This paper was given at the Great Basin Anthropological Conference in Las Vegas, Nevada in 2006. This talk presents findings from the 2004 Water Bottle Canyon Traditional Cultural Property Study.

Introduktion: Sekretorisk media otit (SOM) är den vanligaste öronsjukdomen och uppkommer oftast i efterförloppet till akut media otit (AOM). Om barnet får SOM leder det till hörselnedsättning som kan påverka språklig utveckling och ge beteendeproblem. Etiologin bakom SOM anses vara multifaktoriell. Barnets tryck i mellanörat kan påverkas vid flaskmatning. Allergier, bakteriella/virus infektioner och inflammationer har också betydelse för utvecklandet av SOM. Syfte: att studera frekvensen av att använda nappflaska och liggande position vid flaskmatning relaterat till sekretorisk media otit och akut media otit i samband med rörbehandling. Metod: En deskriptiv tvärsnittsstudie med kvantitativ ansats. Datainsamling skedde via enkäter som besvarades av närstående till barn 2- 5 år som genomgått rörinsättning på öronoperation. Resultat: 103 barn med närstående deltog i studien. 87% av barnen som genomgick rörinsättning använde eller hade använt nappflaska och av dessa barn låg 55% i planläge. Hereditet gällande SOM kunde skönjas. Konklusion: Studien visade hög frekvens av flaskmatning där lite mer än hälften, 55% låg i planläge men studiens begränsning kunde inte åskådligöra samband med planläge och SOM. Det är av vikt att belysa faktorer som har betydelse för utveckling av SOM för att minska behov av rörbehandling. Dessa faktorer kan sjuksköterskan informera närstående om via hälsoundervisning för att öka barn och närståendes empowerment. / Introduction: Otitis Media with Effusion (OME) is the most common ear disease and arises mostly in the end of akut media otit (AOM). If a child contracts OME, it will result in a hearing loss which can affect the verbal development and may lead to behavior difficulties. The etiology behind OME is considered to be multifactorial. A child’s middle ear pressure may be affected by bottle nursing. Furthermore, the development of OME may be caused by allergies, bacterial/virus infections and inflammations. Purpose: To study the frequency of using a feeding bottle while the child is lying down related to OME and AOM when tube insertion. Method: A descriptive cross-sectional study with a quantitative approach. A survey data collection was used wherein the people who were surveyed were close family to two to five year old children, who have had ear tubes inserted. Result: 103 children with their close family participated in the study. 90% of these children who went through an ear tube insertion used or had used a feeding bottle and 50% of them lied down as they were fed. The heredity regarding SOM could be picked out. Conclusion: The study showed a high frequency of bottle nursing where just over the half (55%) lied down, but the restriction of the study could however not visualize the relation between lying down and SOM. Moreover, it is important to bring up the factors that are significant for the development of SOM to decrease the need of ear tube treatment/insertion. The nurse can inform close family about these factors through health education in order to increase children and close family´s empowerment.

Early-life experience has profound effects on the individual’s neurobiology and behaviour later in life. The rodent animal experimental model maternal separation (MS) was used to study this more in detail. The MS model involves short and prolonged postnatal separations simulating an emotionally safe and stressful environment, respectively. The aims of the thesis were to examine the impact of individual MS on ethanol consumption and on brain dopamine and serotonin systems in adult male rats. Furthermore, the influence of separation conditions on the short- and long-term consequences of MS on several neurotransmitter systems was examined. Rat pups were assigned to either litter-wise MS for 15 or 360 minutes (MS15l or MS360l) or individual MS for 15 or 360 minutes (MS15i or MS360i). Control rats were subjected to conventional animal facility rearing (AFR). Ethanol intake was assessed in a two-bottle free-choice paradigm. Neuropeptides were analyzed with radioimmunoassay, monoamines and metabolites with electrochemical detection and gene expression with qPCR. Using the MSi paradigm, minor effects on voluntary ethanol consumption were observed. However, the monoaminergic responses elicited by ethanol were dependent on the early-life environment. Furthermore, short- and long-term consequences of MS on serotonin, opioid, oxytocin and vasopressin systems were studied. Multiple neurobiological measurements in one and the same rat offered a unique possibility to examine the effects of duration (MS15 versus MS360) and condition (l versus i) of MS. Time-, region-, sex- and transmitter-specific effects were observed. More pronounced differences were seen in serotonin measures and oxytocin in young rats. In adults these differences in basal levels were normalized. Opioid peptides differed in stress-related brain areas in young rats and in limbic areas in adults. Rats subjected to the MS15l environment that relates to natural conditions generally exhibited a different neurobiological profile than other groups. AFR rats, i.e. conventional control rats, were more similar to the putative most stressful condition MS360. Taken together, the networks examined in the present thesis are important for the establishment of normal social behaviour and derangements in these systems may result in neurobiological changes leading to the susceptibility for psychopathological conditions later in life.

Mr Clarke used molecular genetic techniques to determine the origins of the sweet potato (kumara) and the bottle gourd in Oceania. Both are thought to have been introduced into Oceania by Polynesian voyagers who collected them from South America about 1,000 years ago (the word kumara is used by indigenous South Americans). Using new and improved DNA techniques, Mr Clarke analysed several hundred varieties of sweet potato and about 40 varieties of bottle gourd. The results are consistent with a pre-European introduction of these crops into Polynesia from South America, and have revealed something about their dispersal patterns within Polynesia, including New Zealand.

Mr Clarke used molecular genetic techniques to determine the origins of the sweet potato (kumara) and the bottle gourd in Oceania. Both are thought to have been introduced into Oceania by Polynesian voyagers who collected them from South America about 1,000 years ago (the word kumara is used by indigenous South Americans). Using new and improved DNA techniques, Mr Clarke analysed several hundred varieties of sweet potato and about 40 varieties of bottle gourd. The results are consistent with a pre-European introduction of these crops into Polynesia from South America, and have revealed something about their dispersal patterns within Polynesia, including New Zealand.

Mr Clarke used molecular genetic techniques to determine the origins of the sweet potato (kumara) and the bottle gourd in Oceania. Both are thought to have been introduced into Oceania by Polynesian voyagers who collected them from South America about 1,000 years ago (the word kumara is used by indigenous South Americans). Using new and improved DNA techniques, Mr Clarke analysed several hundred varieties of sweet potato and about 40 varieties of bottle gourd. The results are consistent with a pre-European introduction of these crops into Polynesia from South America, and have revealed something about their dispersal patterns within Polynesia, including New Zealand.

Thesis (MSc Food Sc (Food Science))--University of Stellenbosch, 2009. / This study focused on a serious quality-related problem in the global wine industry, including the South African Wine Industry, namely cork taint in wine. Annually, large financial losses are incurred by cork suppliers and wine producers, as a result of cork-tainted wine. Although contaminated new unused corks are frequently implicated as the origin of this taint, contaminated cellar equipment and water can also be the source of the problem. An explorative investigation into the incidence of cork taint in South African wines showed that 3.8% of the 133 wines tested, contained 2,4,6-trichloroanisole (TCA) concentrations of 3.5 ng/L and higher, as determined by gas chromatography coupled with electron capture detection (GC-ECD). TCA concentrations higher than 1 ng/L were found in 18% of the wines tested. All affected wines were sealed with solid or agglomerate cork stoppers. These wines were sourced from various wineries in the Western Cape region, South Africa and were of different cultivars. None of the wines sealed with synthetic closures had any detectable TCA, 2,4,6-tribromoanisole (TBA) or pentachloroanisole (PCA) levels and only very low 2,3,4,6- tetrachloroanisole (TeCA) levels (1 ng/L or less). Another group of 28 wines that were rejected by the official South African wine regulatory body on the basis of the presence of mouldy taint during wine certification, was also included in this study. GC-ECD analysis showed that 30% of the wines in this group contained TCA at concentrations of 3.5 ng/L and higher. These results pointed to a relative high incidence of TCA in the wines investigated, especially those sealed with cork stoppers. Although no general conclusions should be made on the incidence of cork taint in the wider wine industry based on the results found within this explorative investigation, these findings confirmed the presence of cork taint in South African wines. Detection threshold values were determined for TCA, TeCA, TBA and PCA in three wine cultivars using the standard ASTM method. Results indicate that factors relating to the wine cultivar seemed to affect threshold values considerably. Our research proposes a detection range rather than an average detection threshold. Detection ranges established for TCA, TeCA, TBA and PCA in Chenin blanc, Pinotage and Shiraz coincide with reported values in literature. This result can be regarded as a valuable expansion of the existing knowledge of detection threshold values. Descriptive sensory analysis indicated significant (P 0.05) changes in the aroma profile of Chenin blanc, Pinotage and Shiraz after TCA, TeCA, TBA or PCA was added to the respective base wines that contained no detectable levels of the haloanisoles. The mouldy taint induced by these haloanisoles were described as mouldy, mouldy-chemical, mouldychlorine, as well as mouldy-acidic. In Chenin blanc, additions of TCA, in the concentration range 1 to 17 ng/L, resulted in a marked increase in the mouldy aroma and was accompanied by an immediate decrease in fruitiness. This change was already evident at added TCA concentrations of 1 ng/L. Similar trends were observed in Pinotage, while the addition of low levels of TCA to Shiraz (2 ng/L) resulted in a significant (P 0.05) decrease in the herbaceous character of the wine. The aroma changes observed were prominent enough to render the wine totally unacceptable in comparison to its original character. Consumers’ degree of liking did not seem to be affected by very low concentration levels of TCA in Chenin blanc, Pinotage or Shiraz, but rejection increased as the concentration increased beyond detection threshold level. A slight gender effect was also noticed. Female consumers appeared to be more sensitive to increasing levels of TCA, whereas male consumers did not respond as negatively to higher concentration levels of TCA. This study makes an important contribution towards understanding the sensory impact of especially TCA contamination in wine, through the establishment of concentration ranges at which these compounds exert a noticeable detrimental effect on the aroma profile of wine. Additional insight into cork taint in wine is provided by the consumer preference studies, where the effects of the taint on the product acceptance by consumers are demonstrated. The development of a modus operandi to ensure that sensory panels provide reliable data, can be regarded as an important contribution to wine-related research. This study is one of the first where advanced sensometric techniques were applied in sensory studies on cork tainted wines.

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2017-05-18T20:10:14Z No. of bitstreams: 1 tatianetagliattimaciel.pdf: 2290219 bytes, checksum: f5018f907a22780f986c6124291c369c (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2017-05-19T14:39:48Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 tatianetagliattimaciel.pdf: 2290219 bytes, checksum: f5018f907a22780f986c6124291c369c (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-19T14:39:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 tatianetagliattimaciel.pdf: 2290219 bytes, checksum: f5018f907a22780f986c6124291c369c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-02-22 / Dado o reconhecido papel das vespas sociais no equilíbrio dos ecossistemas é clara a importância de estudos sobre a diversidade desses insetos e, apenas a partir do conhecimento do comportamento das vespas sociais, é possível elaborar metodologias adequadas para a sua coleta. Assim, e tendo em vista a importância de inventários de fauna, o objetivo do presente trabalho foi realizar uma análise detalhada dos estudos de diversidade em vespas sociais conduzidos em Minas Gerais avaliando o uso das armadilhas atrativas. Sabendo da falta de estudos dedicados aos atributos espaciais das espécies de vespas sociais, ou ainda dos métodos utilizados para sua coleta, o trabalho objetivou ainda comparar a atratividade de diferentes variáveis na elaboração de armadilhas atrativas e estimar e analisar em escala local a distância ótima para instalação dessas armadilhas para estudos de diversidade de vespas sociais. A análise detalhada dos estudos de diversidade seguiu os passos propostos pela metodologia de PRISMA para estudos sistemáticos e de meta-análise. A abordagem metodológica incluiu o desenvolvimento de critérios de seleção, definição de estratégias de busca, avaliação da qualidade do estudo e extração de dados relevantes. A parte experimental foi desenvolvida no Jardim Botânico da Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora que compreende uma área de fragmento de Floresta Estacional Semidecidual Montana, com 84 hectares de extensão, localizado no perímetro urbano de Juiz de Fora, sudeste do estado de Minas Gerais, Brasil. Foi possível observar que Minas Gerais é o Estado com o maior número de estudos, entretanto, as regiões sul e sudeste concentram a maior parte desses estudos, ficando clara a importância do desenvolvimento de pesquisas nas demais regiões, em especial na região norte onde se encontra o Bioma Caatinga. Os experimentos mostraram que devem ser utilizadas garrafas de polietileno tereftalato (PET) de 0,5L como armadilhas atrativas preenchidas com 150mL de suco artificial de manga, goiaba ou maracujá e instaladas a distâncias entre 10m e 150m umas das outras. O trabalho conseguiu otimizar o método de armadilhas atrativas quanto ao tamanho das armadilhas, o tipo de atrativo alimentar utilizado e o número de armadilhas utilizadas em campo. / Considering the recognized role of social wasps in the balance of ecosystems, it is clear the importance of studies on the diversity of these insects and, only from the knowledge of the behavior of the social wasps, it is possible to elaborate adequate methodologies for their collection. Thus, considering the importance of fauna inventories, the aim of this paper was to carry out a detailed analysis of the studies of diversity in social wasps conducted in Minas Gerais, when evaluating the use of attractive traps. Due to the lack of studies dedicated to the spatial attributes of the social wasp’s species, or the methods used for its collection, the study also aimed to compare the attractiveness of different variables in the elaboration of attractive traps. It also aimed to estimate and analyze in local scale the optimal distance for the installation of these traps for studies of social wasp diversity. The detailed analysis of the diversity studies followed the steps proposed by the PRISMA methodology for systematic studies and metaanalysis. The methodological procedure included the development of selection criteria, definition of search strategies, evaluation of study quality and extraction of relevant data. The experimental phase was developed at the Botanic Garden of the Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, which comprises a fragment area of Montane Semi-deciduous Forest, with 84 hectares of extension, located in the Juiz de Fora urban area, in the southeast of the State of Minas Gerais, Brasil. It was possible to observe that Minas Gerais is the State with the largest number of studies, however, the south and southeast regions concentrate most of these studies, therefore, it is highlighted the importance of the research development in the other regions, especially in the northern region, where the Caatinga Biome is located. The experiments showed that the traps must be made of bottles of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) of 0.5L, filled with 150mL of artificial juice of mango, guava or passion fruit, and installed at distances between 10m and 150m from each other. The study was able to optimize the method of attractive traps as to the size of the traps, the type of attractive food source and the number of traps used in the field.

Abstract Dental caries in toddlers was studied in relation to several risk factors which were also determined by salivary tests in a longitudinal design. Another specific aim was to reveal the effect of prolonged pacifier sucking on caries development. The study population consisted of 183 pre-school children. At the baseline, salivary microbiological tests were taken from children whose average age was 2.5 years. Risk factors for colonisation of salivary lactobacilli and yeasts were determined from a questionnaire filled in by the parents. At the 2-year follow-up, caries in primary teeth was studied against the possible risk factors recorded at the baseline. At the 7-year follow-up, the risk factors identified at the age of two were analysed against caries development in primary molars and in first permanent molars. Also the long-term predictive value of salivary microbiological tests was investigated. At the baseline, the use of pacifier and nocturnal use of nursing bottle were associated with colonisation of salivary lactobacilli and yeasts. Prolonged pacifier sucking and use of nursing bottle at nights were shown to be associated with caries development in children at the 2-year follow-up. Consumption of sweets, lack of daily tooth brushing and nocturnal use of nursing bottle at the age of two were associated with caries onset in both primary and permanent molars at the seven-year follow-up. The use of fluoride tablets reduced the risk of caries onset in primary molars. Children who were colonised by salivary lactobacilli or yeasts at the baseline were susceptible to caries in primary molars. Early colonisation of lactobacilli was associated with caries in permanent molars. The results suggest that the risk of caries is possible to assess in toddlers by identifying caries-related habits early, already at the age of two. Microbiological tests may also have some value. Assessment of caries risk in toddlers enables both prevention and early intervention, and thereby prevention of caries development in children. / Tiivistelmä Tämän tutkimuksen tarkoituksena oli pitkäaikaisseurannassa selvittää taaperoikäisiltä lapsilta otettujen sylkitestien ja muiden määritettyjen riskitekijöiden mahdollista yhteyttä karieksen kehittymiseen. Erityisesti haluttiin myös tutkia pitkittyneen tutin käytön merkitystä. Tutkimusaineisto koostui 183:sta alle kouluikäisestä lapsesta. Aloitusvaiheessa otettiin mikrobiologiset sylkitestit lapsilta, joiden keski-ikä oli 2,5 vuotta, ja määritettiin anamnestisesti mahdolliset riskitekijät laktobasillien ja hiivasienten kolonisaatiolle. Kahden vuoden seurannan jälkeen tutkittiin riskin toteutumista maitohampaiden karioitumisessa. Seuraavassa seitsemän vuoden seurantatutkimuksessa tutkittiin karieskehitystä maitomolaareissa ja ensimmäisissä pysyvissä molaareissa kahden vuoden iässä määritetyissä riskiryhmissä. Myös syljen mikrobiologisten testien avulla määritetyn riskin toteutumista selvitettiin seitsemän vuoden seurannan päätyttyä. Tutkimuksen aloitusvaiheen sylkitestitulokset osoittivat, että tutin käyttö ja tuttipullon käyttö öisin olivat yhteydessä syljen kariekseen liittyviin mikrobeihin, ja ne voivat siten lisätä kariesaktiivisuutta maitohampaistossa. Kahden vuoden seurantatutkimuksessa todettiinkin, että karieskehitys oli yhteydessä aikaisemmin määritettyihin riskitekijöihin: pitkittyneeseen tutin käyttöön ja tuttipullon käyttöön öisin. Seitsemän vuoden seurantatutkimuksen tulokset osoittivat, että makeisten käyttö kaksivuotiaana, puutteellinen hampaiden harjaus ja tuttipullon käyttö öisin ovat riskitekijöitä sekä maitomolaarien että ensimmäisten pysyvien molaarien karieskehitykselle. Fluoritablettien käyttö vähensi maitomolaarien karioitumista. Myös varhain tehdyillä syljen mikrobiologisilla testeillä oli pitkäaikainen ennustusarvo. Tulokset osoittavat, että riskin määritys taaperoikäisten lasten karieskehitykselle voidaan tehdä varhaisessa vaiheessa sekä mikrobiologisten sylkitestien avulla että määrittelemällä muiden mahdollisten riskitekijöiden esiintyvyys. Varhaisen kariesriskin määrityksen avulla voidaan ehkäisevät hoitotoimenpiteet kohdistaa ajoissa riskiryhmille ja siten ehkäistä karieskehitystä ja korjaavan karieshoidon tarvetta lapsilla.

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