Orientador: Mauricio Roriz / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Civil, Arquitetura e Urbanismo / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-09T21:23:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 CamposNavarro_FidelErnesto_M.pdf: 24455849 bytes, checksum: 1545430cfcbfbeb60fea785ffb1f44fb (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007 / Resumo: O clima compreende um conjunto de variáveis climáticas, que dependendo do seu maior ou do menor grau de incidência é capaz de configurar e de caracterizar o bioclima de uma determinada região. Portanto, é imprescindível para a área da Construção e do Conforto que se tenha um conhecimento prévio do bioclima da região, com o propósito de conceber ambientes construídos confortáveis, por meio do aproveitamento das potencialidades energéticas naturais que são oferecidas pelo ambiente circundante à localização do projeto arquitetõnico. Por isso, o presente trabalho apresenta uma proposta de zoneamento bioclimático para a Bolívia, tendo como referência a análise das adequações construtivas utilizadas na arquitetura vernácula boliviana, em resposta ao clima das zonas. Este trabalho consistiu em duas etapas: a primeira - na coleta de dados medidos (normais climatológicas) sobre Temperaturas e de Umidades de 72 localidades bolivianas e 18 de países vizinhos, além de duas bases de dados interpolados: altitudes e normais climatológicas de todo o planeta. Para complementar espacialmente os dados climáticos, utilizou-se um processo de interpolação d,enominado Média Aritmética entre pontos vizinhos, o que permitiu produzir uma nova base de dados para o território boliviano. Posteriormente, esses dados foram novamente submetidos ao software ABC - Architectural Bioclimatic Classification o que finalmente resultou na definição de oito zonas bioclimáticas. Na segunda etapa - a partir da localização de alguns exemplos de arquitetura vernácula e da obtenção das normais climatológicas do seus respectivos locais, estes dados foram submetidos ao software ABC e às Planilhas de Mahoney Adaptada, com o objetivo de quantificar e qualificar as estratégias bioclimáticas necessárias, para fazer uma analogia dos parâmetros de correção a nível arquitetõnico utilizados pelos construtores nativos. Observou-se uma grande correlação entre as recomendações bioclimáticas das zonas determinadas e as respostas construtivas vernáculas. Portanto, o zoneamento bioclimático resultante pode orientar na escolha das estratégias bioclimáticas e, desta forma, contribuir com o desempenho térmico interno dos ambientes construídos / Abstract: Climate is a set of climatic variables which, depending on the force with which they act, can affect the bioclimate of a region. It is therefore necessary for the Building and Comfort area to know beforehand the climate of a region, so as to provide comfortable buildings by leveraging the natural energy potential of the environment around the architecture project. This work presents a bioclimaticzoning project for Bolivia, using as a reference the building adaptations made by Bolivian vernacular architecture in response to the zones' climates. This was divided into two steps: first, collecting data (climate normais) on temperature and humidity of 72 places in Boliviaand 18 places in neighbouring countries, along with two interpolated databases: altitude and climatic normais for the entire planeI. To complement spacially the climatic data, we used an interpolation process called Arithmetic Mean of Neighbouring Points, which allowed us to create a new database of the Bolivianterritory. Then these data were fed again to the ~BC (Architectural Bioclamatic Classification) software, which resulted in the defining of eight bioclimaticzones. In the second step, from the examples of vernacular architecture found and the climatic normals obtained from their sites, these data was fed to the ABC software and to the Adapted Mahoney Tables, in order to quantify and classify the necessary bioclimatic strategies so as to make an analogy with the architectural correction parameters used by the native constructors. We noticed a strong relation between bioclimatic recomendations of the determined zones and the vernacular building solutions. Therefore the resulting bioclimatic zoning can serve as a guide in choosing the bioclimatic strategies and contribute to the internal thermal performance of buildings / Mestrado / Edificações / Mestre em Engenharia Civil

One of the more important economic activities in the Altiplano region is raising livestock, the exploitation of cattle, sheep, and llamas which are raised and adapted to the conditions surrounding this activity. Livestock production plays a fundamental role in the economy of farming families by providing them products such as meat, milk, cheese, fiber, skins, and other products that each translate into monetary revenues. The present study was carried out in the community of "Chama 6 de julio," Ingavi Province, Department of La Paz, about 83 km. (51.6 miles) outside of La Paz at an elevation of 3,792 m. (12,440 ft.) above sea level. The annual precipitation is 370 mm. (14.6 inches) and average annual temperature is 12° C (53.6° F). The set objectives of this investigative work were: To evaluate the economic behavior of the livestock production (cattle, sheep, and llamas) at the small ranchers 14 level. To quantify in monetary units the structure of costs and revenues of livestock activity. To carry out a socio-economic analysis of the activity. The statistic parameters used were: measures of means, deviations, and percentages. Techniques used for gathering information include the following: semi-structured interviews, dynamic polls, dialogues, conversations, key informants, and direct observation. In studying the costs and revenues of livestock activity the conventional model of fixed and variable costs was used. The method utilized to evaluate the activity is an adaptation of the economic evaluation expressed by the indicating gauges Cost-Benefit Relationship (RBC) and Annual Investment Profitability (RI). 42 families dedicated to agricultural and livestock activity were involved in the study. They were functionally classified according to the number of cattle that they have on their land, a classification that resulted in four groups. The first group contained families possessing from 4 to 6 cattle; the second, from 7 to 9; the third, from 10 to 12; and the fourth, the families with 13 to 15 cattle. Also, the number of samples for each class was calculated to be 5 families. As livestock activity is the most important for families in this community, these families have most of their money invested in their herds, investments ranging from 73% to 86% of all their active livestock investments. The other 14% to 27% of their investment is in the livestock infrastructure, tools, materials, and equipment. The amount of land possessed by families in this community ranges from 8 to 40 hectacres (19.8 to 98.8 acres). The meat (cattle, sheep, and llama) is the most important product for commercial purposes. Accordingly, families from class IV achieved the highest production with 812 kg. (180.7 lbs) per year, followed by classes III and II. The lowest annual amount came from families grouped into class I with only 235 kg. (518 lbs). Another product of utmost importance after meat is cheese for which the families of class IV were those that had the highest annual production with 476 units, with an average weight of 0.6 kg (1.3 lbs). They were followed by families in classes III and I. Finally, the families in class II achieved the smallest output with 337 units. 69% to 79% of the total production of meat and cheese is destined for market. The families consume only 10% to 31% of what is produced. Variable costs represent 87.25% of the total expenses. On the other hand, fixed costs amount to only 12.73% of the total. Labor represents the greatest expense, reaching an average of 71.17% of the total expense. Relative to gross annual revenue, families in class IV reached the highest average numbers with 7,996.00 Bs. (Bolivianos). The lowest gross annual revenues correspond to those in class I with only 3,124.00 Bs. Classes III and II occupy intermediate positions between both former classes. Comparing the sources of gross annual revenue, cattle meat occupies the greatest portion with 40.81%. This is followed by cheese production, lamb, and llama meat with 30.84%, 23.30%, and 2.17% respectively. At the same time, cattle meat and cheese provide these farming families with 71.65% of their total gross annual revenue. The net annual revenues are positive only for families in classes IV and III with numbers at 312.00 and 156.00 Bs. On the other hand, classes II and I have negative net revenues at -3,039.00 and -2,455.00 Bs. The indicative Cost-Benefit Relationship (RBC) shows viability of the activity for families from classes IV and III with figures of 1.04 and 1.02. It is not as viable for families in classes II and I with numbers at 0.62 and 0.50. Estimates provided by the annual investment profitability (RI) are only satisfactory for those in classes IV and III with percentages of 4.6% and 2.13%. Unsatisfactory percentages result for classes II and I with -35.45% and -49.31%. According to the results obtained for the four classes, livestock activity carried out by farming families does not provide an acceptable profitability, even for families that have greater numbers of livestock (more than 12 cattle). It would be much less profitable for the families that have smaller herds of livestock.

The following investigation was carried out in the Agricultural Experimental Center Condoriri (CEAC), dependent on the Faculty of Agricultural Livestock Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, located to the North of the Province border of the Department of Oruro, a distance of 12 km from the town of Caracollo and 49 km from the city of Oruro. The production of llamas and alpacas in our country is an activity of ecological, social, and especially ecological importance for Andean inhabitants. In nutrition, the fundamental factor is the power of absorption; this is because the yield of animal production depends on the quantity and quality of forage consumed. Digestibility in animals is established based on basic consumption comparison and the values of digestibility of the food. For this reason, as previously expressed, we propose in the following research "Living digestibility of alfalfa and barley in llamas in the CEAC" to establish parameters of digestibility, with the following objectives: To evaluate the characteristics of production: consumption of food, consumption of water, excretion of wastes, elimination of urine and gain of living weight. To determine the digestibility of the nutrients: dry matter, raw protein, ash, air intake, raw fiber, nitrogen free extract, and total digestible nutrients. For this purpose 4 male llamas (sarijos) were utilized, taking into account the live weight, age, and breed. The investigation had two evaluation groups: the first group with a supply of alfalfa and the second group with a diet of barley. The investigation's duration was a total of 30 days, considering the following variables: characteristics of production (consumption of food, consumption of water, wastes excreted, volume of urine, and behavior of body weight); digestibility of nutrients (raw protein, ash, raw fiber, air intake, nitrogen free extract, and total digestible nutrients); leading to the following conclusions: > The average consumption of alfalfa by the llama is 6.49 kg/MF per day, of which 1344.5 g is MS, superior and distinct in respect to the fodder barley with 4.92 kg of MF/day and 1328.4 g of MS/day. Water consumption by the llama with the supply of alfalfa is of 0.77 liters; with barley it is 0.35 liters. The llamas with the supply of alfalfa excreted an average of 1.44 kg of waste, of which is 365.9 g of MS and the group with barley registered an average of 1.27 kg and 359.9 g of MS. With regard to the elimination of the volume of urine was between 2.80 and 1.22 liters per day respectively. Live weight at the start of the study was of 116.25 kg per llama and subsequent to the experimental stage of live digestibility the weight averaged 117.69 kg. Therefore, the increase of live weight during the experimental phase was equal to 1.44 kg. The daily increase of living weight in the llamas submitted to the consumption of alfalfa came to an average of 142.9 g/day/animal with a conversion allowance of 9.4. In contrast, the animals fed with barley registered a greater gain of 257 g/day/animal and a conversion allowance of 5.2. > The ratio of digestibility demonstrated by the Coefficients of Digestibility (%) of the alfalfa: MS = 72.85, C = 57.30, PC = 81.49, EE= 85.52, FC = 58.61, ELN = 77.96 and NDT = 69.17. In contrast, the coefficients of digestibility with the barley they were of 72.88% of MS, 33.13% of Ash, 74.62% PC, 84.19% of EE, 65.29% of FC, 77.08% of ELN and 68.74% of NDT.

The fold and thrust belt of the Subandean Ranges (central and southern Bolivia, and northern Argentina) contains both gas and condensate production and reserves in Devonian quartzose sandstones within deep structures. Reservoir sandstones present values of permeability close to 0.01 mD, implying that reservoir drainage must be controlled by a fracture system that enhances permeability. Hydrocarbon production in naturally fractured reservoirs is affected by fracture quality (degree of openness), spatial arrangement, size distribution (including aperture, height and length), fracture abundance, and arrangement with respect to stratigraphic and macro-structural features. Systematic study of fractures in the subsurface is complicated by the small probability that a well will intersect sufficient fractures for direct analysis of their attributes. Because of this fracture data obtained from logging and coring must be complemented with alternative methodologies. In my study I performed a workflow that includes geologic mapping of outcrop analogs of subsurface units, fracture characterization in outcrops and thin sections, the construction of kinematic structural model using algorithms for 3D analysis, petrographic description of composition and diagenesis, and statistical multivariate analyses in order to define how structural, lithologic and diagenetic features affect fracture distribution. From the construction of a structural model and the analyses of its properties, I generated semi-quantitative models of fracture attributes based on classic fold-related fracture concepts. This model was tested with direct fracture observations from core and outcrop, coupled with microstructural imaging using SEM-CL, to document fracture attributes. The models all show high curvature and strain values homogeneously distributed along the azimuth and close to the hinge of the anticline, which implies this domain should be most fractured. On the other hand, microfracture studies reveal that although highest strain values are found in the hinge, low strains also are found along the hinge even for samples with similar lithologies. The study of macro and microfractures in outcrop and core samples allowed me to clearly identify two opening mode fracture sets for the Devonian sandstones. These present an orthogonal arrangement and variable cross cutting relations. The dominant set (defined as Set I) has a WNW strike and is perpendicular to the structural trend of the Subandean Ranges; the subordinate set (defines as Set II) has a NNE strike, and is parallel to the previously mentioned structural trend. Set I has higher strain accumulation, log-normal spacing distribution, and is strongly controlled by the primary quartz content of the rocks. Set II also has a log-normal spacing distribution, and presents structural control. / text

No description available.

Tesis para optar al grado de Magíster en Comunicación Política / El autor no autoriza el acceso a texto completo de su documento / Descendiente de una familia aymara y criado bajo los principios ético-morales del ama sua (no seas ladrón), ama quella (no seas flojo) y ama hulla (no seas mentiroso), Juan Evo Morales Ayma no es solamente el primer presidente indígena de Bolivia, sino también es la primera autoridad gubernamental en impulsar una revolución democrática cultural o revolución descolonizadora, sustentada actualmente en tres pilares: plurinacionalidad, autonomía y economía plural. Una revolución democrática cultural que en estos seis años de implementación (2006-2011) ha logrado, principalmente, la refundación del país sudamericano – paso de ser una República a un Estado Plurinacional– y que ahora cuenta con un nuevo texto constitucional en el que se reconoce por primera vez y en igualdad de condiciones a las 36 naciones indígenas originarias que conforman Bolivia, con el fin de lograr un desarrollo integral y libre de injerencia externa. Un Estado Plurinacional que persigue –a nivel interno– la construcción de lo común en el marco de la heterogeneidad o de la unidad en la diversidad para terminar, primordialmente, con la marginación, la humillación y la discriminación que sufrieron los indígenas durante las épocas colonial, republicana y neoliberal, y pretende –a nivel exterior– ser un actor internacional, soberano, independiente y con identidad propia que contribuya a la generación de un mundo justo y armónico con la naturaleza para el vivir bien de todos los pueblos. Así lo define su discurso. Una nueva Bolivia con identidad propia en el contexto de la comunidad internacional. Pero, ¿cuál es esa identidad propia que el Presidente Morales proyecta de su país, del sujeto boliviano? Si ensayistas como Pablo Rossell y Carlos Cordero afirman que la visibilización del sujeto indígena ha invisibilizado al sujeto indígena urbano o que el Estado es indigenista, excluyente y, por ende, tiende a la creación de pequeños Estados étnicos, respectivamente, resultando una predominancia de la identidad indígena. ¿Esa identidad será la que se proyecta también a nivel mundial?, ¿qué identidad le corresponde al que no se autoidentifica como indígena, sino sólo como boliviano? y ¿qué acontece con la identidad plurinacional o las otras identidades? Ante esas interrogantes que develan las contradicciones vigentes entre la representación de lo qué es un Estado Plurinacional y los modos y formas de reconocer e incluir a todos los bolivianos en la construcción de esa nueva Bolivia, este estudio busca determinar la(s) identidad(es) del sujeto boliviano construidas por el relato del presidente Evo Morales Ayma en el contexto de la comunidad internacional durante los primeros seis años de la revolución democrática descolonizadora. Para un mejor manejo de la información, el propósito general es operacionalizado a través de cuatro objetivos específicos: identificar los hilos discursivos empleados en la construcción de la(s) identidad(s) del sujeto boliviano por el líder del proceso de desmontaje de las prácticas de sometimiento y subordinación, definir la política de la ubicación del Primer Mandatario para construir la(s) identidad(es) del sujeto boliviano, advertir la representatividad de esa(s) identidad(es) del sujeto boliviano construida por el Presidente del Estado Plurinacional Democrático Participativo de Bolivia y elucidar las razones para instalar esa(s) identidad(es) en los escenarios de organizaciones y organismos de vocación universal o de carácter regional. Con miras a alcanzar los objetivos a fin de validar o refutar la principal hipótesis de trabajo principal –pese a ser el conductor de la revolución democrática descolonizadora, el relato del presidente Evo Morales devela su subjetividad/intersubjetividad colonial donde lo étnico y la raza priman para construir la(s) identidad(es) del sujeto boliviano en desmedro de la conformación de un auténtico Estado Plurinacional– se han diseñado grillas y matrices sobre la base de los enfoques del Análisis Crítico del Discurso (Jäger y Van Dijk) y del Análisis Temático (Fraga, Maidana, Paredes & Vega), perspectivas acordes con la metodología cualitativa y el carácter descriptivo de este estudio. Tales matrices y grillas han sido aplicadas a una muestra ilustrativa, conformada por 14 discursos del Jefe de Estado boliviano, emitidos entre 2006 y 2011 en escenarios de organismos y organizaciones internacionales de vocación universal o de carácter regional, como por ejemplo: Organización de Estados Americanos, Naciones Unidas, Foro Social Mundial, G77+ China, Cumbre Constitutiva de la Comunidad de Estados Latinoamericanos y Caribeños y otros. Un corpus –definido a través del Método no Probabilístico– que proporciona los argumentos, razones y la política de la ubicación del Presidente Morales para construir la(s) identidad(es) del sujeto boliviano y apreciar la representatividad de lo construido en el marco de un Estado Plurinacional, al ser identificados los hilos discursivos, los códigos temáticos y los fragmentos discursivos –categorías de análisis crítico y temático– que estructuran y organizan el relato presidencial. En relación a las bases teóricas de este proyecto, éstas están enmarcadas por los estudios culturales críticos y latinoamericanos y por los estudios postcoloniales, sin descartar algunos aportes del constructivismo social y del estructuralismo, a fin de constituir una sólida plataforma conceptual para comprender qué identidad(es) del sujeto boliviano se han construido durante el proceso de la revolución democrática y cultural en la que se encuentra Bolivia desde hace seis años. Entre las principales nociones teóricas destacan: el relato (construye una acción/objeto en el tiempo por la mediación de un narrador y cuyo referente puede ser real o ficcional); la identidad (construida desde la diferencia), la representación del sujeto, de un sujeto histórico (desde sí mismo produce y determina el curso de la historia) y la subjetividad/intersubjetividad…colonial (constituida por el imaginario social, la memoria histórica y las perspectivas de conocimiento). También, se explican algunos términos de las condiciones históricas de Bolivia: Estado Plurinacional (construcción de lo común en el marco de la heterogeneidad); proceso de descolonización (constitución de nuevos sujetos, de nuevos campos de relaciones intersubjetivas no regidas por el sometimiento o la domesticación de la cultura occidental); colonialidad (hegemonía cultural de la modernidad y la forma de dominación capitalista) y la propuesta intrépida del giro epistémico des-colonial (un pensamiento-otro). Todo lo anterior está expuesto en las seis partes de este proyecto investigativo. En la primera se desarrolla el marco histórico (datos del mandatario indígena y de Bolivia); en la segunda parte se plantea la problemática (formulación del problema, preguntas, objetivos, hipótesis, justificación) y en la tercera se expone el marco teórico (nociones teóricas de lo que se está hablando y desde qué condiciones históricas se lo está hablando). En la cuarta parte se plantea el diseño metodológico y el análisis (perspectivas, corpus y herramientas de recopilación, de análisis y técnicas) y en la quinta parte se muestra los resultados del análisis y las conclusiones de esta investigación. Finalmente, la sexta parte contiene los anexos (los discursos del Presidente boliviano y el análisis del corpus).

Autor no autoriza el acceso a texto completo de su documento hasta el 2020. / Magíster en artes con mención en teoría e historia del arte / Rondando los 3.800 m.s.n.m., por un desvío de tierra que bordea un pequeño cerro, aparece el blanco Santuario de Copacabana de Andamarca en medio del paisaje habitualmente agreste de la región. En el interior de la enorme iglesia dieciochesca pinturas de árboles a escala natural, repletos de frutos y flores configuran un paisaje pictórico que rodea a quienes ingresan en ella. Siguiendo una tradición de arte mural funcional a la Evangelización en el Virreinato de Perú, estas pinturas destacan por el protagonismo que adquiere la ornamentación fitomórfica en el conjunto. Académica y popularmente se ha comprendido este peculiar programa iconográfico como imagen del Paraíso y esta investigación se propuso indagar en esta identificación buscando contemplar en las pinturas el rol del componente étnico local. Para ello se hizo una recopilación de información etnohistórica y se analizó el conjunto pictórico comparando sus motivos con grabados, lienzos y ornamentos arquitectónicos de la época, como también se le puso en relación con historias naturales y sermonarios vinculados a ese período en el territorio andino. El cruce de toda esta información es interpretado bajo la lupa de una religiosidad aymara relativamente cristianizada para el siglo XVIII. Es así que estas pinturas responden más al interés devocional de la población local que a un propósito doctrinario promovido por misioneros. El programa iconográfico responde a una construcción compleja del Juicio final dentro de la cual la representación vegetal del Paraíso adquiere connotaciones indígenas. La iglesia transformada en Paraíso no sólo remite a la Salvación eterna sino que también conforma una alegoría de la fertilidad que, mediatizada por la diseminación de la Virgen de Copacabana en el paisaje imaginario, vincula el culto a las necesidades de subsistencia de la vida altiplánica.

Bolivia's indigenous groups achieved an unprecedented level of political power in the latter half of the twentieth century. Traditional explanations for this phenomenon (elite alliances, deprivation, matter-of-time)have proven insufficient. This thesis argues that the ascendancy of Bolivia's groups can be best understood though he application of organization and social movement theories, and it uses the political economy framework as a backdrop. Data are drawn from scholarly analyses, official documents and historical texts. This thesis concludes that Bolivia's indigenous movement is not a single movement, but a coalition of many social movements. It demonstrates that ethnicity frameworks have in some cases hindered the progress of movements because of different understandings of ethnicity. Variegated interests, visions of the future, and geography, have exacerbated these differences. This thesis concludes with recommendations for strategic level policy-makers and tactical level operators.

Studiens syfte är att studera den nya identitetslagen som stiftades i Bolivia för att se hur transkvinnor i La Paz upplever lagen i deras aktuella situation. Studien genomfördes genom semistrukturerade intervjuer med tre transkvinnor och en aktivist i La Paz. Studiens frågeställningar om lagens betydelse och dess påverkan i transkvinnornas liv har varit till hjälp för att förstå hur de resonerar kring identitetslagen. Även regeringens filosofiska koncept ”Att leva väl” diskuteras i relation till transkvinnornas liv för att se om alla medborgare inkluderas. Resultatet visar att deltagarna uppfattar identitetslagen som mycket positiv i samband med att dom nu accepteras rent juridiskt samt att diskrimineringen minskat ifrån institutioner, banker och polisen sedan identitetslagen trädde i kraft. Men för att deras livssituationer ska kunna ändras i ett perspektiv krävs flera viktiga insatser för att inkludera transkvinnor i samhället, två förekommande problem som transkvinnor stöter på är tillgång till arbete och bostad.

Magister en Ciencias Biológicas con mención en Ecología y Biología Evolutiva / http://repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/106705