<p>Avec un résumé en français</p>

No description available.

<p>With an English summary</p>

<p>Diss. Umeå : Univ.</p>

In kyrill. Schrift, russ.

Universiẗat, Diss., 2006--Würzburg.

<p>Med rysk sammanfattning</p>

<p>Med kinesisk sammanfattning</p>

Data i denna studie är baserad på en tidigare studie som undersökt om snödjup påverkar medelvärdet för tillväxt och reproduktion hos Empetrum hermaphroditum över en latitud- och klimatgradient (Bienau et al. 2014). Jag testade effekterna för region och snödjup på intraspecifik variation av tillväxtrelaterade variabler istället, för att klargöra om arten har möjlighet att klara av förändringar i snödjup och ökad växtsäsong i framtiden. Tidigare forskning menar att inomartsvariation beror på resurser i habitatet och väcker frågeställningen om det är större variation hos Empetrum i gynnsamma habitat som björkskog och habitat med tjockt snötäcke än i ogynnsamma habitat som de med tunt snötäcke. Vid analys av tidigare samlad data fanns signifikanta skillnader i variation mellan habitat i några morfologiska karaktärer. Däremot är det inte alla dessa karaktärer som följer det förväntade mönstret om att de gynnsamma habitaten skulle ha större variation. Sammantaget visade analysen signifikant skillnad rörande huvudskotten och sidoskottens längd, levande blad på huvudskotten och torrvikten på stammen. Dessa resultat medför att hypotesen stämmer för några tillväxtrelaterade variabler. / This study is based on data of a previous study investigating whether snow depth affects average growth and reproduction of Empetrum hermaphroditum over a latitudinal and climatic gradient (Bienau et al. 2014). I tested the effects region and snow depth on intraspecific variation of growth-related variables instead, to clarify whether the species has the potential to cope with changes in snow depth and increased growing season in the future. Earlier research results led to the hypothesis that intraspecific variation depends on resources in the habitat and raises the question of whether there is higher variation in Empetrum in favorable habitats such as birch forests and habitats with deep snow cover than in adverse habitats such as those with a shallow snow cover. My analyses suggest that there were significant differences in variability between habitats in some morphological characters. However, not all of these characters follow the expected pattern that the favorable habitats would have a greater variety. Overall, significant differences were found in variation in the length of the main and the lateral shoots, leaf vitality on the main shoots and the dry weight of the stem. These results imply that the above hypothesis is correct for some growth-related variables.

<p>To the main part, this paper is the result of a literature survey and to the minor part of a field survey. The study is found on the question of, if and why unpalatable plant species invade heavily grassed rangelands and if plants change their defence strategy from a mechanical defence to a chemical defence if the herbivory pressure increase. I conclude that defended plants do invade heavily grassed rangelands if the rangelands lose essential recourses (often nutrients) and/or the defended plants are strongly avoided by mammalian herbivores. I also conclude that plants do go from a mechanical defence strategy to a chemical strategy if their environment loses essential recourses under a threshold. This firstly depends on that mechanical defended plants can not develop a complete defence if they suffer from a shortage in the nutrient supply, and secondly of that plants in resources rich environments often have lager possibilities of responding to herbivory with regrowth. They do not therefore have to defend them self as hard as plants in environments with low supply of recourses.</p>