Since the beginning of civilization people have fought over land, disputed what nation, tribe or political faction controls what river, mountain range, field or forest. Political borders and boundaries have long been plagued with conflict ranging from migration, immigration, ethnic or religious cleansing and war. We draw our maps with black lines dividing countries, states and provinces, often these lines following elements of the natural landscape such as rivers or mountains. This document will study one such case border conflict, the U.S-Mexico border region, in hopes to discover the potential for border conflicts to be resolved through the means of architecture. The Unites States Southern border with The United Mexican States, commonly referred to as the U.S and Mexico respectively, has been subject to much debate in American politics. It has been a heated debate calling into question; 1. Who should be allowed to cross? 2. How and when should they cross? 3. Should anyone be allowed to cross? Both implement strategies and proposed solutions to ease the tensions along the border have been simple minded and unable to properly address the issues facing the region. From closing the 2,000 mile border with walls and fencing, to opening the flood gates the range of ideas have failed to capitalize and propose investment in the region. Much of the border is impassable by foot or by car, rendering a man made barrier irrelevant and ease of transit difficult to accomplish. Erecting a wall or other physical barrier is not only expensive but fails to prevent any the issues it claims to solve. As declared in the opening statement this thesis will propose an infrastructural and architectural investment in the region. This investment will seek to create a prototypical example of how the border can be a cooperative and less combative region. The architectural project developed will attempt to establish replicable idea that can be used to revitalize sections of the border. / 1 / SPK / archives@tulane.edu

MURP / Department of Urban and Regional Planning / Current studies reveal that adjacent municipalities can achieve more if they plan and share resources collaboratively. The study assessed the impact of trans-border spatial development cooperation with respect to a twinning agreement signed between the Musina local municipality, South Africa, and the Beitbridge Rural District Council, Zimbabwe in October 2004. It unpacks to the extent to which the twinning agreement objectives were achieved in terms of spatial development. The assessment revolved around six specific objectives using a trans- border twinning performance evaluation survey approach. The assessment of the implementation of the agreement focused on desirable outcomes, inputs in terms of resources, the implementation process involved in terms of effectiveness and efficiency, outputs in terms of targets achieved, impact with respect to where they are now, who needs to do what and when and whether the planning and implementation process was effective. Research questions were investigated using 14 key informant interviews, 347 questionnaires and direct field observations with the aid of an impact evaluation survey approach. The study showed that the challenges faced in municipal twinning agreements range from institutional, structural to financial. It was evident that the Musina-Beitbridge twinning agreement did not have a concrete implementation plan from 2004 to 2016. The spatial planning goals indicated in the twinning document were not achieved. The Joint coordination meetings were no longer being conducted, benchmarking exercises were not conducted, the goals were not time-bound, there was no standalone budget, no central secretariat and lastly, the majority of the local residents were not aware of the twinning’s existence. The study recommended a strategic trans-border implementation framework which addresses initial planning provisions, resource allocation, stakeholder participation and ensuring that targets are achieved as well as mitigating risks.

Wartime lends itself to a particular form of communication. This type of communication is often regarded as propaganda, which is used to promote or alternatively dissuade pro-war fervour. This theory is no different during the Border War of South Africa (1966-1989). During the years that the war waged, the public’s sentiment towards the war had changed instigated by the continuing political unrest found both in South Africa and on its borders. The South African Defence Force (SADF) attempted to use its official magazine Paratus to disseminate pro-war communication in order to subdue the objectors and sway public opinion. Thus, this study aimed to understand how the magazine was used as a propaganda medium in terms of its editorial philosophy. Furthermore, attention was given to the main propaganda devices used in magazines as well as in Paratus itself, while changes in the editorial philosophy of the magazine during wartime formed the background of the study. By making use of the single case and longitudinal study, continuous data from a core single source, from 1970-1988, was investigated to gather data including the cover, advertisements, letters, articles and design features that will form the subject of rigorous content analysis in order to obtain rich and holistic information. An amagalmation of the propaganda devices identified by Lasswell (1927), the Institute of Propaganda Analysis – the IPA (1937) and the Propaganda Model (1988) was used as set criteria to base this propaganda study on. The study is rooted in a comprehensive literature review in order to contextualise the findings and avoid bias from the researcher. Ultimately, the study revealed that pro-war and Afrikaner nationalism and Calvinism ideals were supported and furthered through the means of mass communication approaches, specifically that of strategic communication, agenda-setting theory and framing, as well as propaganda devices, most notably the glittering generalities and transfer propaganda devices, while the ideology of anti-Communism alongside the rhetoric of “total onslaught” also formed part of the narrative of the magazine. / Dissertation (MIS)--University of Pretoria, 2019. / University of Pretoria: academic excellence bursary. / Information Science / MIS / Unrestricted

A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Arts in fulfilment of the requirements of the Degree of Doctor Of Philosophy in the Department of History at the University of Zululand, 2017 / For over a century, cross border movement of people has been on-going between Nigeria and South Africa. Nigerians started immigrating to South Africa as early as 1905, and South African white Missionaries from the Dutch Reformed Church, on the invitation of the Sudan United Mission, for evangelical work. The missionaries from South Africa were assigned the Benue region of Nigeria for missionary evangelical work. By 1911, they were at Sai a Tiv village where they established the first mission station. These missionaries introduced modern education based on western civilisation to the area and introduced new seedlings that led to the transformation of agriculture in the Benue region. They also introduced modern medical practice that eradicated leprosy and other diseases that were rampant and brought in modern architecture to the Benue region. They established the NKST church which is widely spread among the Tiv and across central Nigeria. The study discusses the role of Nigeria in undermining the apartheid regime from 1960, which also coincided with the Sharpeville massacre. Nigeria spent its resources in the fight against apartheid. In doing that, Nigeria did not only engage apartheid South Africa alone but used the instrument of diplomatic relation in canvassing support on the international scale through the United Nations, the Commonwealth and the formation of the OAU which was largely funded by the Nigerian government. This research reveals Nigeria’s role in the de-colonisation process of not only apartheid South Africa but also the entire Southern African region. The study analyses the patterns of migration between the two countries and examine the implication of this migration on the socio-political and economic relationship since 1960. Relying on a qualitative methodology, the study uses the principle of saturation to interview participants; it also relies on archival records in addition to current literature on the phenomenon. The study used the Push pull and transnational migration theory for analysis. This study argues that although the migration phenomenon existed for over a century, the two countries are still engaged in frosty relationship expressed through xenophobic violence, drug trafficking, and human rights abuses. It also argues that the fundamental reason for this xenophobic attack can be traced in South Africa’s apartheid history, which left a society where black South Africans were separated from each other, and that the South African blacks came out of apartheid as landless poor peasants. Although the instrument of power lies in their hands, the economy is still largely controlled by the white minorities. The study concludes with a clarion call on the Nigerian and South African governments to reawaken Pan-Africanism that the continent is known for and to reinvigorate the African Ubuntu which seeks the welfare of an African brotherhood - that Africa is better together than disunited. Africa should work more on factors that unite them rather than on what divide them. In unity, the continent’s hopes for integration in economic, political and diplomatic relations will be realised.

A robust mathematical model of one-dimensional flow for sloping, blocked-end border irrigation was developed using the four-point implicit method to solve the Saint-Venant equations, the volume-balance solution method, and the implementation of new algorithms to avoid numerical instability and solution divergence. The model has the capability of successfully simulating all surface irrigation phases in blocked-end borders for a range of inflow rates (0.01 - 0.05 m3/s per m), longitudinal slopes (up to 1.00%), and border lengths (100 - 500 m). To achieve numerical stability over the specified parameter ranges, the model was divided into three parts: (1) advance-phase simulation which uses the four-point implicit solution method of the Saint-Venant equations, with an algorithm that changes the spatial and temporal weighting, in addition to an algorithm that handles the water depth profile at the blocked-end downstream boundary upon completion of the advance phase; (2) simultaneous advance-recession-phase calculations using a hybrid algorithm to solve the governing equations; and (3) recession-phase simulation using the four-point implicit method until (and if) divergence occurs, then the volume-method is applied to complete the simulation. The three parts also involve the use of computational grid management algorithms and a parabolic equation which defines the Chezy coefficient as a function of water depth. The model incorporates the downhill simplex optimization method to determine the recommended inflow rate and irrigation cutoff time, maximizing a composite irrigation efficiency (water requirement efficiency and application efficiency). Different optimum values of inflow rate and irrigation cutoff time for a range of longitudinal slopes, border lengths, and soil types were generated. Most of the optimum values are for relatively high inflow rate and rapid cutoff time. In addition, exponential relations were developed, based on the simulation results, to determine the best irrigation time for maximization of the composite irrigation efficiency for specified, non-optimal inflow rates. The exponential relations are particularly useful in practice when it is not feasible to use the optimum inflow rate due to constraints at the water source, or because of irrigation scheduling issues.

Der Schwerpunkt meiner Dissertation liegt auf der Analyse der Art und Weise, wie das Mittelmeer als Grenzraum in fünf literarischen Werken, die von 2005 bis heute erschienen sind, dargestellt und wiedergegeben wird. Indem ich das Mittelmeer sowohl als Gegenstand der ästhetischen Darstellung behandle, analysiere ich diese Werke, um die Symbolik der maritimen Grenzen zu untersuchen. Auf diese Weise versuche ich, ein Paradigma für das Verständnis der Mittelmeer-Grenze als dynamisches, vielschichtiges, allgegenwärtiges, (un)sichtbares und performatives Konstrukt zu entwickeln. Der Korpus der Analyse umfasst literarische Werke, die im Mittelmeerraum veröffentlicht wurden, und sich mit dem Thema der clandestine migration, der Transmigration und der Abwanderung befasst. Die fünf Grenzromane umfassen verschiedene Genres, darunter die bio-fiktionale Erzählung von Catozzella Non dirmi che hai paura (2014) [Sag nicht, dass du Angst hast (2016)], die spekulativ Fiktion von Charfi Le Baiser de Lampedusa (2011), die composite novel von Lalami Hope and other dangerous pursuits (2005) [Hoffnung und andere gefährliche Bestrebungen], der Kriminalroman von Pajares Aguas de venganza (2016) [Gewässer der Rache] und der realistische, teilweise volksmärchenhafte Roman, von Khaal African Titanics (2008, Englische Übersetzung. 2014), die zur Inszenierung kritischer Untersuchungen über die maritime Grenze werden. Die Dissertation schlägt eine geo-literarische Lesart der Grenzliteratur vor, die sich aus einem breiten Korpus theoretischer Schriften über Grenzen aus den Sozial und Geisteswissenschaften – Kultur und Literaturwissenschaften – herausarbeitet. Das Projekt richtet sich darauf aus, diese beiden Disziplinen miteinander ins Gespräch zu bringen, indem der soziokulturelle, literarische und politische Beitrag der Grenzliteratur berücksichtigt wird. In diesem Sinne ist meine Dissertation ein Beitrag zu Border Studies, Border Aesthetics und Mediterranean Studies. / The primary focus of my dissertation is the analysis of the ways in which the Mediterranean Sea is rendered and modeled as a border space in five border literary works published from 2005 to the present. Treating the Mediterranean Sea as both the topic of literary analysis and the element of aesthetic representation, I investigate these works to examine the imageries of the maritime border as they transpire in literature. In so doing, I am seeking to provide a paradigm for comprehending the Mediterranean border as a dynamic, multi-scaled, ubiquitous, (in)visible and performative construct. The corpus of analysis comprises of literary works published in different languages and countries, notably from around the Mediterranean Sea, that address the theme of clandestine migration, transmigration, relocation and the social and cultural challenges they bring forth. The five border novels span genres, including bio-fictional narrative, Catozzella's Non dirmi che hai paura (2014) [Don't tell me you are afraid (2016)], speculative fiction, Charfi's Le Baiser de Lampedusa (2011), composite novel, Lalami's Hope and other dangerous pursuits (2005), detective fiction, Pajares' Aguas de venganza (2016) [Waters of revenge] and realist one interlaid with folktales, Khaal's African Titanics (2008 English transl. 2014), becoming the staging of critical investigations about the maritime border. The dissertation proposes a geo-literary reading of border fiction, working its way out from a large body of theoretical writing on borders born of the social sciences and the humanities — cultural studies and literary criticism. The project aims to put these two larger disciplines into conversation with one another by taking into consideration the socio-cultural, literary and political contribution of border fiction. In this line, my dissertation is a contribution to Border Studies, Border Aesthetics, and Mediterranean Studies.

Cross-border acquisitions (CBAs), as organisational entities which are formed and controlled by foreign firms, are one of the most effective methods of expansion available to international firms. Cross-border acquisition is a highly complex and multi-faceted business model which presents several challenges for management. Over the past several years, CBA has become a more frequent target for research in business, and has received significant attention from academia and practitioners alike. The aim of this research is to investigate the factors that impact interorganizational trust and as an outcome, the performance of CBAs in Iraq and the United Arab Emirates (UAE). According Fadol and Sandhu, (2013), Abosag and Lee, (2012), there are few studies that focused on alliances in Middle Eastern countries and more studies on these areas are required. The empirical study is preceded by a review of the existing literature that led to the development of a conceptual framework for this research. The target population samples for this research were collected from four target firm’s employees in Iraq and the UAE, where those firms were identified as having acquired by firms from Western Europe and Asia. The research tool used to collect the necessary data was a survey questionnaire, and the data analysis was undertaken using SPSS and Structural Equation Modelling (SEM). The findings of this study identify that relationship history, inter-firm distance, and integration approach factors have a positive impact on the level of target firm members’ trust; while factors such as collaboration history, complementarity, and autonomy preservation were not found to have a positive and significantly related to the trust. Moreover, Country risk was found to have a negative and significant relationship with the trust. Religion was not found to be positive and significantly related to the trust. Furthermore, positive relationship between trust and performance and between commitment and performance were found. The results of this study offer a framework that identifies the key factors in the development of trust within CBAs and demonstrates that this trust and it’s antecedents have a significant impact on firm performance in Middle Eastern countries such as Iraq and UAE. The findings of this study offer us implications for meaningful managerial practice in selecting cross-border competitors as target firms.

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