Music travels across the past in the form of composers borrowing from each other. Such musical borrowings and quotations involve not only the use of melodic materials but also musical structures, texts, symbolism and other types of inspiration. The pre-existing musical idea being used is linked to a specific memory of a particular composer and time. The artistic allusions of composers connect the present and the past. Music also travels across the present and into the future. The outcome of contemporary composers borrowing from each other influences the present period and affects later composers' musical inspiration, i.e., it affects future composers, and therefore, the future. Composers frequently refer to melodies or musical idea from contemporaries and reinterpret them in their own compositions. This is largely because composers do not write in isolation and have been inspired and influenced by contemporary musicians and cultural contexts. However, these musical borrowings sometimes raise questions about the composers' creativity and authenticity. This is largely due to the nature of inspiration and imagination, which determines who or what is original. With this in mind, why do composers still borrow musical ideas despite the risks involved? In what ways do they overcome criticism and demonstrate the excellence of their own compositions while referring to the work of others? In what ways do artistic allusions influence new compositions? In this dissertation, I attempt to examine these questions and address the reasons for and the effects of musical quotations and allusions.

There is a growing and legitimate concern about sovereign debt increasing to unsustainable levels among the Sub-Saharan African (SSA) countries. Understanding the determinants of external debt to these countries influenced the direction of this study. The existing literature that was examined shed light mostly on the qualitative determinants of sovereign borrowing. In addition to existing empirical literature, there is a complimentary need to examine further the quantitative determinants of external debt. The researcher seeks to establish the extent to which the cost of borrowing (proxied by interest rate) explains the changes in the borrowing behaviour (proxied by external debt) among SSA countries. To achieve this objective, data from 36 SSA countries for the period 2009–2017 was used. The data were collected from International Debt Statistics compiled by the World Bank. External debt has been regressed against interest rate and other predictor variables. Hausman tests, robustness tests and collinearity tests were carried out to ascertain the validity of results. Interest rate is found to have a positive determining impact on external debt for all SSA countries aggregated: SSA countries excluding South Africa (SA); SSA excluding Nigeria; SSA excluding Nigeria and SA; SSA excluding debt-distressed countries, middle income and oilexporting countries. It does not have predictive power over changes in external debt for SSA excluding countries at high risk of distress; countries with low to moderate risk of distress; heavily indebted poor countries (HIPC) initiative post-implementation recipient countries; low income, other resource intensive and non-resource-intensive countries. External debt is also found to respond to changes in: gross national income (GNI); exports-to-imports ratio; primary income on foreign direct investment (FDI); reserves-to-imports ratio; FDI-to-GNI ratio; debt service-to-GNI ratio; interest arrears on long-term debt; short-term-to-total-debt ratio; and reserves-to-debt ratio for different country groupings. Different country groupings are found to have unique combinations of external debt determinants.

Fractures for Clarinet and Computer is a piece for live interactive performance using custom software designed in Max/MSP. the work explores musical borrowing and transformation of music from works such as Tchaikovsky’s Fifth Symphony, Gershwin’s Rhapsody in Blue, and several fragments from synthesizer recordings of the late 1960’s and early 1970’s. the dissertation focuses on both the musical aesthetics that informed the creation of the work and the software programming that enables live sampling and harmonization systems as well as flexible control of global parameters.

The purpose of this study is to analyze the variability of gender assignment to nominal anglicisms in Brazilian Portuguese and to identify how the orthography of English loanwords and their establishment in the language influences such variation. This study also seeks to identify the most important factors that govern such gender assignment. The data were gathered from two Portuguese corpora, one consisting of more formal and edited language (Corpus do Português, News on the Web) and the other consisting of less formal and unaltered language, such as blog posts (Corpus do Português, Web/Dialects). Forty anglicisms were analyzed in order to study the variation in gender assignment based on the anglicisms’ orthography and establishment in the language, as well as to help determine whether the gender of the loanwords’ cognates or calques influences the gender assignment of words borrowed from English into Portuguese. The results of this study indicate that the gender of the anglicisms’ cognates or most frequent calques and the gender found in Portuguese dictionaries equally influence the gender assignment to anglicisms. This research also shows that variability in gender assignment is not significantly affected by an English loanword’s attestation in Portuguese dictionaries nor by the adaptation to Portuguese orthography of English loanwords, though there are trends that indicate a negative correlation between the variability of anglicisms’ genders and their attestation in Portuguese dictionaries.

Chimiini is an Eastern Bantu language which until recently was spoken exclusively by inhabitants of Brava, a coastal town of Southern Somalia (hence its alternative name, Bravanese). As illustrated in this paper, it shows traces of contact with northern varieties of Swahili such as Amu, Siu, Pate, and Mvita, to which it is closely related, and also of contact with the Cushitic languages Somali, Tunni, to Bajuni, as well as the Semitic language Arabic, and Italian and English. As further shown below, variation within Chimiini also reflects emblematic features of specific clans and lineages within the speech community. In addition, differences from earlier accounts of this language concerning the interpretation of its phonological and morphosyntactic structure are discussed in this paper.

Student Number: 0111461R Master of Arts in Translation Faculty of Humanities / The Wrath of the Ancestors (Jordan, 1980) is a translation of a classic in Xhosa literature, Ingqumbo Yeminyanya written by the same author. The translation was written for the non-Xhosa speakers to make them aware and understand the culture of amaXhosa. This study then aims at analyzing how aspects of culture have been translated from the source text Ingqumbo Yeminyanya (1940) to the target text The Wrath of the Ancestors (1980). It also investigates the impact of Jordan’s approach on a wider audience. To accomplish this, a descriptive analysis of the strategies used by the translator is carried out. The responses of the selected audiences are also analysed. The analysis reveals that the translator used mainly foreignisation especially in the translation of fixed expressions and idioms, where he used cultural borrowing and calque as strategies. The conclusion drawn from this analysis is that in his attempt to draw his readers closer to the source text, the translator introduced a number of cultural bumps (Leppihalme, 1997), resulting in the target reader struggling to understand some of the cultural aspects in the novel.

This study explores English language pragmatic phenomena in the Mandarin speech of a native Chinese language teacher as she interacts with American learners of Mandarin in a university classroom setting. I document and analyze her use of English backchannel 'mm hmm' in interactions that are otherwise in Mandarin, and I document and analyze the transfer of American interaction rituals and English syntax to her Mandarin language interactions with students. In this context, her patterns of communication both reflect and constitute cultural worlds. These pragmatic transfers to her Mandarin reflect her cultural and communicative assimilation to America, but they also serve to constitute pedagogical contexts that are familiar to American students and may facilitate their learning, and they serve to constitute a sojourner Chinese scholar identity for the teacher.

特異なルテニウムが触媒する"Borrowing hydrogen"のコンセプトに基づく有機反応を開発した。まず、Ru/JOSIPHOS触媒を用いて、1,2-ジオールとアミンの反応から光学活性β-アミノアルコールを最高99%収率ならびに77% eeで得ることに成功した。本反応は新規であり、その反応機構についても明らかにした。さらに、RuCl2(PPh3)3/DPEphos/K3PO4を組み合わせた触媒を用いることで、アルコールをアルキル化剤に用いるインドールの3位選択的アルキル化反応を達成した。高効率かつ広いタイプの基質に適用できる。 / Several novel ruthenium-catalyzed "borrowing hydrogen"-based organic reaction has been developed. For very first time optically active β-amino alcohols can be sinthesized directy by reaction of 1,2-diol and coressponding amine under Ru/JOSIPHOS catalysis in up to 99% yield and 77% ee. Since this reaction is very new, intensive investigation of the reaction mechanism was also carried out. Meanwhile, combination of RuCl2(PPh3)3/DPEphos/K3PO4 was found to be effective catalyst for alkylation of indole with alcohol as an alkylating reagent. This catalysis was highly reactive to give the corresponding alkylated indole in excellent yield for almost all types of indoles and alcohols substrates. / 博士(工学) / Doctor of Philosophy in Engineering / 同志社大学 / Doshisha University

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