This thesis addresses the borrowing and adaptation of the English discourse marker (DM) anyway into the speech of the Czech-speaking diaspora in Texas, known widely as Texas Czechs (TC). The primary goal of the thesis is to assess which subtypes of 'anyway', according to the schema of Ferrara (1997), are borrowed into TC, and to what extent. Chapter one addresses the sociolinguistic history of the TC community. The historical origins of the people and cultural background are provided. Late in the chapter, I provide a discussion of previous scholarship in the field of TC linguistics over the last half-century. Chapter two addresses the theories of borrowing and code-switching in language. The two are disambiguated, and a basic set of conditions which define the two are proposed. From this, I address Serra's (1998) theory of a mixed-code system, which relies on the knowledge of two separate codes for understanding, but also utilizes borrowings. The works of Fuller (2001) and Weilbacher (2007) in Pennsylvania and Texas German communities are addressed, as is Johnson's (1995) work on Tejano. The chapter concludes with a brief description of DMs. Chapter three describes the subtypes and features of 'anyway' in English according to Ferrara's (1997) schema, as well as surveys a number of possible counterparts for 'anyway' in standard European Czech. Chapter four analyzes borrowed 'anyway' in TC speech as a Ferraran subtype. I disambiguate the uses of various types of anyway, proposing that only anyway, Ferrara's only true DM, is borrowed in TC. I demonstrate that possible functions of native TC DMs similar to 'anyway' function inherently differently than those of Ferrara. I show that 'anyway' is borrowed into TC to fulfill a pragmatic gap in the form of 'anyway', whereas the two adverbial subtypes are not borrowed. In older data, these two were borrowed, but no examples exist in modern speech. I propose that this is indicative of the TC's existence as a mixed-code system, in that knowledge of both English and TC are required to properly choose the appropriate DM and to understand borrowed DMs from the other code. / text

Στην παρούσα εργασία εξετάζω εκφράσεις που έχουν εισαχθεί τα τελευταία χρόνια στη νεοελληνική γλώσσα, οι οποίες συναντώνται συχνότερα στη γλώσσα των νέων (ηλικίας 15-20 ετών), π.χ. πάρε το χρόνο σου < take your time, αγαπώ αυτό το φόρεμα < I love that dress, στο τέλος της μέρας < at the end of the day (idiom), πουλάει σαν ζεστό ψωμί < it sells like hot buns (idiom). Ως μία πρώτη προσέγγιση σε αυτό το θέμα συγκέντρωσα ένα δείγμα τέτοιων εκφράσεων μέσω της διαδικτυακής έρευνας στα διάφορα blogs και social networks, την τηλεόραση, το ραδιόφωνο, τον Τύπο την καθημερινή επικοινωνία,μελέτησα τα τυπικά χαρακτηριστικά των εκφράσεων αυτών και τα συνέκρινα με αυτά των αντίστοιχων εκφράσεων της νεοελληνικής και τέλος εξέτασα την επίγνωση των ομιλητών της νέας ελληνικής (ηλικίας από 15 – άνω των 50 ετών) για την ύπαρξη τέτοιων εκφράσεων στην καθημερινή τους επικοινωνία και τη στάση τους απέναντί τους μέσω μίας έρευνας ερωτηματολογίου. Τα αποτελέσματα της έρευνας φαίνεται να επιβεβαιώνουν την αρχική μου υπόθεση, ότι δηλαδή αρκετές εκφράσεις έχουν εισαχθεί πρόσφατα στη νεοελληνική γλώσσα μέσω του μεταφραστικού δανεισμού από την αγγλική. Επιπρόσθετα,τα αγγλικά ως κυρίαρχη γλώσσα δανείζει στοιχεία στη νέα ελληνική γλώσσα, πέρα από το λεξιλογικό επίπεδο, που εκτείνονται στη φρασεολογία, ακόμα και στους ιδιωματισμούς.Αυτές οι νέες εκφράσεις είναι λέξη προς λέξη μετάφραση που σε ορισμένες περιπτώσεις παραβιάζουν τη γραμματική δομή και τέλος αυτό το ζήτημα μπορεί να είναι μία ισχυρή ένδειξη υπέρ της αγγλοποίησης των γλωσσών όπως τα ελληνικά, με περιορισμένο αριθμό ομιλητών σε ευρωπαϊκό ή ίσως και παγκόσμιο επίπεδο. / In this work I examine expressions in everyday Modern Greek (MG), chiefly found in the language of young people (age 15-20), that seem to have entered the language from English fairly recently, e.g. pare to xrono sou < take your time; agapo afto to forema < I love that dress; sto telos tis meras < at the end of the day (idiom); poulai san zesto psomi < it sells like hot buns (idiom). As a first approach to this issue I collected a sample of such expressions through internet search from blogs and social networks, television, radio, newspapers and magazines and everyday communication, I studied the formal characteristics of these expressions and compared them with their genuine equivalents in Modern Greek and finally I investigated the awareness of MG speakers (age 15 – 50+ years old) about the existence of such expressions in their everyday communication and their attitude towards them, through a questionnaire survey. The results of my survey appear to confirm my initial hypothesis that several expressions have recently been imported into MG through loan translation from English. In addition, English as a dominant language lends elements to Modern Greek beyond the lexical level reaching phraseology and even idiomaticity. These newly imported expressions are word by word translations that in some cases violate MG grammatical structure and finally this issue may be a strong indication in favor of englishization / anglicisation of languages like Greek, with limited number of speakers at European or perhaps world wide level.

<p>The effectiveness of foreign aid in bringing economic and social development is mired in controversy. However, despite the controversial debates on its effectiveness, poor countries of the world have been receiving and using aid as a leverage to relieve themselves from development constraints they faced. Ethiopia is no exception amongst developing countries. Since the time it joined the World Bank group in 1945, foreign capital inflow has remained an important source of revenue for the government. This paper examines the fiscal impact of aid inflow into Ethiopia using time series data for the period 1975-2005. The empirical findings reveal that inflow of foreign aid influences public decision on revenue and expenditure patterns. The result shows that a larger proportion of aid is allocated to capital expenditure and that only a small proportion goes to recurrent expenditure. There is a strong positive association between aid inflow and capital expenditure. The finding also shows that, while a very weak negative association exists between aid and taxation effort, aid and borrowing are used as alternative source of finance.</p>

The aim of this PhD dissertation is to provide new insights about the limits of borrowing. It includes four essays which provide theoretical, methodological and empirical results. The first chapter contributes to the theory of limits of borrowing by a study of lender of last resort (LOLR) in an original model. The second chapter contributes to methodology by introducing a new approach to test and measure the limits of borrowing econometrically. It also contributes to the empirical understanding of the limits of borrowing by applying the new approach to test the cyclical behavior and the effects of regulation on the limits of borrowing. The third chapter contributes to our empirical understanding of the effect of limits of borrowing on consumption. The fourth chapter yields new insight about the effect of bank ownership on the limits of borrowing during a financial crisis.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 1998. / Typescript. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 143-150). Also available on the Internet.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 1998. / Typescript. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 143-150). Also available on the Internet.

Este trabalho visa, a partir de um estudo exploratÓrio de textos da área da Mineração, investigar a ocorrência de anglicismos termino lÓgicos e descrever a natureza interna, entorno lingüístico e textual que permitem sua existência e funcionamento. Com base nos pressupostos da Teoria Comunicativa da Terminologia e nos paradigmas da Terminologia Textual, postula-se que o termo estrangeiro deve ser analisado em sua inserção no contexto, uma vez que seu valor especializado é ativado pelas condições de uso. Buscou-se apoio nos mestres dos estudos de neologia, empréstimo e estrangeirismo para explicar o anglicismo terminológico como o empréstinlo inglês de uma palavra da linguagem de especialidade utilizada nos textos de Mineração escritos em português do Brasil. A pesquisa parte da observação de um corpus de artigos científicos em português brasileiro, coletados de periódicos da área da Mineração, divididos em subcorpus A e subcorpus B, ambos constituídos de textos de mesma temática e entorno comunicativo, porém com um nível de especialização diferenciado. Os anglicismos coletados apresentam-se basicamente como unidades lingüísticas de valor especializado sem qualquer alteração morfo-tonológica e/ou unidades que conservam a base original inglesa com o acréscimo de sufixos vernáculos. Com o aplicativo WordSmith Tools, geramos listas para o levantamento dos anglicismos comuns aos subcorpora e a extração de seus contextos, os quais forneceram dados, cuja análise permitiu-nos propor critérios possíveis para uma classificação dos anglicismos empregados na linguagem da Mineração. Procuranlos, por fim, estabelecer sua representatividade a partir do que foi possível observar de regular e específico de cada subcorpus. / By an exploratory stuely af texts from the Mining area, this work aims to investigate terminalogícal anglícisms and to describe the internal nature, linguistic and textual environment, which explain their existence and functianing. Basedon the presuppositions of the Communicative Theory of Terminology and Textual Terminology, it is put forth that the foreign term should be analyzed whilc insertcd into its eontext sinee the spccialized value is triggcred by usagc condítions. Also, the research is supportcd by studícs of neology, borrowings and foreignism, in order ta account for the terminological anglicísm as a specialized ward borrowcd from Eng!ish into Portuguese, employed in Brazilian tcxts on Mining. The rcflection stcms from the observation af a corpus of scientific papers written in Brazilian Portuguese collected from Mining Journals, divided into subcorpus A and subcorpus B. Each subcorpus comprises texts of similar thematics and communicative approach written ín a different level of specialization. The anglicisms usually occur as linguistic items of specialized value with no morpho-phonological change and/or lexical units that preserve the original base with the addition of vernacular suffixes. With the software WordSmith Tools, lists were produced to examine anglicisms that are common to each subcorpus. and to extract their contexts. Data collected from such contexts 13mvided ana!yzes to suggest eríteria for categorizing the anglieisms used in the Mining language. Finally, we try to establish the representativeness of aglicicms by observing regularity and specificity of each subcorpus.

O objetivo do presente estudo foi verificar empiricamente as implicações da diversificação corporativa, através do efeito de coinsurance, nas finanças e no investimento corporativo através de dois canais específicos: o custo da dívida externa bancária das empresas e a probabilidade de ocorrência de covenants com restrições à investimento. Para alcançar esse objetivo, estimou-se dois modelos que controlam a endogeneidade da decisão de diversificar através da utilização de variáveis instrumentais. Não foi possível, através dos dados utilizados no estudo, evidenciar que a diversificação corporativa impacta o custo do financiamento externo bancário das empresas. O estudo encontrou evidências, ainda que fracas, de que a diversificação corporativa reduz a probabilidade de ocorrência de covenants com restrições a gastos em investimento nos contratos de financiamento bancário. / The purpose of this study is to empirically verify the implications of corporate diversification, through coinsurance effect, in corporate finance and investment through two specific channels: the cost of bank borrowing and the likelihood of covenants with investment restrictions. To achieve this goal, this study estimated two models that control the endogeneity of the diversification decision by using an instrumental variables approach. The results do not show evidences that corporate diversification affects the cost of bank borrowing. In addition, the analysis suggests that corporate diversification reduces the likelihood of covenants with investment restrictions in bank borrowing contracts. Although the evidence is weak, it brings a new insight into how corporate diversification affects corporate results.

This study examines empirically the transition, persistence, and loan demand in the rural credit market using panel data. The data was collected for seven rounds (1994-2009) from 15 villages in Ethiopia. The sample size is about 1500 households for each round. . Chapter one examines the determinants of simultaneous borrowing and lending. We also investigate why some households in rural Ethiopia simultaneously borrow and lend. Who are these households? Panel logit model is estimated for the sub-sample of borrowers and lenders. The result suggests that households that simultaneously borrows and lends are relatively better-off households. The probability of being a simultaneous borrower and lender is higher for households with strong village level networks. Moreover, households that are affected by common shock are more likely to be a simultaneous borrower and lender. Chapter two examines the dynamics and persistence in the rural credit markets in Ethiopia. It also examines the determinants of dynamics and persistence in borrowing and lending. Duration, dynamic probit, and dynamic multinomial logit models are estimated. We control for unobserved heterogeneity and initial condition. The result reveals the existence of positive duration dependence in both only borrowing households and simultaneously lending and borrowing households. The longer the duration as a borrower, the more likely to exit from borrowing. The longer the duration out of borrowing, the more likely to re-enter to borrowing. Off-farm work, fertilizer use, household size, and storing crop are an important determinant of the probability of exit from borrowing. There is also true state dependence in lending, borrowing, and simultaneously borrowing and lending households. This means the probability of being a borrower in the current period is highly correlated with being in the same state in the previous period. Poverty status, flood, labor sharing, membership in mutual help association, total oxen owned, storing crop, off-farm activities, and fertilizer use are an important determinant of the probability of being a borrower. Chapter three examines the determinants of demand for credit in rural Ethiopia. Bias due to data truncation, variation of the interest rate, and using loan data from a single source are the challenges in estimating demand for credit in the context of rural credit market. This study captures data truncation by estimating a panel Tobit model. The variation in the interest rate is also controlled by using village dummies and their interaction with the source of the loan. Total loan obtained from multiple sources is used as a dependent variable. The result reveals that initial endowment proxied by the value of assets, household size, the age of the head of the households, transitory income, and real per capita consumption are the most important determinants of demand for credit.

Due to a long history of contact with other tongues, Algerian Arabic and Maltese have massive borrowings from French and Italian respectively. In the aim of exploring the influence of linguistic contact on the types of loan adaptation in these two historically related dialects, this study analyzed a linguistic corpus of noun loans. The effect of language contact is better observed through a comparative study of the phonological and morphological change each language has undertaken. The study investigated French noun loans in Algerian Arabic, and Italian noun loans in Maltese. It specifically focused on gender, number (singular and plural) and the definite article as a means of defining the noun loans. The analysis has revealed that Maltese and Algerian Arabic both adapted the loans phonologically but also borrowed new foreign phonemes. Morphologically, they mostly preserved the noun loans genders, used the native patterns to make them plural and the article -al in the case of Algerian Arabic ,-il in the case of Maltese to make them definite. Algerian Arabic used the native patterns / a:t/, the broken plural or the collective /-ja/ plural. Maltese used the native /-jiet/ and the broken plural, however, contrary to Algerian Arabic, Maltese has also borrowed Italian plural patterns making the loan plural patterns unpredictable. The linguistic consequences of borrowing on these languages have made of Algerian Arabic a case of diffusion and of Maltese a case of diffusion and loss. Maltese has borrowed new phonemes but has lost a few native ones, notably the emphatic and velar fricative sounds, still in use in the other Arabic dialects. Algerian Arabic borrowed new phonemes but retained the native phonemes. Borrowing could not be the only factor that has ultimately rendered Maltese to be no longer considered an Arabic dialect and has made Algerian Arabic not obvious to other Arabic speakers, yet it has reinforced it. Contact with the foreign language Italian and loss of contact with the mainstream Arabic dialects was another major factor that rendered Maltese a unique Semitic variety alien even to the closest North African dialect.