Breastfeeding is the best food source for the nutritional and health needs of young children. However when a mother returns to work, breastfeeding may be discontinued prematurely. The purpose of this study was to study infant feeding practices used by working mothers in Nairobi. Mothers attending clinics at two hospitals, one a private hospital serving higher socioeconomic groups and the other a public hospital represented the low socioeconomic groups, were interviewed. A structured interview was held with 444 mothers (200 from the low socioeconomic group and 244 from the high socioeconomic group) between January 5th and February 11th 2000. All mothers with infants aged 16-48 weeks who were willing to participate were interviewed. The prevalence of breastfeeding at the time of the study was found to be 94.1%. The low socioeconomic group exhibited a higher prevalence of breastfeeding (99%) with a 10% difference between the low and high socioeconomic groups. The prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding was 13.3% at three months. Early introduction of other feeding methods was high, with 46.4% of the mothers introducing other feeding methods before one month. Multivariate logistic regression was used to determine factors that were associated with exclusive breastfeeding using two separate models for exclusive breastfeeding at one month and two months. The mode of work (fixed working hours as opposed to shift work) was associated with exclusive breastfeeding for at least month (OR=0.45) and two months (OR=0.39). Insufficient milk and return to work were the main reasons cited for cessation of exclusive breastfeeding. / Multiple linear regression was used to find out whether growth rates differed between feeding methods and types of foods for complementary feeding. Bottle-feeding had a significant negative association (-0.240, p=0.018) with baby weight and a downward trend was evident in baby Z-score for age exhibiting a risk of growth faltering in all infants. The results of this study indicate that the prevalence of breastfeeding in Nairobi Kenya has remained considerably high. Working mothers are still committed to breastfeeding despite the long working hours of separation (mean 46.23 hours). However exclusive breastfeeding is low, recommendations are made for interventions to promote exclusive breastfeeding and policies with strategies to enable working mothers to exclusively breastfeed for at least four months.

ABSTRACT Injection stretch blow moulded PET bottles are the most widely used container type for carbonated soft drinks. PET offers excellent clarity, good mechanical and barrier properties, and ease of processing. Typically, these bottles have a petaloid-shaped base, which gives good stability to the bottle and it is the most appropriate one for beverage storage. However, the base is prone to environmentally induced stress cracking and this a major concern to bottle manufacturers. The object of this study is to explain the occurrence of stress cracking, and to prevent it by optimising both the geometry of the petaloid base and the processing parameters during bottle moulding. A finite element model of the petaloid shape is developed in CATIA V5 R14, and used to predict the von Mises stress in the bottle base for different combinations of three key dimensions of the base: foot length, valley width, and clearance. The combination of dimensions giving the minimum stress is found by a statistical analysis approach using an optimisation and design of experiments software package ECHIP-7. A bottle mould was manufactured according to the optimum base geometry and PET bottles are produced by injection stretch blow moulding (ISBM). In order to minimise the stresses at the bottom of the bottle, the ISBM process parameters were reviewed and the effects of both the stretch rod movement and the temperature profile of the preform were studied by means of the process simulation software package (Blow View version 8.2). Simulated values of the wall thickness, stress, crystallinity, molecular orientation and biaxial ratio in the bottle base were obtained. The process parameters, which result in low stress and uniform material in the bottle base, are regarded as optimum operating conditions. In the evaluation process of the optimum bottle base, bottles with standard (current) and optimized (new) base were produced under the same process conditions via a two-stage ISBM machine. In order to compare both the bottles, environmental stress crack resistance, top load strength, burst pressure strength, thermal stability test as well as crystallinity studies ¬¬¬via modulated differential scanning calorimetry (MDSC) and morphology studies via environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM) and optical microscopy were conducted. In this study carried out, the new PET bottle with the optimised base significantly decreased the environmental stress cracking occurrence in the bottom of the bottle. It is found that the bottle with optimised base is stronger than the bottle with standard base against environmental stress cracking. The resistance time against environmental stress cracking are increased by about % 90 under the same operating process conditions used for standard (current) bottles; and by % 170 under the optimised process conditions where the preform re-heating temperature is set to 105 oC.

No description available.

No description available.

Mixed feeding confers excess risk of mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) compared with exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) and exclusive formula feeding (EFF). We undertook a quantitative and qualitative cross-sectional survey to identify the social determinants of mixed feeding among a subset of HIV-infected women enrolled in a MTCT prevention program in Jos, Nigeria. Of the 91 participants, 68(75%) exclusively formula fed, 7(8%) exclusively breastfed, and 16(18%) practiced mixed feeding. Of the mixed feeding women, 7 primarily formula fed and 9 primarily breastfed. Women who primarily formula fed described family pressure as the reason for mixed feeding, whereas women who primarily breastfed indicated insufficient breast milk. In a multivariate analysis, lack of partner support of the feeding decision predicted mixed feeding behavior (OR: 4.2; 95% CI: 1.2-14.9; p=0.03). Disclosure of HIV status was significantly correlated (p<0.001) with partner support. HIV prevention interventions aimed at reducing mixed feeding should encourage supportive partner relationships that facilitate disclosure of HIV status. Attention should also be made to the differing pressures faced by women attempting to exclusively breastfeed and exclusively formula feed.

The primary objective of this research was to explore the icewine package design by conducting two experiments. In experiment 1, there was not congruity effect between label images and bottle forms for icewine. Additionally, in terms of natural label image, opaque Bordeaux bottle form was perceived to be more luxurious and more expensive than transparent Bordeaux bottle form for icewine; these results were only found for natural label image rather than delicate label images. Furthermore, opaque Bordeaux bottle form with maple leaf label image was found to be the optimal design for Canadian icewine. In experiment 2, there was no significant difference on consumers’ evaluations for congruent and moderately incongruent designs under the moderating effect of purchase context (i.e., buying for others and buying for self). The findings not only contribute to the icewine packaging literature but also contribute to Canadian icewine manufacturers, and the industry as a whole, with a competitive advantage.

Thesis (M.S.P.H.)--University of Michigan, 1932.

Thesis (M.S.P.H.)--University of Michigan, 1932.

Orientador: Carlos Alberto R. Anjos / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos / Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-28T20:55:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Duarte_GiseleMaraBertolazzo_M.pdf: 5637351 bytes, checksum: 31cc0c411ac10a3fe95906ed0b2bb30b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2001 / Resumo: O consumo de águas minerais no Brasil vem aumentando significativamente nos últimos anos. Os consumidores estão se tornando mais exigentes em relação aos hábitos de compra, qualidade, praticidade e conveniência. Dentro deste cenário e devido a uma série de vantagens técnicas e comerciais, as embalagens tradicionais de vidro, polietileno de alta densidade (PEAD) e policloreto de vinila (PVC) para águas minerais vem sendo substituídas pelas embalagens de polietileno tereftalato (PET). A resina de PET é susceptível à termodegradação durante o processo de injeção de pré-formas, ocorrendo a formação de acetaldeído que pode alterar o aroma e sabor de águas minerais e diversos outros produtos acondicionados em embalagens de PET, dependendo dos níveis existentes deste composto. Todos os setores envolvidos na fabricação de garrafas de PET, tais como fabricantes de resinas, pré-formas, garrafas e de equipamentos, vem trabalhando em conjunto com o objetivo de minimizar a formação de acetaldeído durante o processo de fabricação. Muitas dessas empresas possuem dados relativos aos seus processos, porém não são divulgados ao público. Por outro lado, as empresas envasadoras de águas minerais preocupam-se e desconhecem os níveis residuais de acetaldeído capazes de promover alteração de sabor e aroma, em seus produtos, comprometendo a qualidade após o envase. O presente trabalho teve como objetivos principais determinar o limiar de detecção ou threshold absoluto de acetaldeído em águas minerais, ou seja, determinar a concentração mínima de acetaldeído que promove diferença sensorial significativa, medir os níveis residuais de acetaldeído, através de cromatografia a gás em diferentes águas de fontes brasileiras acondicionadas em PET e verificar se as mesmas apresentam diferença sensorial significativa quando comparadas com as respectivas águas envasadas em garrafas de vidro / Abstract: The consumption of mineral water in Brazil has been increasing significantly in the last few years. Consumers are becoming more demanding with respect to their buying habits and convenience for use. Due to a series of technical advantages the traditional glass package, high-density polyethylene and PVC for mineral waters have been replaced by the PET package. The PET resin is susceptible to thermal degradation during the injection process, resulting in the formation of acetaldehyde, which can alter the flavor of the mineral waters and many other products packaged in PET. Many sectors involved in the production of PET bottles, like the resin producers, pre forms, bottles and equipment producers have been working together aiming to minimize the formation of acetaldehyde during the production processo On the other hand, the mineral water companies are concerned about the residuallevels of acetaldehyde that can promote flavor modification in their products, which could compromise the quality of the product after bottling. The present work aimed at determining the absolute acetaldehyde lhreshold in mineral water and acetaldehyde residue using gas chromatography in different brands, packaged in PET bottles. Also, to verify if the mineral water bottled in PET bottles showed any significant sensory difference when compared with the same waters packaged in glass bottles / Mestrado / Mestre em Tecnologia de Alimentos

Magister Chirurgiae Dentium (MChD) / Early childhood caries (ECC) is one of the most common chronic infectious diseases affecting early childhood. It has a multifactorial aetiology and is difficult to control on a population scale. Feeding habits, throughout the first year of life, involve several simultaneous and consistent behaviours, such as breastfeeding, bottle-feeding and the introduction of complementary foods. Particular feeding behaviours recognized at this age may be maintained in later years, potentially impacting health over the life course. The following study was done to interrogate bottle-feeding practices among caregivers in Khartoum and to determine if there was an association with the prevalence of dental caries among young children.