This study was carried out in swine production facilities of the School of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnic Studies at the Rural Academic Unit of Carmen Pampa. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of weaning male and female piglets at different times on their weight gain and the fertility of the sows. Four three year old sows that had a total of 40 piglets (25 males and 15 females) were used. The piglets were distributed across the following treatments: T1 - weaning 9 piglets (5 males and 4 females) at 56 days, T2 - weaning 13 piglets (7 males and 6 females) at 46 days, T3 - weaning 7 piglets (5 males and 2 females) at 36 days, and T4 - weaning 11 piglets (8 males and 3 females) at 26 days. This was followed by three weekly weight management phases in both sexes: Beginning (1-56 days), Growth (1-112 days), and Finished (1-150 days). A completely randomized design with different numbers of repetitions was used to analyze the results. The ANOVA test for weight gain did not show significant differences between treatments (p>0.05) in the beginning, growth, and finished stages for male piglets. The ANOVA test for weight gain in females during the initial phase showed significant differences (p0.05). In the fattening phase there were significant differences (p>0.05). The Duncan test showed that T3 (60.50 kg), T2 (56.42 kg), and T1 (54.75 kg) are equal and that T1 (54.75 kg) and T4 (43.33 kg) were similar at the end of the trial. The comparison of males and females was done via the student t test and indicated that there was no significant difference between males and females. The sow in T3 (44 days) recorded the best postpartum fertility. In general, treatment T3 (weaned at 36 days) showed the best results for both weight and fertility.

The peanut is an important crop in most countries due to its industrial, nutritional, and pedological potential. It grows well in subtropical areas. This study was planned based on the weather characteristics of the Yungas and the St. Felix community. A completely randomized block design with 6 treatments and 3 repetitions was used. An analysis of variance and a Tukey test were used for statistical analysis of the variables. With respect to time required for maturation, the Coloradito Palmar variety was most premature with a time of 134 days while the Local variety took 177 days to mature, which is considered late. With respect to plant height during the different stages (establishment, vegetative, flowering, fructification, and maturation), the Local variety grew the most with a value of 64.23 cm during physiological maturity. The Local variety also had the largest number of pods per plant with a value of 49.50. On the other hand, the Coloradito Palmar variety had the lowest value with 17.07. The largest number of grains per pod was reached by the Coloradito Palmar variety with a value of 2.35 and the smallest number was reached by the Colorado Gigante variety with a value of 1.66. The Overo Gigante variety had the largest values for pod and grain weight with 4.54 g and 1.77 g respectively. The smallest pod weight was obtained by the Coloradito Palmar variety with a value of 2.47 g while the smallest grain weight was obtained by the Local variety with a value of 0.78 g. With respect to pod length, the Colorado Gigante variety was longest at 4.25 cm and the Virginia variety was shortest with a measurement of 3.27 cm. The varieties that had the largest seed or grain size were Colorado Gigante and Overo Gigante with a size of 2.04 cm while the Coloradito Palmar variety had the smallest measurement of only 1.52 cm. Furthermore, the Virginia variety had the highest yield at 2.89 t/ha and the Coloradito Palmar variety had the lowest at 0.71 t/ha. After analysis, the total cost of production for each variety is 8,620 Bolivianos/hectare. The analysis of the cost-benefit ratio showed that only the Virginia (1.58) and Local (1.30) varieties would be profitable due to their higher yields. Thus, these varieties can be considered as an economic alternative for farmers in the area.

This study was conducted in the experimental unit of the Benson Agriculture and Food Institute, which is located in the Letanias community of the Ingavi province in the department of La Paz. Our objective was to compare the agronomic performance of two baby lettuce varieties (Lactuca sativa L.) at three planting densities in panqar huyus. In order to provide the rural farmer communities of Contorno Letanias and Contorno Medio a possible cost-effective alternative and to employ the use of moderate environments called panqar huyus, we introduced two varieties of baby lettuce: 1) Little Gem in seed form and 2) Tom Thumb already sprouted. These two were planted at densities of 250,000, 333,333, and 500,000 plants/hectare. Statistical analyses performed using the F-test and Duncan’s Multiple Range test found statistical differences between the varieties of baby lettuce and/or planting densities in the following response variables: plant height, number of leaves, root length, total foliage area, green foliage yield, and individual weight of green foliage. The values we obtained for green foliage yield were below those published by the European Union (2004). This was mainly due to the climate of the interior of the panqar huyus. The highest average yield achieved by the baby lettuce varieties was reached by Little gem in seed form with a value of 1.66 kg/m2. As for the planting densities, the highest yield was obtained with the 500,000 plants/hectare density, which had a value of 2.18 kg/m2. As for the quality of the harvested product, the values closest to the parameters established by the European Nations (2004) and the MAG/IICA (2004) were obtained in treatments 5 and 6. Some of these parameters were head diameter, plant height, number of leaves, total foliage area, and individual weight of green foliage. Furthermore, the economic analysis done via the partial budget estimate proposed by CIMMYT (1983) determined that treatment 5 (Little gem in seed form planted at a planting density of 500,000 plants/hectare) is the most profitable when compared to the other treatments in the area of domain.

This study occurred in the area of Coroico at 1700 meters above sea level and in the community of Carmen Pampa, situated at 1850 meters above sea level. Coroico is the capital of Nor Yungas province, department of La Paz. This study hopes to contribute information on reference values for erythrocyte numbers, hemoglobin values, and hematocrits for people between 15 and 60 years old that live between 1700 and 1850 meters above sea level, with the goal of facilitating precise diagnosing of anemia. The study used samples of healthy people, residents with more than two months in Coroico, of middle socioeconomic situation. They were selected by correlating the factors that could influence the values higher or lower, and finally results were obtained for a complete hemogram through an electronic instrument. Hematometric indexes were taken in order to exclude people with any type of anemia. In order to interpret the results, a coefficient correlation was applied with measurements of the average, standard deviation (SD), and 2 SD to define the reference limits for both men and women. Finally, they were compared with the values established for La Paz (3600 meters above sea level) and Santa Cruz (420 meters above sea level). A statistical z-test was used to obtain the differences. The results obtained reject the alternative hypothesis with relation to values in the Santa Cruz population because there is not a significant difference. The alternative hypothesis was accepted with relation to the values from La Paz's population because of a significant difference. Thus the values obtained are similar to the established values for Santa Cruz.

This study was conducted in the community of Yampupata, in the municipality of Copacabana, in the Manco Kapac province, La Paz, to an altitude of 3841 m.a.s.l, agricultural campaign 2003-2004. The purpose of the study was to determine and compare the fenological stages (germination, growth, leafing, and harvesting), hypocotyl yield (dry and fresh), classification of the hypocotyl (diameter, length, etc.), and the economical evaluation as well. The experiment set up was installed in the lower region of the community, dedicated to agriculture, performing all the aforementioned activities together for the period of a year. The experimental design was of Random blocking test, having three types of Maca (lepidium mevenni Walp.): yellow, purple, and cream , five levels of ovine manure ( 0.0, 2.5, 7.5, and 10.0 tn/ha), distributed in the four blocks, 15 treatments, 60 experimental units, with a planting density of 3 kg/ha, and a total area of 300 m². According to the results, it is recommended to plant the cream, and the yellow ecotype of Maca, due to their positive development under the conditions of the soil, and climate of the zone. The cream ecotype under the effect of 7.5 tn/ha of ovine manure (a3b3) had a yield of 8055.06 kg/ha in 238 days (8 months) , with a rentability index of 3.75. In comparison, the purple ecotype with a 0.0 tn/ha of ovine manure (a2b1) had a yield of 4319.55 kg/ha, and a rentability index of 1.74 in eight months. The cream ecotype with 7.5 tn/ha of ovine manure, presented the best behavior under local conditions (climate, soil, and handling), the yield and rentability index were superior to the other treatments; therefore, it is recommended to implement a production plan in the sector according to the results obtained from the study.

This study was performed in the Poroma community of the Oropeza Province, in the department of Chuquisaca. The Poroma community is characterized by a high poverty level among its members due to a number of different factors. Some of the major factors include: a restricted market, small farms, an absence of support systems, and a lack of support for agricultural development. This lack of support is seen in areas such as: research, roads, electricity, technical assistance, marketing systems, organization, and institutions that support rural development. Numerous studies on the production systems of farmers have described and analyzed the agricultural components but ignored the part livestock plays in the development of a rural production system. Due to this situation, this study has placed priority on the study of the livestock production system in the Poroma community. The objectives of this study are: to characterize and identify the components of the livestock production system; to establish the internal relations of the livestock production system; and to establish the relation between the livestock system and other systems present in the community. In order to accomplish the mentioned objectives, the participative research method was applied. The methods used are: Macro planning (participative prediagnosis) followed by case studies (micro planning). The techniques used to collect data are characterized as participatory. With these, we plan to involve farmers in the study. Some of the most important things are family and community workshops, participant observation, and informal discussions. The study investigated components of the livestock system such as: management, food, health, and production. Animal handling was observed to be completely free, like mating or birth, with men intervening very little in comparison to practices such as castration, branding, and grazing. The predominant race is the Creole. Delivery times are concentrated between the months of June and August (dry season) and November to December (rainy season). The main food source is the mountain where native species are used in regeneration. In general, the animals are browsers and the supplements provided are salt and bran. Only a few families control the health of their animals while the majority of families don’t control their health at all. This means that many problems exist with animal disease. The most common diseases in animals are: cattle: foot and mouth disease, anthrax, and diarrhea; sheep and goats: coenurosis; mules: angina; pigs: external parasites and cysticercosis; and birds: diarrhea. With respect to external parasites, the most severe in all the species are ticks and lice. The infrastructure for the animals in this area is not recommended because it does not offer the health conditions for their rusticity, let alone protect them from inclement weather. The products of the livestock system such as milk, meat, leather, manure, etc. are more commonly used for family consumption than for sale. The revenue earned by community members for this service is regular and is obtained at certain times of the year. Generally, they receive it at the beginning and end of each year as well as at fairs that are held in the area.

Technological Processing of the Tomato (Lycopersicum esculentum) and the Project of Industrial Viability by Luis Alberto Rico Arabinar. The present investigation was carried out to determine the aptitude of two varieties of tomatoes in the process of manufacturing concentrations, as well as quantify its loses and performance and evaluate the acceptance and the quality of the product through organoleptic and microbiological analysis. This consists of two parts: First- The laboratory investigation consisted in the elaboration of tomato concentrations. This was done with two varieties, Rio Fuego and Santa Clara, three soluble solid concentrations (10, 20, and 30º brix), and two types of thermal pressure treatment (washing with water at 89º C for 30 minutes and pressure cooking at 110º C for 10 minutes). This was followed by a microbiological analysis, and an organoleptic evaluation of the product. The two tomato varieties were found to adapt as fresh fruit as well as for industry. On the other hand, the organoleptic characteristics of the final product (concentration) presented satisfactory results (5.5/7 points) concerning the test panel; the treatments of 20 brix were the most accepted. The microbiological analysis of the concentration demonstrated the product's sanitary quality. Second-The industrial viability of the project was, in part, carried out while visiting the Omerque Zone and trying to understand its problems of production, commercialization, etc. As well as present a manufacturing presentation of the concentrations in the before said zone. After performing a technical and financial feasibility study, it was determined that the study would prove to be profitable according to VAN (valor actualizado neto) and the TIR (tasa interna de retorno). VAN= $16,717.60 US, TIR= 20.30% (without external financing). VAN= $16,346.80 US, TIR= 25.01% (with external financing). Key Words: Tomato, Concentration, Processing, and Project.

The following work was conducted in the community of Socononi, La Paz, in which we analyzed the effects of three different portions of saka or suncho (viguera pascensis) during the growth, and fattening stages in guinea pigs (cavia aparea porcellus). We used 32 mestizo guinea pigs (improved Peruvian creole breed) weaned 21 days after birth. Four treatments were administrated to the 32 animals (16 males and 16 females), the treatments were the following: (R0) or witness, consisting of corn alone, (R2) consisting of 30% of saka, (R3) consisting of 50% of saka, and (R4) consisting of 70% saka. The variables were evaluated under a completely randomized design study with four repetitions. The bromatological analysis of the saka in a dry sample registered the following data: 5.27% of humidity, 13.8% of ash, 29.05% of fiber, 1.5% of lipids, 42.17% of protein, 8.21% of carbohydrates, 1996.75 mg of Ca, and 883.7 mg of P. We collected the following data in a moisturized sample: 86.91% of humidity, 2.065% of ash, 3.065% of fiber, 0.21% of lipids, 6.29% of protein, 1.015% of carbohydrates, 264.6 mg of Ca, and 116.44 mg of P. The weight after weaning was analyzed at the beginning of the study. We could not find any significant difference from the 4 groups in the study, though, the gender factor presented significant differences (p<0.05), males had a greater weight gain than females at the moment of weaning with 219.75 gr in males , and 207.75 gr in females. The final weight and daily food consumption was greater for those who received the R2, R3, R4, in relationship with the witness group. Males presented a greater weight gain with 726.31 gr, while females presented a total weight of 600 gr. The highest amount of weight gain was 39.66 and 37.05 gr/week for those who received the treatments of 30 % and 50% of saka; it is possible that saka had a direct correlation with the weight gain. After performing the economic evaluation, we concluded that feeding guinea pigs with saka at a 50% results in a better economic benefits, obtaining 1.39 Bs per each male, and 1.22 for each female.

The cost of feeding has been pointed out as the most trascendet investment inside a guinea-pig production. The present work carries out with the purpose to determine and to quantify feeding costs, total costs of production and profitability of Tamborada and MEJOCUY guinea-pig populations. In the stage of suckling period, breed and gestation, experimental station and field. The result of feeding cost was 0.05 and 0.03 $US in suckling period (14 days) for Tamborada and MEJOCUY population, in breeding (42 days) it was 0.14 $US in both populations and in gestation (67 days), it was 0.42 and 0.40 $US. In field for breeding it was 0.07 $US and in gestation it was 0.11 $US. According to the Feeding cost, the MEJOCUY population has bigger technical profitability than Tamborada, the results show a positive and high utility that indicates that the upbringing of guinea pigs is profitable.

The llama, a potential socioeconomic resource in the Bolivian highlands, faces serious nutritional deficiencies during the gestational and postpartum stages that negatively affect production. This study was conducted at the Tika Huta Experimental Center in the Llachu community of the Oruro prefecture. Our objectives were to determine metabolite concentration in blood plasma as well as live weight performance of pregnant and postpartum female llamas. Adult and juvenile llamas were fed diets of either plain natural grass or natural grass combined with 0.4 kg of barley hay. In addition, we determined metabolite concentrations in blood plasma and live weight performance of newborns until three months of age. Ten newborn llamas and nine pregnant adult llamas were used. We collected 133 blood plasma samples from mothers and 57 blood plasma samples from newborns. The samples were sent to laboratories at Brigham Young University for analysis. Results showed the following metabolite concentrations in pregnant llamas: 7.23 ± 1.80 g/dl total proteins, 36.31 ± 1.32 mg/dl urea, 84.72 ± 3.58 mg/dl triglycerides, 55.89 ± 2.32 mg/dl cholesterol, and 7.11 ± 1.34 mg/dl creatinine. In newborn llamas, blood plasma metabolite concentrations were as follows: 7.20 ± 1.54 g/dl total proteins, 48.41 ± 1.30 mg/dl urea, 103.25 ± 2.60 mg/dl triglycerides, 89.09 ± 3.30 mg/dl cholesterol, and 2.39 ± 0.33 mg/dl creatinine. The average live weights were 76.82 ± 8.57 kg and 15.95 ± 2.47 kg for mothers and newborns, respectively. Animals fed diets of natural grass and barley hay yielded results with significant differences. It is recommended that llama diets be supplemented with barley hay during the first two months of gestation, the last third of gestation, and postpartum.