The first recorded use of hydraulic lime in construction can be traced back to at least two thousand years ago. Hydraulic lime, produced through either adding pozzolanic materials or calcining clay containing limestone, unlike air lime, can set and harden under water, developing strength through initial hydration reaction and subsequent carbonation. After WWII Portland cement mortars had almost completely replaced lime based mortars in modern construction. However, through conservation and specialist construction the benefits of hydraulic lime are becoming increasingly recognised. To support wider usage of these mortars there is a need for systematic study on the mortar properties and structural performance of lime mortared masonry. This thesis presents findings from a research programme conducted to develop understanding of the mechanical properties of natural hydraulic lime (NHL) mortared brickwork. The work focussed on the flexural strength of NHL mortared brickwork. A variety of material and environmental factors, including lime grade and supplier, mix proportion, sand type and age, have been investigated. In addition the research has completed an in-depth study on the influence of brick absorption characteristics on bond development. The two methods of flexural wall panel and bond wrench testing to establish flexural strength have been compared. In addition to flexural strength, initial shear strength and compressive strength of brickwork has also been investigated. A greater understanding of NHL mortared brickwork performance has been developed through this work. Performance of the brickwork has been related to properties of constituent materials and environmental factors. Recommendations for design performance of materials have been provided.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to evaluate the bond strength of three different veneering porcelains fired over CP Titanium and a CAD/CAM ceramic cemented to CP Titanium. METHODS: Sixty-four bars of CP Titanium grade II (25±1x 3±0.5x 0.5±0.05 mm) were divided randomly into four groups: Group 1: Titankeramik (Vita Zahnfabrik), Group 2: Triceram (Dentaurum), Group 3: Initial Ti (GC), and Group 4: MKII blocks (Vita). Each veneer porcelain (groups 1-3) was applied with dimensions limited to 8x3x1mm and fired on CP Ti bars following the manufacturer’s instructions and ISO 9693 recommendations. Group 4, Vita Mark II blocks were sectioned into sixteen bars (8x3x1mm) and cemented with Multilink Implant cement (Ivoclar) on CP Ti bars. Fifteen specimens from each group were tested for bond strength by Schwickerath crack initiation test (ISO 9693) using an Instron machine; the mode of failure and bond interface was evaluated by SEM / EDS. RESULTSs: The data were analyzed statistically using ANOVA and Tukey ≤ 0.05. Group 4 is significantly higher than the other groups. Group 1 is significantly higher than group 3, but similar to group 2. SEM/EDS analysis reveals that the modes of failure for groups 1 - 4 are a mixture of adhesive, mixed, and cohesive failures. CONCLUSION: Cementing a milled ceramic to CP Ti produces bond strength significantly greater than conventional veneering porcelains. / 2018-09-28T00:00:00Z

Objective: To evaluate the effect of an in-office plus at-home bleaching protocol on shear bond strength of orthodontic buttons when using a fluoride-releasing sealant. Methods and Materials: One hundred and sixty extracted human molars were randomly divided into bleached (N=80) and unbleached groups (N=80). The bleached group was treated with 45% carbamide peroxide for half an hour, followed with five applications of 20% carbamide peroxide at 24 hour intervals. After two weeks, lingual buttons were bonded on the teeth in both groups using either Transbond XT primer or Pro Seal sealant. The teeth were then stored in artificial saliva and subjected to shear testings at 24 hours and 3 months using a Zwick Universal Test Machine. Results: The ANOVA analysis of the 24-hour results indicated a significant difference between the four subgroups (p<.0011). Further simple t-tests indicated that the differences were significant only between bleached and unbleached subgroups (p<.0011). The 3-month results showed the mean shear bond strengths of the unbleached group using Pro Seal sealant was statistically significantly lower than the others although still greater than clinically minimal suggested bond strengths. Interestingly, 15% of the bleached teeth exhibited enamel fracture at the 3-month testing. Conclusion: At 24 hours, both Pro Seal sealant and Transbond XT primer appear to be a reliable choice on both bleached and unbleached teeth. However, at the 3-month period, Pro Seal sealant yielded significantly lower shear bond strength on unbleached teeth, nevertheless well within the range of values considered to be "clinically acceptable".

Objective: To evaluate the effect of an in-office plus at-home bleaching protocol on shear bond strength of orthodontic buttons when using a fluoride-releasing sealant. Methods and Materials: One hundred and sixty extracted human molars were randomly divided into bleached (N=80) and unbleached groups (N=80). The bleached group was treated with 45% carbamide peroxide for half an hour, followed with five applications of 20% carbamide peroxide at 24 hour intervals. After two weeks, lingual buttons were bonded on the teeth in both groups using either Transbond XT primer or Pro Seal sealant. The teeth were then stored in artificial saliva and subjected to shear testings at 24 hours and 3 months using a Zwick Universal Test Machine. Results: The ANOVA analysis of the 24-hour results indicated a significant difference between the four subgroups (p<.0011). Further simple t-tests indicated that the differences were significant only between bleached and unbleached subgroups (p<.0011). The 3-month results showed the mean shear bond strengths of the unbleached group using Pro Seal sealant was statistically significantly lower than the others although still greater than clinically minimal suggested bond strengths. Interestingly, 15% of the bleached teeth exhibited enamel fracture at the 3-month testing. Conclusion: At 24 hours, both Pro Seal sealant and Transbond XT primer appear to be a reliable choice on both bleached and unbleached teeth. However, at the 3-month period, Pro Seal sealant yielded significantly lower shear bond strength on unbleached teeth, nevertheless well within the range of values considered to be "clinically acceptable".

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate if the firing cycles and etching conditions have an effect on the tensile bonding strength (TBS) of IPS e.max-CAD and CeltraDUO. METHODS: Lithium-disilicate (IPS e.max-CAD) ceramic blocks and zirconia reinforced lithium-disilicate (CeltraDUO) were sectioned into rectangular tiles. The tiles were randomly assigned to various treatment groups and heat treated (1, 5, or 9 firing cycles) or (0, 1 or 5 firing cycle) respectively. e.max-CAD and CeltraDUO tiles were etched for different times (20,160, 300 seconds) and (20, 50, 80 seconds) respectively with hydrofluoric-acid gel (9.6% or 5%). Titanium-pins were sand-blasted on the flat end and cemented on the etched tiles using self-adhesive resin cement (TheraCem). A vertical load of 12N was placed for 40 minutes. All the cemented specimens were stored in incubator at 37°C for 48 hours. A tensile test was performed using a mechanical testing machine (Instron-5566A). The load at failure was recorded and the TBS was calculated. The same procedure was followed on another set of 18 e.max-CAD (fired for 5 firing cycles) and 21 CeltraDUO tiles (fired for 1 firing cycle). The same cementation procedure was followed and TBS was calculated. RESULTS: The TBS of both CeltraDUO and e.max-CAD was significantly affected by etching duration and firing cycles (p<0.001), but not significantly affected by etchant concentration (p=0.31). The highest load to failure was observed around 50 and 60 seconds of etching respectively. CONCLUSION: The etching time and firing cycle directly affect the TBS of both materials whereas the etchant concentration does not. / 2021-07-15T00:00:00Z

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / Cementing of indirect restorations with resin cements generally requires the pre-treatment of dentin with an adhesive. When dual-cured or chemical-cured resin cements are used with these single-step adhesives, incompatibility issues exist. This has resulted in manufacturers making chemical changes in their products. Kerr Dental markets a new resin cement, Nexus Third generation (NX3), which utilizes a proprietary redox system different from the second generation of composite luting agent (NX2). The aim of this study was to evaluate microtensile bond strength and mode of failure of NX3 and NX2 with two different adhesive systems (total-etch and self-etch) after 1 week and after 3 months of storage. Methods: Sixty-four non-carious teeth were sectioned to expose the dentin using a low-speed saw. Dentin surfaces were ground with 320-grit SiC paper. The adhesives Optibond Solo Plus (SOL), and Optibond All In One (AIO) were applied, and resin cements (NX2, NX3) were used to lute 4-mm composite discs to the treated dentin surfaces. Microtensile bond strength was determined at 1 week (IM) and after 3 months (3MON) of storage using a universal testing machine (MTS). All specimens were examined under the stereomicroscope to determine the mode of failure. Random specimens from each failure group were examined using scanning electron microscopy. Statistical Analysis: Comparisons between the treatment combinations for differences in microtensile bond strength were performed using Weibull-distribution survival analysis. Comparisons between the treatment combinations for differences in the failure mode were performed using Fisher’s Exact tests. The group NX3 SOL IM (30.5 MPa) had significantly higher bond strength than NX3 SOL 3MON (13.4 MPa); NX3 AIO IM (11.3MPa); NX3 AIO 3MON (8.2 MPa; NX2 AIO 3MON (5.8 MPa); NX2 SOL IM (6.3 MPa), and NX2 SOL 3MON (3.2 MPa). The group NX2 AIO IM (19.3 MPa) was not significantly different from NX3 SOL IM. The group NX2 SOL 3MON and group NX2 SOL IM had a significantly higher percentage of teeth with mixed failure than all of the other groups. None of the other groups had significantly different failure mode. The group NX3 SOL IM had 90-percent beam survival beyond 17 MPa, and NX2 AIO IM had 50 percent of beams surviving beyond 17 MPa, a better performance. For all the other groups, more than 50 percent of beams failed below 17 MPa. Results show high evidence of degradation for all groups considered in this investigation. The use of these types of cement adhesive combinations in clinical situations should be used with this understanding.

Alumina-titanium diboride (Al2O3-TiB2) composites have high temperature, wear, and impact resistance that could be useful in high performance applications. Determining the effect of processing parameters on relative bond strength and effective plasticity may contribute to optimization and predictability of performance in the Al2O3-TiB2 system. Al2O3-TiB2 composites were obtained from a collection of samples that were created during a separate ongoing research program being conducted by Dr. Kathryn V. Logan. The Logan samples were initially formed by hot pressing powders produced using Self-Propagating High Temperature synthesis (SHS) of Al, TiO2, and B2O3 powders or manual mixing (MM) of Al2O3 and TiB2 powders. Samples were then fractured using standard single edge notched beam (SENB) fracture toughness testing. The obtained fractured surfaces were examined using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS). Relative amounts of transgranular and intergranular fracture of Al2O3 and TiB2 grains were determined. Transgranular fracture was used as a measure of relative bond strength. Other samples were obtained from the Logan collection to conduct nano-indentation measurements on polished sample surfaces in Al2O3 grains and in TiB2 grains. Indent locations were verified using SEM. Reduced modulus, final displacements, and fracture toughness for indents in Al2O3 grains and in TiB2 grains were determined from nano-indentation curves. Reduced modulus was used as a measure of relative bond strength. Final displacement and fracture toughness were used as measures of relative effective plasticity. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) using Taguchi arrays was conducted using the powder processing factor (SHS vs. MM) and the predominant microstructure factor (TiB2 grains surrounding Al2O3 grains vs. TiB2 grains distributed amongst Al2O3 grains) when examining the effect of processing parameters on relative bond strength as measured by amount of transgranular fracture. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) using Taguchi arrays was conducted using the powder processing factor (SHS vs. MM), the predominant microstructure factor (TiB2 grains surrounding Al2O3 grains vs. TiB2 grains distributed amongst Al2O3 grains), and the indented phase factor (Al2O3 vs. TiB2) when examining the effect of processing parameters on relative bond strength as measured by nano-indentation reduced modulus and both measures of relative effective plasticity. Powder processing was significant for the relative bond strength measures, but was not significant for the relative effective plasticity measures. Predominant microstructure was significant for all measures except relative effective plasticity as measured by fracture toughness, for which none of the factors and interactions were significant. The interaction between powder processing and predominant microstructure was significant for most of the relative bond strength measures and for relative effective plasticity as measured by final displacements. Indented phase was significant for the nano-indentation measures except nano-indentation fracture toughness, although the significance for nano-indentation fracture toughness was just below the critical level. The interaction between powder processing and indented phase and the interaction between predominant microstructure and indented phase were only significant for the relative bond strength measure using nano-indentation reduced modulus. The interaction between powder processing, predominant microstructure, and indented phase was significant for the nano-indentation measures except nano-indentation fracture toughness. The optimum level for powder processing was predominantly manual mixing. The optimum level for predominant microstructure was predominantly TiB2 grains surrounding Al2O3 grains. The optimum level for indented phase was predominantly TiB2. / Master of Science

Enamel decalcification caused by poor oral hygiene is a significant problem in orthodontics. Bioactive glass-containing resins have been shown to release Ca2+ ions into surrounding solution. The purpose of this study was to determine the shear bond strength of four different compositions of orthodontic resin prepared with bioactive glass (N=20). Premolars were bonded using one of four BAG-BOND compositions. Brackets were debonded and ARI scores were given. The mean shear bond strength was 7.23 ± 2.47 MPa (62 BAG-BOND), 8.25 ± 2.87 MPa (65 BAG-BOND), 8.78 ± 3.08 MPa (81BAG-BOND) and 5.80 ± 2.27 MPa (85 BAG-BOND). 65 and 81 BAG-BOND were significantly higher than 85 BAG-BOND. The 62 BAG-BOND group was not statistically significantly different from any other group. All groups exhibited a cohesive bond failure and were not statistically significant from each other. Three compositions of the novel orthodontic adhesive exhibited adequate bond strength for clinical applications.

Materiais cerâmicos têm sido utilizados rotineiramente na clínica restauradora. A capacidade de adesão à sistemas adesivos de cimentação é um dos fatores críticos para o sucesso clínico. O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar as propriedades de adesão à um sistema de cimentação adesiva de dois materiais vitrocerâmicos experimentais, sendo um reforçado por dissilicato de lítio (D) e outro por metassilicato de lítio (M) para aplicação odontológica. Para tal, objetivou-se determinar a influência de diferentes tratamentos de superfície na resistência de união a um sistema de cimentação adesiva através de ensaios de microtração e caracterizar as alterações morfológicas decorrentes dos diferentes tratamentos de superfície testados. Três tratamentos de superfícies para cada material experimental foram selecionados: 1- jateamento com partículas de Al2O3 (J), 2- ataque ácido com ácido hidrofluorídrico a 10% por 20 segundos (20) e 3- ataque ácido com ácido hidrofluorídrico a 10% por 60 segundos (60). Um grupo do material comercial IPS e.max CAD (Ivoclar-Vivadent) foi utilizado como controle, seguindo as instruções do fabricante para o tratamento de superfície. As alterações morfológicas na superfície das cerâmicas foram analisadas por microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV) e demonstraram que os materiais experimentais são ácido sensíveis e sofreram modificações topográficas com o jateamento. Para os ensaios de microtração, os blocos das cerâmicas experimental e comercial tiveram suas superfícies condicionadas e silanizadas com o Agente Silano Relyx Ceramic Primer (3M ESPE), e posteriormente foram cimentados a blocos de resina composta Filtek Z100 (3M ESPE) com o cimento resinoso RelyX ARC (3M ESPE). Tais conjuntos foram seccionados, originando espécimes em forma de palito, com 1mm2 de área de secção transversal e submetidos ao ensaio de microtração. A análise estatística dos dados foi realizada por meio do teste de O teste utilizado foi o de Análise de Variância a um critério (One-Way ANOVA), adotando nível de significância de &#x3B1;=5%, O teste de Bonferroni foi utilizado para comparações múltiplas, demonstrando que os grupos D20 e M60 apresentaram melhores resultados de resistência de união. D20 não apresentou diferença estatística em relação ao grupo controle e M60 demonstrou resistência de união significantemente maior que o material comercial do grupo controle; levando, portanto, à conclusão de que os materiais experimentais testados apresentam características adequadas de adesão ao sistema de cimentação adesiva utilizado. / Ceramic materials have been routinely used in restorative clinic. The adhesion capacity to adhesive cementation systems is a critical factor for clinical success. The main objective of the present study was to evaluate the adhesion properties to an adhesive cementation system of two experimental vitroceramic materials, a reinforced by lithium dissilicate (D) and another by lithium metasilicate (M) for dental application. For this purpose, the objective was to determine the influence of different surface treatments on bond strength to an adhesive cementation system through microtensile tests and characterize morphological changes resulting from the different surface treatments tested. Three surface treatments for each experimental material were selected: 1- blasting with Al2O3 particles (J), 2- etching with hydrofluoric acid 10% by 20 seconds (20) and 3- etching with hydrofluoric acid 10% for 60 seconds (60). A group of the commercial material, IPS e.max CAD (Ivoclar-Vivadent) was used as control, following the manufacturer\'s instructions for surface treatment. Morphological changes on the surface of the ceramics were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and demonstrated that experimental materials are acid sensitive and suffered topographical changes with the blasting. For the microtensile tests, the blocks of experimental and commercial ceramics had their surfaces conditioned and silanized with Silane agent Relyx Ceramic Primer (3M ESPE), and then they were cemented to resin composite blocks (Z100 Filtek blocks - 3M ESPE) with the resin cement, RelyX ARC (3 m ESPE). These sets were sectioned, resulting in stick-shaped specimens, with 1 mm2 cross sectional area and submitted to the microtensile tests. The test used was the analysis of variance to a criterion (One-Way ANOVA), adopting a significance level of &#x3B1; = 5%, the Bonferroni test was used for multiple comparisons, demonstrating that the D20 and M60 showed best results of bond strength. D20 showed no statistical difference in relation to the control group and M60 demonstrated significantly bond streght better than the commercial material of the control group; leading to the conclusion that the experimental material tested has appropriate characteristics of adhesion to the cementation system used.

O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar, ex vivo, a influência da irradiação do laser Er,Cr:YSGG na resistência de união do material obturador à base de resina epóxica à dentina radicular, por meio do teste de push-out, e na interface dentina/material obturador, por meio de microscopia confocal a laser. Avaliou-se, ainda, a variação de temperatura externa da dentina radicular durante irradiação. Para tanto, 96 caninos foram instrumentados com sistema rotatório K3 até #45/.02 e irrigados com 2 mL de água destilada e deionizada entre os instrumentos utilizados. Os espécimes foram distribuídos em 3 grupos (n=32) em função do protocolo de irrigação final (10 mL): água destilada e deionizada, NaOCl 1% e EDTAC 17%. Em seguida, foram redistribuídos em 4 subgrupos (n=8), de acordo com a irradiação do laser: não irradiado, 2 W/20 Hz, 3 W/20 Hz e 4 W/20 Hz. Durante a irradiação, foram aferidos os valores máximo e mínimo de temperatura na parede radicular externa nos terços cervical, médio e apical e no ápice radicular. Após irradiação, os espécimes foram obturados com cimento AH Plus e guta-percha pela técnica de condensação lateral. Decorridos três vezes o tempo de endurecimento o tempo de do cimento, as raízes foram seccionadas transversalmente em slices de 1 mm de espessura. Dois slices de cada terço foram submetidos ao push-out em máquina universal de ensaios e o tipo de falha foi analisado em lupa estereoscópica e classificado em: adesiva ao material obturador, adesiva à dentina, mista, coesiva no material obturador e coesiva na dentina. O slice restante foi submetido à análise em microscopia confocal a laser, onde avaliou-se a porcentagem de perímetro da secção transversal do canal radicular com tags de cimento e a profundidade dos tags na interface dentina/material obturador de forma quali-quantitativa. Os dados de resistência de união (Mpa) e porcentagem de perímetro com tags foram analisados por meio do teste ANOVA; enquanto os dados da variação de temperatura (ºC) e profundidade dos tags (&mu;m) por meio do teste de Kruskal-Wallis, ambos seguidos de teste de Tukey. A irradiação do laser Er,Cr:YSGG aumentou a resistência de união do cimento obturador à dentina, independente da irrigação final, sendo que os maiores valores foram obtidos para as potência de 3 W (4,02±1,32) e 4 W (4,18±0,98) e os menores valores para o grupo não irradiado (2,64±0,58) (p<0,05). A potência de 2 W (3,28±0,91) apresentou valores intermediários. A irrigação final com EDTAC 17% resultou em maiores valores de resistência de união (4,01±1,02) quando comparado à água destilada (3,11±1,09) e ao NaOCl 1% (3,47±1,18) (p<0,05). Em relação aos terços radiculares, o terço cervical (4,01±1,21) apresentou valor de resistência de união estatisticamente maior que o terço apical (3,04±0,89), enquanto o terço médio apresentou valores intermediários (3,54±1,15) (p<0,05). Em todos os grupos foi observado maior percentual de falhas adesivas e mistas. Nos grupos irradiados com 3 W [21,1 (14,1-27,7)] e 4 W [17,8 (11,9-23,7)] foi observado maior profundidade de tags do material obturador quando comparado ao grupo não irradiado [12,9 (9,0-20,0)]; a potência de 2 W promoveu valores intermediários [15,6 (11,7-23,3)] de profundidade de tags. Os maiores percentuais de perímetro com tags foram observados para os grupos irradiados, não havendo diferença estatística entre eles (p>0,05). O aumento da temperatura foi proporcional ao aumento da potência do laser, não excedendo 3 ºC. Concluiu-se que o laser Er,Cr:YSGG promoveu aumento da resistência de união do cimento à base de resina epóxica à dentina radicular, com maior formação de tags em todas as potências estudadas, principalmente quando associado à irrigação final com EDTAC 17%; o aumento da temperatura durante a irradiação não foi considerado elevado a ponto de prejudicar os tecidos adjacentes. / The aim of this study was to evaluate ex vivo the influence of Er,Cr:YSGG laser irradiation on the bond strength of an epoxy resin-based root canal sealer to root dentin, using the push-out test, and on the dentin/filling material interface, using confocal laser microscopy. The temperature variation on the outer root dentin during irradiation was also evaluated. For this purposes, 96 canines were instrumented with K3 rotary system up to the #45/.02 instrument, irrigating with 2 mL of distilled and deionized water at each change of instrument. The specimens were randomly assigned to 3 groups (n=32), according the final irrigation protocol (10 mL): distilled and deionized water, 1% NaOCl and 17% EDTAC. They were next reassigned into 4 subgroups (n=8), according to the laser irradiation parameters: non-irradiated, 2 W/20 Hz, 3 W/20 Hz and 4 W/20 Hz. During irradiation, the maximum and minimum temperatures were measured on the outer root dentin wall in the cervical, middle and apical thirds as well in the root apex. Following irradiation, the canals were filled with lateral condensation of AH Plus sealer and gutta-percha cones. After a period three times longer than the sealers setting time, the roots were sectioned transversally to obtain 1-mm-thick slices. Two slices from each third were subjected to a push-out test in a universal testing machine and the failure mode was analyzed with stereoscopic lens and classified as: adhesive to the filling material, adhesive to dentin, mixed, cohesive in the filling material and cohesive in dentin. The remaining slice was analyzed by confocal laser microscopy to evaluate the percentage of the perimeter of the root canal cross-section with sealer tags. The depth of tags at the dentin/filling material interface was evaluated in a quali-quantitative manner. Bond strength (MPa) data and the percentage of perimeter with tags were analyzed by ANOVA, while temperature variation (ºC) and tag depth (&mu;m) were analyzed by Kruskal-Wallis test, both followed by Tukeys test. The Er,Cr:YSGG laser irradiation increased sealer bond strength to dentin, regardless of the final irrigation protocol. The highest values were obtained for 3 W (4.02±1.32) and 4 W (4.18±0.98) powers and the lowest for the non-irradiated group (2.64±0.58) (p<0.05). The use of 2 W power (3.28±0.91) resulted in intermediate values. Final irrigation with 17% EDTAC provided higher bond strength (4.01±1.02) compared with distilled water (3.11±1.09) and 1% (NaOCl 3.47±1.18) (p<0.05). Regarding the root thirds, the cervical third (4.01±1.21) presented significantly higher bond strength than the apical third (3.04±0.89), while the middle third presented intermediate values (3.54±1.15) (p<0.05). In all groups, there was a greater percentage of adhesive and mixed failures. In the groups irradiated with 3 W [21.1 (14.1-27.7)] and 4 W [17.8 (11.9-23.7)], it was observed a greater depth of filling material tags compared with the non-irradiated group [12.9 (9.0-20.0)]; 2 W power produced intermediate tag depth values [15.6 (11.7-23.3)]. The greatest percentage of canal perimeter with sealer tags was observed in the irradiated groups, with no statistically significant difference among them (p>0.05). The temperature rise was proportional to the increase of laser power, not surpassing 3 °C. It was therefore concluded that Er,Cr:YSGG laser irradiation increased the bond strength of an epoxy resin-based sealer to root dentin, with greater formation of sealer tags when for all tested powers, especially if combined with final irrigation with 17% EDTAC; temperature rise during irradiation was not considered high enough to cause harmful effects to the adjacent tissues.