El Alto är en ung stad som vuxit fram som förstad till den äldre staden La Paz. Idag är den officiellt en egen stad och landets näst största. Ändå är den fortfarande till sin utformning en förstad. I projektet har vi undersökt hur en utveckling av El Alto från förstad till stad skulle kunna se ut. Genom förändringar i strategiska lägen har vi utformat ett underlag för en process där El Alto skulle kunna gå från en stökig, farlig och tråkig plats till en riktig stad.

We describe a new species of Bolivian Telmatobius from the Cordillera Oriental of the Andes. The new species occurs in cloud forests of the Department of Santa Cruz and adjacent Cochabamba and is similar to T simonsi Parker. Telmatobius simonsi is herein redescribed, and data on osteology, variation, and distribution are provided for both species.

We describe two new species of Phrynopus from cloud forests in Cochabamba, Bolivia. The new species are assigned to the P. peruanus group and are characterized by the presence of basal webbing, distinctive coloration, and by having the first finger shorter than the second. The first of these new species was collected near Montepunko in Parque Nacional Carrasco and is known from eight males and six females. Among its distinctive characteristics are round cream-colored glands on its flanks. A second species is known from one male and one female collected near "Zona de Aguirre" near the northwest border of the park. V and X-shaped blotches and a dorsum that is smooth except for dorsolateral and scapular folds characterize this species. Musculature has rarely been described for species of Phrynopus. The species from Montepunko has unusual gular and thigh musculature that is quite unlike other species of the genus.

This thesis is going to present how online newspapers addresses femicide in Bolivia. Femicide is an increasing problem in a global context but according to “Small Arms Survey Study”, Bolivia is within the 25 countries listed, where the problem is widespread and is affecting more and more women every year. The context in Bolivia is highlighted by a patriarchal culture and high alcohol consumption in general. Women are suffering different kinds of violence: physical, emotional, economical, discrimination and even femicide which means “murder of women due to the fact that they are women” In this sense the current government enacted the law number 348 protecting women from violence in Bolivia. Analyzing the representation of femicide is highly important in a society where the number of cases have increased and even more important in a society where media plays an important role, because mass media is the reference of reality, facts and ideas that are present, in this case, in a Bolivian context and the daily life of its inhabitants. The theoretical framework is almost entirely focused on representation that in words of Stuart Hall means: “Representation is the production of the meaning of the concepts in our minds through language” (1997:17). Representation of femicide which in a Bolivian context could be identified and understood by its inhabitants as a positive or negative phenomenon. This study is will be conducted through a content analysis of 370 online articles, which were found in the website archives of three mayor newspaper in Bolivia; with in a period from January 2012 to May 2016. In this sense, this study chooses articles which developed some background about the crime, not articles which talk about political reports, international reports, law, and police reports and so forth. These articles mostly show statistics or even worse; presents some femicide cases as “one more case” or “another woman is dead” as part of a common and daily thing, normalizing the violence against women in Bolivia. This thesis found the main results described in the content analysis but also described how the process of the data collection was conducted. In this sense, presented examples from different perspectives and analyzed them more carefully. Examples that show part of the reality of how mass media represents femicide in Bolivia and contributes to the normalization of violence against women. The present thesis described how online newspaper, represent femicide in Bolivia through the content analysis of 370 articles, published in three mayor newspapers, between 2012 to 2016.

A study was undertaken to evaluate the general sheep marketing process in Bolivia, to determine the present economic structure of farm units belonging to Altiplano sheep producers, to analyze the economics of marketing Altiplano sheep at an earlier age, and to analyze the economics of using various local products as a supplemental sheep feed in Bolivia. In general the Bolivian sheep marketing process is inadequate and inefficient because of lack of marketing information, poor producer-buyer contact, lack of commercial sheep transportation, slaughterhouses lacking in facilities and hygienic conditions, and apparently unattractive retail methods. By selling their relatively unproductive male sheep before they are one year old and replacing them with ewes and yearling ewes, the results of the study indicate that the "criollo" and semi-improved sheep producers could increase the return to their sheep enterprise by 43 percent and 10 percent, respectively, and that they could increase the value of sheep available for sale or trade by 67 per cent and 13 percent, respectively. To help determine the economics of feeding sheep a supplemental ration in Bolivia, a sheep feeding experiment was des1gned to test three breed-types of sheep, and two roughage-to-concentrate ratios. Two hundred and thirty-five lambs were fed for 63 days. The results of the study indicate that fattening lambs commercially in Bolivia is potentially profitable.

Our objective is to study the agronomic growth characteristics of two varieties of baby carrots at three planting densities. The study site is in the area of Walipini, town of Lentanias, province of Ingavi, department of La Paz, Bolivia. In this investigation, the two varieties of baby carrots used were ‘Amsterdam Forcing 3-Minicor’ and ‘Thumbelina’ (Daucus carota var. sativus). Both varieties were planted at densities of 333 plants/m2, 166 plants/m2 and 111 plants/m2 with a planting interval of two days. Statistical differences were observed for the following variables: plant height, root length, root diameter, base diameter, leaf yield, and root yield. The density with the highest yield was 333 plants/m2 with a root yield of 32 Tm/hectare, which was higher than the amount reported by MAG/IICA of 30 Tm/hectare. Lower yields were obtained with densities of 166 and 111 plants/m2. The products and their quality at harvest were obtained in trials T1, T2 and T6. These products reached the parameters set by MAC/IICA (2003) and Pimentel (1997) for the baby carrot varieties previously mentioned. Both presented proper development in regard to root diameter, root length and root yield. After a marginal analysis looking at a minimum rate of return of 100%, I determined that trial 1 (‘Amsterdam Forcing 3-Minicor’ planted in Walipini at a density of 333.3 plants/m2) was the most economically profitable with respect to the other trials.

This study was conducted on plots established by the Benson Institute in the Tamborada region of Cochabamba, Bolivia. The objective of the study was to evaluate the seed production of tall grasses that are tolerant to drought and salinity. A design of randomized blocks in divided plots with and without fertilizer was used. The results showed that the species with the greatest number of stems and inflorescence was Bromus inermis with 10.9 and 88.67 respectively. It was determined that fertilization has an effect on plant height. Furthermore, the species with the greatest seed yield was Festuca arundinacea with 30.4 kg/ha.

Six forage grass species from the United States were evaluated for salinity tolerance and growth performance. A randomized block design was used with six repetitions of five furrows each to maintain experimental consistency. The study was conducted in the Tamborada region of Cochabamba, Bolivia from December 2003 through June 2004. Results indicated that significant differences exist between species (Pr<0.01). The species Elymus cinereus and Agropyron elongatum demonstrated the best performance regarding plant height, achieving heights of 35.4 cm and 32.7 cm respectively. Festuca arundinacea and Agropyron elongatum obtained larger percent coverage than the other species with 79.59% and 76.53% respectively. These species also exceed the others in production of green forage (1500.00 kg/ha and 13985.80 kg/ha) as well as in production of dry matter (5000.70 kg/ha and 4862.85 kg/ha). They are recommended for production in the region of Tamborada, Cochabamba, Bolivia.

The objective of the following work was to evaluate the agronomical behavior of two kinds of Swiss chard fertilized with earthworm humus, and at the same time to know the yield and the costs of production. This work was done in the community of Letanias, located 32 km. from the Department of La Paz and at an altitude of 3860 meters above sea level. Two kinds of Swiss chard were used in this work, Fordhook Giant and Petoseed C003. The three doses of earthworm humus, used as fertilizers, were a2, a3, and a4. The quantity of fertilizer used was 1314, 3560, and 5806 kg per acre, respectively. The Swiss chard was cultivated in a moderate environment, which was in an underground greenhouse with a depth of 1.80 meters. This was so due to the better thermal conditions. Fordhook Giant was the kind that had the best agronomical behavior, reaching an average size of 47.6 cm. for the length of the leaves. From the three levels of Factor A in study, level a3 had the best yield giving an average of 18.1 kg/m^2 of green matter, to which a dosage of 3438 kg. of earthworm humus was applied per acre. The length of the leaves reached an average size of 51.3 cm. The protein content in the Swiss chard leaves increased due to the application of earthworm humus to the ground, thus improving their nutritional quality. The physical and especially the chemical properties were affected positively by the incorporation of earthworm humus. The B/C economic analysis shows that when the earthworm humus is used, the net benefits increase, therefore the farmer family will have a higher income which will help them improve their quality of life.

The collection and preservation of llama semen is not a standardized procedure as it is in cattle. It has a number of complications that are mainly associated with the characteristics of the semen. In order to contribute to the knowledge of reproductive biology, we decided to evaluate the behavior of llama semen in relation to the different diluters in this study. This study was done at the National Germplasm Bank for Camelids which is part of the Ministry of Rural Development of Agriculture and Environment. The Ministry is located in the Agriculture Experiment Center of Condoriri which belongs to the College of Agriculture, Livestock, and Veterinary Sciences of the Technical University of Oruro. The University is located 49 km northeast of the province of Cercado in the department of Oruro and 12 km northeast of the community of Caracollo. The geographic coordinates of Caracollo are 17º31’41” south latitude and 67º14’02” west longitude. It is at an altitude of 3830 m above sea level and has an area of 1640 ha (Geographical map of the Military Geographical Institute). The macroscopic evaluations made were: pH (7.2 - 7.6), volume (2 - 4.5 cc), color (clear white or milky white), density, or consistency by simple inspection (subjective). The microscopic evaluations made were: motility (50 - 70%), viability (50 - 70%), concentration (20 - 40 x 107/esp./cc), and abnormalities (10% at most). All materials and environments used in this assessment were at room temperature. The analysis of variance test at 99% probability showed that the macroscopic and microscopic characteristics are affected by different harvest times. The two diluter preparations studied were 1) PBS diluter (with all its components that will serve the sperm as energy, nutrient, and cushioning), egg yolk, blood serum, and glycerol, and 2) TRIS diluter (with all its components that will serve the sperm as energy, nutrient, cushioning, and elements to avoid contamination), egg yolk, blood serum, and glycerol. All these materials were brought to 35 - 37ºC before being added to the semen. The prepared samples containing the diluent were then cooled to 5ºC. The samples were then collected for storage, with special care to maintain the sample temperature. The freezing was done slowly by placing the rack of containers at a given height of liquid nitrogen for seven to ten minutes. Following this, the containers were submerged. This slow freezing process prevented problems in the metabolism of the sperm after thawing. The samples were unthawed at intervals of 15 and 30 days by rapidly removing them from the liquid nitrogen and placing them in a water bath for 30 seconds. The evaluations of viability, motility, and concentration were all performed within 15 minutes of thawing. The results obtained from the analyses after thawing on average were better for the diluter PBS than for the diluter TRIS. The analysis of variance test at 99% probability showed that the characteristics after thawing were affected differently according to the diluter used in the dilution.