Thesis (MPH. ) --University of Limpopo, 2014 / The aim of this study was to determine the knowledge and practices of mothers with regard to exclusive breastfeeding in the Mahwelereng Local Area of the Waterberg District, Limpopo Province. A quantitative study was conducted by using a researcher-administered structured questionnaire at six clinics in the Mahwelereng Local Area. A simple random sampling method was used to select the hundred and seventy five mothers who had babies of less than six months old from whom data was collected. Data was analysed with the assistance of the statistician by using the SPSS software program. Data is presented applying descriptive and inferential statistics. Less than half (74; 42.3%) of the responding mothers were practising exclusive breastfeeding despite the fact that 137 (78.3%) of them were given information about exclusive breastfeeding. There is an association between knowledge of exclusive breastfeeding (Chi-Square= 14.039; Sig=0.000 p<0.05) and exclusive breastfeeding practice. There is no association between exclusive breastfeeding practice and HIV status (Chi-Square=2.444; Sig=0.118; p>0.05). Challenges that mothers faced in relation to practising exclusive breastfeeding were work-related, school-related, health-related, pressure from family to mix-feed, and a lack of knowledge. However, 42.9% of the respondents indicated that they did not have any challenges with regard to the practice of breastfeeding. It was, therefore, recommended that one-on-one counselling about exclusive breastfeeding needs to be intensified and maternity leave should be extended to six months. The majority of respondents showed adequate knowledge of what exclusive breastfeeding was because they were counselled about breastfeeding although they were not practising it. Key words: Exclusive breastfeeding, mothers, knowledge, practices, mix-feeding.

<p> </p><p><strong>Abstract</strong></p><p>The focus of this essay is the american director Wes Anderson and the use of colour in his films. I also put some focus on colour as a neglected element in film studies, and what has caused this neglect. In my own research, I have analysed three of Anderson's films: <em>Bottle Rocket</em> (1996), <em>The Royal Tenenbaums</em> (2001) and <em>The Darjeeling Limited</em> (2007). To get a broad sense of a films use of colour, I have investigated the colour scheme, the colours of the costumes, as well as colour patterns. I have also interpreted the symbolism related to certain colours and then used the results of the analyses to answer the question; "how does Wes Anderson use colour, and in which film is this most apparent?" A very generalizing answer to this question, is that Anderson use colour as a means of signifying the characters' feelings and ambitions, and also their relations to the themes of the films. He does this by connecting symbolic values to certain colours and makes these colours stand out in certain scenes and in the characters' clothes. The film that best shows this use of colour is <em>The Royal Tenenbaums</em>. In short, this essay will hopefully bring some understanding of how colours are used in the films of Wes Anderson, but also open up the eyes of the readers to the importance of the neglected element itself; colour.</p><p> </p>

Abstract The focus of this essay is the american director Wes Anderson and the use of colour in his films. I also put some focus on colour as a neglected element in film studies, and what has caused this neglect. In my own research, I have analysed three of Anderson's films: Bottle Rocket (1996), The Royal Tenenbaums (2001) and The Darjeeling Limited (2007). To get a broad sense of a films use of colour, I have investigated the colour scheme, the colours of the costumes, as well as colour patterns. I have also interpreted the symbolism related to certain colours and then used the results of the analyses to answer the question; "how does Wes Anderson use colour, and in which film is this most apparent?" A very generalizing answer to this question, is that Anderson use colour as a means of signifying the characters' feelings and ambitions, and also their relations to the themes of the films. He does this by connecting symbolic values to certain colours and makes these colours stand out in certain scenes and in the characters' clothes. The film that best shows this use of colour is The Royal Tenenbaums. In short, this essay will hopefully bring some understanding of how colours are used in the films of Wes Anderson, but also open up the eyes of the readers to the importance of the neglected element itself; colour.

The coconut rhinoceros beetle, an economically important pest of coconut and oil palms, is effectively managed by application of its natural pathogen, the Oryctes nudivirus (OrNV), which act as a bioinsecticide. While this approach offers an environment-friendly alternative to chemical pesticides, the current method of production in infected larvae suffers from inconsistencies in virus productivity and purity. While the anchorage-dependent DSIR-HA-1179 insect cell line has been identified as a susceptible and permissive host for OrNV and therefore would be suitable for the in vitro mass production of the virus, no attempts have been made toward the mass production of the virus, because of the technological challenges that working with DSIR-HA-1179 cells represent. Thus, the main objective of this research was to develop processes for the in vitro production of OrNV in the DSIR-HA-1179 cell line. Knowledge of the growth kinetics and metabolic properties of the host cell line in a chosen culture medium, as well as the selection of an appropriate infection strategy, form the basis for the rational development of bioreactor-based virus production processes. However, characterization of these properties in the DSIR-HA-1179 cell line has been virtually precluded, due to its strongly adherent growth characteristics and the lack of a reliable method to accurately dissociate and count cells grown in monolayers. Using TrypLE™ Express enzyme, a technique allowing the precise counting of cells was developed. The cell line was adapted to grow in four serum-supplemented culture media: TC-100, IPL-41, Sf-900 II and Sf-900 III, which were then individually screened for cell growth and virus production in 25 cm2 attached T-flask cultures. TC-100 supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum was chosen as a suitable culture medium, based on its capacity for achieving a high cell yield and OrNV production. The cell line metabolism was characterized with respect to nutrient consumption and metabolites production in this culture medium. Glucose, along with glutamine were found to be the nutrients that were consumed faster and to a greater extent, while other amino acids were not consumed to a significant degree. The production of metabolites was characterized by non-production of lactate and ammonia, and production of alanine, as a non-toxic alternative to ammonia. The influence of cell density (CD) at time of infection (TOI) and multiplicity of infection (MOI) on OrNV production was evaluated in T-flask cultures that were infected at different CDs at the TOI and a range of MOIs. The CD at TOI was found to significantly influence OrNV yields, while MOI influenced the dynamics of infection. The cell density effect was found to exist for the DSIR-HA-1179/OrNV system with the progressive decline in cell-specific yield beginning at low cell densities. It was found that in order to maximize OrNV volumetric yield, a combination of MOI and CD at TOI should be selected that allows to keep the maximum cell density reached by the infected culture within a range between 5.0 and 7.0 x 105 viable cells/ml. The roller bottle system was evaluated for its potential to scale-up DSIR-HA-1179 cell growth and OrNV production, and culture parameters were optimized for the improvement of cell and virus yields. An inoculum density of 3.3 x 105 cells/ml and culture volume of 60 ml resulted in the highest cell yield of 1.5 x 106 cells/ml, in 490 cm2 roller bottles. It was found that an optimal infection strategy for roller bottle cultures, which represented the most efficient use of viral inoculum, involved infecting cells at a density of 5.0 x 105 cells/ml and at a MOI of 1. The resulting OrNV volumetric yield of 2.5 x108 TCID50/ml, improved significantly the viral yields obtained in attached T-flask cultures infected under similar conditions (6.8 x 107 TCID50/ml). The microcarrier system was also evaluated for culturing DSIR-HA-1179 cells and producing OrNV in spinner flask bioreactors. Three types of microcarriers (Cytodex-1, Cytodex-3 and Cultispher-G microcarriers) were screened for their ability to support DSIR-HA-1179 growth. Cells attached to Cytodex-1 and 3, but failed to attach to Cultispher-G microcarriers. The final cell density reached in microcarrier culture was dependent on bead type and concentration, and the cell to bead ratio. At an optimal bead concentration of 1 mg/ml and cell to bead ratio of 30, cells grew to a maximum density of 1.7 x 106 cells/ml on Cytodex-1, but only to 1.3 x 106 cells/ml on Cytodex-3 microcarriers. Since it supported higher cell yields, Cytodex-1 was chosen to study the kinetics of OrNV production in this system. Microcarrier cultures infected at a cell density of 5.0 x 105 cells/ml and a MOI of 1, produced OrNV at 1.4 x 108 TCID50/ml, which was higher than the yield obtained in T-flask cultures infected under similar conditions. A framework of knowledge on the physiology, metabolism and growth kinetics of the DSIR-HA-1179 insect cell line has been developed in this thesis. In addition, the feasibility of using roller bottles and microcarrier systems for the in vitro production of the virus has been ascertained. It is envisaged that these findings will contribute to the future development of a large-scale industrial process for the production of the OrNV biopesticide.

Women in the perinatal period who suffer from mental health challenge (and specifically mood disorders) have a number of special considerations to which they must attend. Issues around psychotropic medication, hormonal fluctuations and/or sleep hygiene, for example, may lead women to a decision to feed their infants with formula. In this hermeneutic study, the experiences of six women are studied. The women are registered with Perinatal Mental Health Program at Vancouver Island Health Authority, and are feeding their infants with formula. Evidence- based-practice guidelines are explored in the context of mental health challenge. A dilemma has been exposed around the perceived need expressed by participants for ‘permission’ to discontinue or not initiate breastfeeding. The potential for further understanding looms with regard to the relationship between breastfeeding challenge and the onset of a mood disorder, including the speculation that breastfeeding difficulties may belong on the list of risk factors for post partum depression.

This thesis is based on experimental results from measurements on methyl halides at a photon energy corresponding to the He IIβ emission line. Double ionization processes involving the valence electrons of the molecules CH3F, CH3Cl and CH3I are studied by means of a magnetic bottle TOF-PEPECO spectrometer. Resulting double ionization data of these molecules suggest that mainly direct double photoionization is observed as a continuous energy sharing between the ejected electron pairs. As a mean to further understand the double ionization processes, a "rule of thumb", for double ionization in molecules, is applied to the data presented in the double ionization spectra. This is done in order to quantify the effective distance between the two vacancies created in the dications. It is found that the distance between the vacancies may be related to the bond distance between the carbon and halogen atoms. Further investigations call for quantum chemical calculations to scrutinize this hypothesis. / Det här examensarbetet är baserat på experimentella fotojonisations studier av metyl halider vid en fotonenergi motsvarande He IIβ emissionslinjen. Valenselektronerna i dubbeljonisations processerna för CH3F, CH3Cl och CH3I har studerats under användning av en så-kallad magnetisk flask TOF-PEPECO spektrometer. Resultaten av dessa mätningar visar att mestadels direkt dubbeljonisation processer före- kommer, där elektronerna delar kontinuerligt på energin som friges vid jonisationen. Den dubbla jonisa- tions processen är ytterligare studerad genom att tillämpa en tumregel för dubbeljonisation i molekyler, vilket ger en indikation av hur stort avståndet är mellan de två vakanserna som skapades när molekylerna joniserade. Resultaten från tumregeln visar att avståndet mellan vakanserna kan vara relaterade till bind- ningsavståndet mellan kol-atomen och halogen-atomen, i respektive metyl halogen. För att ytterligare bekräfta dubbeljonisations processerna i dessa molekyler, krävs kvantmekaniska beräkningar.

This thesis presents the research of packaging beer into plastic bottles and the design and manufacture of a low pressure bottle blow moulding machine for demonstration purposes. The machine will be used for the production of plastic bottles suitable for bottling brewed beer at the microbrewery at Massey University Palmerston North. Premanufactured PET preforms have proven to be the most convenient and promising choice for the fabrication of blown bottles. Basic tests to understand the behaviour of the preforms and the challenges of the blowing process have been carried out. A special focus has been placed on the different circumstances at University in contrast to industrial bottle production in particular the needed air pressure to form the bottles. The following step was to find the ideal method and principle to handle the preforms and to transform them in the desired shape. Finally the design, drawing of the parts and assemblies were carried out with the 3-D CAD software Solidworks. The designed parts for the bottle blower have been manufactured at the mechanical Workshop at Massey University. To control the bottle blower, the National Instruments USB interface was selected which required the design and manufacture of an additional driver interface card to protect the USB interface and convert the TTL levels into higher voltage. The final assembly and testing of the blower then concluded the practical work for this master project. A suitable design for the bottle production was found and the assembled Bottle Blower can now be used for the production of PET bottles.

abstract: Homemade overpressure chemical devices, commonly known as bottle bombs, are a current topic in the news media. These homemade overpressure chemical devices are a variety of homemade chemical bombs which are constructed by youth for amusement, mischief, or misbehaviors. These bombs are made from common household chemicals. The media is frequently presenting stories about the dangers of these homemade overpressure chemical devices. The media reports that this trend is spurred by the use of YouTube and other social media. As a result of the amount of information about homemade overpressure chemical devices on YouTube and other social media, youths can quickly learn how to fabricate and use these devices. However, these youths, like many in the community, are unaware of the hazards or legal consequences associated with this activity. At this time, reliable information about this form of homemade chemical bombs is limited. Therefore, this research project will explore the culture, fabrication, legality, and risks associated with these homemade chemical bombs. Then, the research will determine if the construction of these devices is a national problem as suggested by the news media and first responder organizations with an annually increasing number incidents, property damage, and injuries. The Center for Disease Control's Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report for the week of July 18, 2003 presented the last and only known scientific attempt to determine the impact of homemade overpressure chemical devices on society. However, the Center for Disease Control was not able to get an accurate determination of the trends associated with homemade overpressure chemical devices due to the limitations of the data it reviewed. This research project looks at the data available from national databases, municipal databases, and the first responders of nine cities to determine the impact that Homemade Overpressure Chemical Devices are having on these communities within the United States. The research concluded that the number of Homemade Overpressure Chemical Devices cannot be gathered from either a national database or municipal databases. Interviews with first responders indicate that all areas of the United States are experiencing some Homemade Overpressure Chemical Device activity. However, this activity usually remains low until spurred on in a fad-like pattern. / Dissertation/Thesis / M.S.Tech Technology 2011

O porongo (Lagenaria siceraria) é o fruto de uma planta da família das cucurbitáceas que quando colhido, se deixado secar, torna-se oco com o mesocarpo similar ao aspecto da madeira e o exocarpo liso e impermeável. Este fruto disseminou-se por todos os continentes antes do homem e foi uma das primeiras plantas domesticadas. Diferentes povos utilizam o porongo na confecção de recipientes, instrumentos musicais, boias e máscaras. No sul do Brasil é empregado na fabricação das cuias, recipientes para o chimarrão. Planta de hábito tropical, adapta-se facilmente à qualquer clima, com ciclo produtivo anual configura-se em alternativa de fonte renovável. Como material natural orgânico, é suscetível à degradação sem tratamento. Buscando viabilizar sua utilização na fabricação de recipientes para alimentos e bebidas priorizou-se a caracterização da estrutura e a aplicação de técnicas de impermeabilização. Para a confecção da amostras foram utilizados frutos coletados em Santa Maria, RS, e para a impermeabilização foi utilizada resina poliuretana à base de óleo de mamona. A caracterização do material constituinte do porongo foi feita com auxílio de microscópio eletrônico de varredura, microscopio de luz transmitida, análise termogravimétrica, determinação do teor de umidade, da densidade básica e da aparente e através da digitalização tridimensional para análise da variação dimensional. A caracterização da resina foi feita por espectroscopia de infra-vermelho com transformada de Fourier e a eficiência da impermeabilização foi analisada através de ensaio de absorção de água e ângulo de contato de gota. Pela microscopia identificou-se o exocarpo como uma fina camada de células compactas, por isso impermeável, e o mesocarpo formado pelo parênquima, com células que aumentam de tamanho progressivamente em direção ao centro, caracterizadas por grandes espaços vazios com parede espessada lignificada e canais de comunicação intercelular, que faz o material ser altamente hidrofílico. Ao absorver a água, há o preenchimento dos vácuolos das células até a saturação, sem grandes alteraçãos das dimensões do material, dimensionalmente estável. O porongo possui densidade heterogênea muito baixa, em média 0,124 g/cm³, na faixa de densidade das espumas poliméricas. Quanto à absorção de água, as amostras sem tratamento tiveram aumento de massa de cerca de 150% até a saturação. Após a impermeabilização, as amostras com uma camada de resina tiveram aumento de massa entre 23% e 37%, enquanto que àquelas com duas camadas de resina de apenas 5% e 6%, o que indica a eficiência do método de impermeabilização. / The bottle gourd (Lagenaria siceraria) is the fruit of the Cucurbitaceae family plant which when harvested, if allowed to dry, becomes hollow with the mesocarp similar to the appearance of the wood and with a smooth and impermeable exocarp. This fruit has spread to all continents before man and was one of the first domesticated plants. Different people use the gourd in the manufacture of containers, musical instruments, floats and masks. In southern Brazil it is used to manufacture the bowls, containers for mate. Tropical habit plant, easily adapts to any climate, with annual production cycle sets itself as renewable source alternative. As an organic natural material, it is susceptible to degradation without treatment. Seeking to enable its use in the manufacture of containers for food and beverages it has prioritized the characterization of the structure and the application of waterproofing techniques. Seeking allow its use in the manufacture of containers for food and beverages prioritized the characterization of the structure and the application of waterproofing techniques. To prepare the samples were used fruits collected in Santa Maria, RS, and for waterproofing was used polyurethane resin on castor oil base. The characterization of the material which constitutes porongo was made thorugh electron microscope scanning, transmitted light microscope, thermal analysis, determination of moisture content, basic and apparent density and by three-dimensional scanning to analyze the dimensional variation. The characterization of resin was made by infrared spectroscopy with Fourier transform and the efficiency of the waterproofing was analyzed by water absorption and drop contact angle test. Microscopy enabled to identify the exocarp as a thin layer of compact cells, thus waterproof, and the mesocarp formed by parenchyma with cells that progressively increase in size towards the center, characterized by large empty spaces with thickened and lignified wall and intercellular communication channels, which makes the material be highly hydrophilic. By absorbing the water, there is filling in the vacuoles of the cells until the saturation without large re-arranging of the material dimensions, dimensionally stable. The gourd has very poor heterogeneous density, on average 0.124 g / cm³, in the density range of polymeric foams. Regarding to water-absorbing, untreated samples had mass increase of about 150% until saturation. After sealing, the samples with a resin layer had increased mass between 23% and 37%, while those with two resin layers only had increased mass from 5% to 6%, which indicates the sealing method efficiency.

The object of the thesis is to experimentally find the most suitable method of artificial spawning of pikeprech, using hormonal stimulation of ovulation in females hormonal medication containing HCG. After scraping of the broodstock and after artificial fertilization of eggs obtained experimentally test new methods of artificial stickiness removing of eggs and then evaluate the success of artificial incubation of stripped, fertilized and unstickeness eggs of pikeprech. Experiments that are part of the thesis have been divided into several sub-experiments. In the first experiment was observed effect of different doses of hormonal Chorulon, containing the active substance HCG, the basic indicators of reproductive females. Was evaluated as spawning synchronization, spawning success, the number of spontaneous spawnings, fertility of females and hatching rate of eggs. The used HCG doses were 250, 500, 700 and 1000 IU per kilogram of body weight. All eggs were deprived of stickiness using a mixture of talc and milk. In the second experiment was carried out comparing different types of removes stickiness solutions. Here was evaluated especially time and labor intensity and the influence of various solutions on fertilization and hatching rate of eggs. In this trial was all pikeperch females injected the same amount of HCG hormone 500 IU per kilogram of body weight. Tested solutions was a mixture of talc and milk, just eggs wash water and the solution of various concentrations alkalase. The amount alkalase was 0,5; 1; 1,5; 2 and 5 ml, which are mixed with distilled water, so that the total volume of the solution was 1000 ml. The third experiment was supposed to simulate the pilot plant mass propagation of pikeperch females. All females received the same amount of hormone 500 IU of HCG per kilogram of body weight. All eggs were deprived of stickiness using a mixture of talc and milk. In the last experiment was one of the methods tested, which could limit the number of spontaneous spawning during the artificial spawning of pikeperch. To prevent spontaneous spawning were selected females (all were injected with 500 IU of HCG per kilogram of body weight) sewing genitourinary papilla. The incubation of eggs collected during all the experiments were used Zugské bottle.