Music and identity are inextricably linked. While a particular social or ethnic group's music may reflect characteristics of that group, it also functions in creating the identity of the group. In Andean Bolivia, the choloethnic group has very subjective and constantly changing boundaries. Cholo-ness is made possible through mediated cultural performances of all types, in which members actively choose elements from both criollo and Indian cultures. Music is one particularly effective way in which cholos create and maintain their identity. This thesis focuses on the ways in which cholos use music to create a hybrid identity in and around Cochabamba, Bolivia.

Los cholets son edificaciones cuya colorida estética y diseño arquitectónico se distinguen dentro del espacio urbano de la ciudad de El Alto, Bolivia. En términos de división funcional, los “cholets” se caracterizan por contar con un salón de eventos y espacios comerciales en los primeros pisos, departamentos de vivienda para alquiler en los pisos medios y, en la parte alta del edificio, se ubica la vivienda de los propietarios. Esta investigación se aproxima a este tipo de edificaciones como un objeto cultural con el fin de dar luces sobre cuáles son los valores y el uso –construidos tanto discursivamente como en la práctica– asociados a estas formas arquitectónicas. Para ello, se analizan múltiples espacios y contextos sociales- a modo de regímenes de valor- como también a actores diversos, tales como usuarios, arquitectos y críticos especializados. El enfoque apuesta por considerar “cholets” como un producto cultural implicado en complejos procesos identitarios y de distinción social de un sector económico emergente de la sociedad boliviana que procura consolidar su capital simbólico. La metodología utilizada es de corte cualitativo. Se realizará un mapeo de la circulación del cholet y los distintos discursos e imaginarios construidos sobre este tanto en redes sociales y medios de comunicación, como en espacios físicos. Sobre la identificación de espacios, se recurre a entrevistas a propietarios de las edificaciones, arquitectos e ingenieros que los han edificado, a vecinos y a críticos, tales como académicos de las escuelas de arquitectura de La Paz y curadores de muestras arquitectónicas; en líneas generales a los actores que se encuentren involucrados en los regímenes de valor donde circule el cholet. / Cholets are buildings whose colorful aesthetics and architectural design stand out within the urban space of the city of El Alto, Bolivia. In terms of functional division, the “cholets” are characterized by having an event hall and commercial spaces on the first floors, housing departments for rent in the middle floors and the housing of the owners in the upper part of the building. This research analyzes the complexity built upon the uses and valuations of the "cholet". I approach this type of buildings as a cultural object in order to inquire both about the use and value – which is constructed in discourse as well as in practice - associated with these architectural forms. For this to be achieved, multiple spaces and social contexts are analyzed as value regimes - as well as diverse actors, such as users, architects and specialized critics. The focus bets on considering ‘cholets’ as a cultural product that is involved in complex identity and social distinction processes of an emerging economic sector of Bolivian society that aims to consolidate its symbolic capital. The methodology used is qualitative. Initially, a mapping of the circulation of the cholet and the different discourses and imaginary built on it will be carried out, both in social networks and media, as well as in physical spaces. Regarding space-identification, I will use interviews with building owners, architects and engineers who have built them, neighbors and critics, such as academics from the La Paz schools of architecture and curators of architectural exhibitions. Essentially, every actor that is involved in the value regimes where the cholet circulates.

Since Pre-Colombian time corn already formed part of the diet in Aztec and Mayan cultures, and actually represented in them a fountain of wealth and power. The cultivation is utilized in the region in multiple forms, not only for the human diet, but also as feed for animals. Corn is third place in the world production, following wheat and rice. It is cultivated in a total surface of 106 million hectares, its yield is 215 million tons, that represents an average of 2 tons per hectare. The cultivation of corn has special importance, given that this cereal constitutes the basic food the Latin-Americans. This cereal adapts extensively to diverse ecological conditions. Its high performance and future possibilities of even more improvement through genetics make this cereal one of the plants most promising to confront the threat of hunger in the world. For this reason, it is cultivated in almost every part of the world because of its ample range of elevations. It can grow from sea level to approximately 2500 meters. In the last few years, the world production of corn has grown an average of 3.2% per year, set against 1.1% of semi-annual growth, for surface sown. This difference comes from a strong increase of the average unit yield. This was possible thanks to use of highly productive hybrid corn, with the aid of improve agricultural techniques, such as greater plantation density, more resilient, uses of more effective pesticides and herbicides, etc. In Bolivia, the agriculture area has large potential to develop, but because of political causes not appropriate for our country, and the insufficient economic resources that destines the area to stay rural, these negative aspects are responsible for the backward movement and the misery, making it impossible to develop the agriculture area. The region of Cochabamba, constitutes the main supplier of food. In the country, the economic activity of the valleys are based mainly in agriculture and stockbreeding, being characterized as a growing zone and basically for cereal, whose preferential scale of cultivation is as continues: Corn, wheat, barley, alfalfa, and other. The population of Cochabamba varies because of the growing of corn is only in the seasons of summer and part of the fall, the rest of the time few people stay there. The farmers, to obtain better prices, try to harvest at the start and end of the growing seasons, this is possible when they make a good management of plant's health, irrigation, and soil. etc., due to the smaller effort, the prices are higher, but in the months of February and March is when the effort pays off, because almost all of the farmers harvest, and the prices of this product drops, many times even below the price of production, being consequence of the dry culture. The price of fresh corn on the cob is greater than dry corn. When corn is fresh it has different uses such as humitas, lawas and corn on the cob. El Valle Alta (Punata), the farmers do not market their produce in the markets, despite of the small farms of the area, for this cause merchants truckers exist that gather the produce of all the farmers, and take the majority of the profits, which is why it is necessary for industrialization of the agricultural production. The vegetables are directly or indirectly the source of all the food, because they are capable of using solar energy and to carry out diverse chemical synthesis, that cannot be performed by animals. The principles of the same they are photosynthesis, which consists of the application of the solar energy, to synthesize carbohydrates, and the fixation of nitrogen, which is the foundation for the synthesis of the proteins. The vegetables most consumed are the cereals, legumes, and tubers, they constitute the basic diet. The word ""vegetable"" includes an extensive range of vegetables, and the majority of the vegetables contain at most 60%-80% of the water.

This study occurred at the Ventilla Ecologic farm, situated in the central Altiplano of the Murillo province, 26 km from La Paz. Its objectives were to evaluate two types of irrigation, by drip and by microasperation, in spinach and Swiss lettuce in Walipinis, and to conduct an economic analysis. The genetic material used was spinach (viroflay variety) and Swiss lettuce (large-leaved variety). Chapin irrigation belts and nebulizers were used, and two tensiometers were used to determine the soil moisture. Manual planting occurred on September 1, 2002, in all experimental areas. Seeds were dispersed in a continual flow with Swiss lettuce at a density of 3.5g/m2 and three bobbins, and in spinach the density was 0.26 g/m2 in parallel, 20 cm rows with the irrigation belts on either side. The spinach harvest was spread out, while the Swiss lettuce harvest occurred all at once. A factorial arrangement was used in this study, with two factors: two levels of irrigation (drip and microasperation) and different crops (spinach and Swiss lettuce). The response variables regarding drip irrigation efficiency had a uniformity coefficient of 97%, and microasperation had 85%. The depth reached by the watered bulb after two hours of control was more than 20 cm, while the microasperation only reached 15 cm after two hours. Irrigation occurred at midday but in accordance with the readings that the tensiometers gave. The response variables studied in the crop were: percentage germination, number of leaves, plant size, leaf size, and yield. Yield showed significant differences between types of irrigation of crops. Drip irrigation was better than microasperation. The response variables that had the greatest effect on yield were number of leaves, plant size, and leaf size. The economic production analysis found negative net benefits for the first trial. In the second trial, drip irrigation netted Bs.3.54/m2 for spinach and Bs. 3.68/m2 for Swiss lettuce, recovering the investment from the first trial. In contrast, the yield from microasperation irrigation, even though the second trial had positive net results, did not recover the investment from the first trial. Finally, based on these data, drip irrigation is recommended because of its better yields and a lower installation cost.

No description available.

El auge económico de la quinua en Bolivia impactó de manera decisiva en la dinámica productiva de las comunidades del Altiplano. A partir del mismo, se llevaron adelante grandes transformaciones económicas, tecnológicas, sociales y ambientales. Con el incremento de los precios y de los ingresos de los productores, se incrementó la inversión en tecnología y la especialización del monocultivo, a través de la ampliación de la frontera agrícola que implicó una redistribución de la tierra disponible. En este contexto, nuevos actores tuvieron la posibilidad de participar de manera más contundente en las distintas etapas de la producción, así como en espacios de decisión, este es el caso de las mujeres. Las mismas incrementaron y visibilizaron su participación en el mercado de la quinua considerablemente y, así, su rol dentro del hogar y la producción se expandió a otros ámbitos, haciéndose cada vez más integral y decisivo. De esta manera, ellas se convirtieron en administradoras tanto de la producción, como de sus hogares, comunidades y asociaciones, incrementando poco a poco su poder político. Sin embargo, la caída de precios desde el 2015 demanda nuevos retos a las mismas que, si bien están empoderadas económica y políticamente, siguen estando limitadas por sus obligaciones en el hogar. En la actualidad, las mujeres siguen siendo las principales responsables del hogar, no obstante, las productoras de generaciones más jóvenes han logrado establecer una distribución de las tareas del hogar más equitativa con sus cónyuges. Asimismo, las mismas están cada vez más capacitadas para desenvolverse de manera independiente en la producción e, incluso, en otras actividades económicas en las que se desempeñan. Por lo tanto, su rol en la conservación de la producción y la adopción de nuevas prácticas ambientales sostenibles, así como el retorno a otras, es desarrollado de manera más integral y resiliente, en tanto, se enfrentan a una crisis económica, ambiental y climática que amenaza la que aún constituye su principal fuente de ingresos.

This is an ethnographic study of discourses and experiences concerning sexual exchanges among kin “who are too closely related to marry each other” (OED), or what in lay language is called “incest”. I investigate the ways in which a certain kind of incest, that between older men and younger women, primarily from different generations, is experienced by women of predominantly rural origin, who have been hospitalized in the major public psychiatric hospital in Bolivia, in Sucre. In this sense, this research is as much a study of incest as it is of psychiatric institutionalization. These experiences will be considered in the context of a wider field of ethnic, class and gender discourses that are produced by medical staff, community organizations, as well as national judicial institutions. The category of 'incest' is problematized in terms of how kinship is constructed, not only as a series of dynamic discourses (as practices whose effect is the production of events) but also as mobile experiences, however socially regulated. With this in mind, I present an account of Andean concepts and treatment of incest, as well as of legal and medical categories. Specifically, I focus on the play between discourses in the context of the psychiatric hospital, the judicial court and the communities of selected inmates. I show how the inmates' experiences of intergenerational incest and sexual violence in general are related to the dominant ethnic, class and gender narratives produced by medical staff, community organizations, and judicial institutions.

No description available.

Thesis (M.A)--State University of New York at Binghamton, Department of Anthropology, 2009. / Includes bibliographical references.

Orientador: João Francisco Escobedo / Banca: Valéria Cristina Rodrigues Sarnighausen / Banca: Rodrigo Máximo Sanchez Román / Banca: Paulo Andre de Oliveira / Banca: Carlos Roberto Pereira Padovani / Abstract: The objective of this research was to study air temperature and reference evapotranspiration (ETo) in the different agroecological zones of Bolivia (Plains, Valleys and Andean) using statistical and geostatistical models, with air temperature database of 235 meteorological stations in Bolivia and 41 of neighboring countries was used. The study is presented in two chapters: The first describes the characterization of the values of the medium (Tmed) maximum (Tmax) and minimum (Tmin) air temperature, through three spatial distributions: Departments, hydrographic basins and agroecological zones. Being the latter the best alternative of analysis. Linear regression analysis allowed to obtain the estimation equations for Tmed, Tmax and Tmin in function of altitude, with high determination coefficients (R2). The deviations resulting from comparisons between the seasonal and monthly equations estimated values in relation to the annual average suggest, in most altitudes, seasonal or monthly equations use, mainly for Tmed and Tmin. Were presented the spatial variations Tmed, Tmax and Tmin through isothermal maps. The maps show the strong influence of altitude on temperature values, placing higher isotherms in the Plains zone (lowlands) and lower in the Andean zone (highlands). The second chapter describes the characterization of ETo in the three agroecological zones of Bolivia, using temperature as the input variable: McGuinness - Bordne, Hargreaves - Samani and Thornthwaite. All three ... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Resumen: La presente investigación tuvo por objetivo estudiar la temperatura del aire y la evapotranspiración de referencia (ETo) en las diferentes zonas agroecológicas de Bolivia (Llanos, Valles y Andina) a través de modelos estadísticos y geoestadísticos, con base de datos de temperaturas del aire de 235 estaciones meteorológicas de Bolivia y 41 de países vecinos. El estudio es presentado en dos capítulos: El primero describe la caracterización de valores de la temperatura media (Tmed) máxima (Tmax) y mínima (Tmin) del aire, mediante tres distribuciones espaciales: Departamentos, cuencas hidrográficas y zonas agroecológicas. Siendo esta última la mejor alternativa de análisis. Un análisis de regresión lineal logró obtener las ecuaciones anuales que estiman la Tmed, Tmax e Tmin en función de la altitud, con elevados coeficientes de determinación (R2). Las desviaciones resultantes de comparaciones entre las ecuaciones estacionales y mensuales en relación a la media anual sugieren, en la mayoría de las altitudes, el uso de ecuaciones estacionales o mensuales, particularmente para Tmed e Tmin. Fueron presentadas las variaciones espaciales de Tmed, Tmax e Tmin por medio de mapas isotérmicas, los mapas evidencian la fuerte influencia de la altitud sobre valores de Tmed, Tmax e Tmin, marcando isotermas de valores más altos en la zona de los Llanos (zonas bajas) y, de valores más bajos en la zona Andina (zonas altas). El segundo capítulo describe la caracterización de ETo en tres zonas agro... (Resumen completo clicar acceso eletrônico abajo) / Resumo: O presente pesquisa teve por objetivo estudar a temperatura do ar e a evapotranspiração de referência (ETo) nas diferentes zonas agroecológicas da Bolívia (Lhanos, Vales e Andina) por meio de modelos estatísticos e geoestatísticos, com base de dados de temperatura do ar de 235 estações meteorológicas da Bolívia e 41 de países vizinhos. O estudo é apresentado em dois capítulos: O primeiro descreve a caracterização dos valores de temperatura média (Tmed) máxima (Tmax) e mínima (Tmin) do ar, mediante três distribuições espaciais: Departamentos, bacias hidrográficas e zonas agroecológicas, sendo esta última a melhor alternativa de análise. Uma análise de regressão linear permitiu a obtenção das equações de estimativa Tmed, Tmax e Tmin em função da altitude, com elevados coeficientes de determinação (R2). Os desvios resultantes das comparações entre os valores estimados das equações sazonais e mensais em relação à média anual sugerem, na maioria das altitudes, o uso das equações sazonais ou mensais, particularmente para Tmed e Tmin. Foram apresentados as variações espaciais da Tmed, Tmax e Tmin por meio de mapas isotérmicas. Os mapas comprovam a forte influência da altitude sobre valores de Tmed, Tmax e Tmin, colocando isotermas de valores mais altos na zona dos Lhanos (zonas baixas) e, de valores mais baixos na zona Andina (zonas altas). O segundo capítulo, descreve a caracterização da ETo nas três zonas agroecológicas da Bolívia, utilizando a temperatura como variável de entrada... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Doutor