert. Durch die Optimierung der mentalen Bedingungen, die das Verhalten determinieren, soll die Voraussetzung für eine dauerhafte Veränderung des Gesundheitsverhaltens geschaffen werden. In einer quasiexperimentellen Studie mit 39 Jugendlichen wurde die Wirksamkeit von S.T.E.P.S. empirisch überprüft. Zudem wurden die Teilnehmer anhand von Erfolgskriterien als Responder bzw. Non-Responder bestimmt und retrospektiv auf Unterschiede untersucht. Daraus wurden Prädiktoren für den Interventionserfolg abgeleitet. Die Ergebnisse deuten auf eine alters- und anwesenheitsabhängige Wirkung des Programms hin. 15-17 Jährige verbesserten signifikant ihre Selbststeuerungskompetenz und reduzierten den Körperfettanteil. Auch die regelmäßig teilnehmenden Jugendlichen optimierten ihre Selbststeuerung bedeutsam. Größtenteils blieben die Effekte nach 8 Monaten bestehen. Responder verfügten über eine signifikant bessere Ausgangslage in den mentalen Prozessen. Bei der Bekämpfung von Übergewicht spielen eine ausgeprägte Handlungsüberzeugung und der Umgang mit negativen Affekten eine entscheidende Rolle. Die Analysen zeigten, dass der BMI zur Abbildung von interventionsbedingten Veränderungen im Körperfettanteil ungeeignet zu sein scheint. Der Einbezug der Eltern und die verwendeten Messinstrumente bezüglich des Verhaltens wurden diskutiert. Letztere wiesen einen dringenden Forschungsbedarf hinsichtlich ihrer Validität auf. / Despite highly motivated attempts at changing their eating and activity habits the majority of overweight people fail to lose weight successfully and over the long term. It is assumed that they lack the willpower necessary to maintain and realize this specific goal and a newly developed intervention program for overweight people (S.T.E.P.S.) is designed to help them with this. Willpower is facilitated through individual coaching. By optimizing the mental conditions which determine an individual’s behaviour, the preconditions for changes to their health behaviour are provided. The efficacy of S.T.E.P.S. has been tested empirically within a quasi-experimental study of 39 adolescents. Based on certain success criteria, participants were defined as responders or non-responders and examined retrospectively for personal differences to deduce which interventions were successful. The efficacy of the program is dependent on the adolescent’s age and frequency of participation. 15-17 year old participants significantly improved their willpower ability and reduced their body fat where they participated in the program frequently. These effects also showed up eight months after finishing the intervention. Responders were disposed to better preconditions in their mental processes. Weight loss requires a high level of volitional self-confidence and being able to deal with negative affects. Analysis seems to show that the BMI is an inadaquate indicator of loss of body fat, based on this intervention. Inclusion of the adolescent’s parents in the program was discussed, as well as the methodological measuring instruments applied in this study. These, however, require further empirical research regarding their validity.