Återvinning och insamling av PET-flaskor startade redan 1994 i Sverige och är en av de grundläggande återvinningsindustrierna.Teknologin har ständigt utvecklas sedan dess och vi har nu nya återvinningsmetoder som kan säkerställa PET-material som uppnår livsmedelskvalitet. Dessutom produktionsmetoder så som Solid-State polymerisation, vilket möjliggör flaska-till-flaska mantrat som genomsyrar Returpack.Med den globala klimatutmaningen vi har framför oss så är intresset i återvinning minskning i användning av fossila bränslen väldigt intressant i många industrier.PET-industrin är en av dessa, där både dryck företag och flasktillverkare vill tillverka flaskor med högre andel återvunnet PET-material. Detta kan redan noteras ute på marknaden, där det finns flaskor tillverkade från 100% återvunnen PET. I denna avhandling har vi undersökt effekten av halten återvunnet material har på både mekaniska och kemiska egenskaper. Effekten av antalet återvinnings-cykler har också blivit undersökt.En labb-version av den återvinningsprocess som används kommersiellt i Sverige av Veolia PET utfördes. Fyra cykler av återvinningsprocessen genomfördes på Virgin PET, vilket resulterade i satserna, krPET-1 till krPET-4. Från varje sats tillverkades hundbens-replikat via formsprutning med olika fraktioner: 25, 50 och 100% återvunnen PET. Alla replikat karakteriserades med instrument och metoder så som dragprovning, FT-IR, DSC och inre viskositet.Från en miljösynpunkt finns det definitiva och redan konstaterade fördelar med en ökning av rPET fraktionen i PET-flaskor. Problem under tillverkningen av replikat ledde till små samplingsstorlekar. Som ett resultat gick det ej att dra några slutsatser från de potentiella nackdelarna som en högre rPET fraktion skulle kunna innebära. / The recycling and collection of PET bottles has a long tradition in Sweden dating back to 1994 and is one of the staple recycling industries.Technology has advanced since then, with new recycling processes to assure food grade certified recycled PET and manufacturing processes such as Solid-State polymerization to enable the bottle-to-bottle mantra. Amidst global warming and climate crisis, the interest in recycling and reducing the use of fossil fuel to manufacture new bottles is ever-growing. As a result, manufacturers and breweries want bottles manufactured with higher fractions of recycled PET, and there are already bottles out on the market made from 100% recycled PET. In this thesis, the effect that the fraction of recycled PET may have on the mechanical and chemical properties of the final product was tested. Also, the effect that several recycling cycles may have on the product was tested.A lab-scale version of the recycling process used commercially in Sweden by Veolia PET were carried out. Four cycles of the process were carried out on virgin PET material, resulting in material batches krPET-1 to krPET-4. Dog bone samples from each recycled batch were manufactured via injection moulding with 25, 50 and 100% rPET fractions. All samples were characterized with various instruments and methods such as FT-IR, Tensile testing, DSC, and intrinsic viscosity testing.From an environmental standpoint, there are clear advantages to an increase in rPET fraction in PET-bottles. Due to issues with manufacturing and the production of samples, only a small sample size was acquired. All the analyses suffered, as a result, making it hard to draw any definite conclusions regarding potential disadvantages with a higher rPET fraction.

The infant feeding practices and associated environment of 49 infants (6-23 months) of migrant farm laborers in Northern Colorado were investigated during the summer of 1987. Information was collected on 1) breastfeeding practices, 2) introduction of foods and liquids, 3) nutrition and health practices and inadequacies, 4) home living environment, 5) health history, and 6) demographics. Data on the sources of food and nutrition information was collected regarding the 1) utilization of community food and nutrition programs and 2) input of relatives. A review of data results indicates that a number of nutrition education needs exist among migrant farm laborers concerning the feeding of their infants. Recommendations are made to help meet the nutrition education needs of migrant parents in Northern Colorado. / Master of Science

Die vorliegende Arbeit beinhaltet die Synthese neuartiger Hybridmaterialien basierend auf der Einlagerung optischer Materialien, wie Farbstoffmoleküle und Metallnanopartikel, in anorganische Wirtsmaterialien mit definierten Porenstrukturen. Hierfür wurden mikro- und mesoporöse alumosilikatische Verbindungen, wie z.B. Zeolithe und Vertreter aus der Familie der sogenannten „Mobile Composition of Matter“ (MCM), verwendet. Mit Hilfe dieses Konzeptes konnte z.B. der Einfluss der Wirtsmaterialien hinsichtlich ihrer Porengrößen und inneren Polarität auf die optischen Eigenschaften von photochromen Naphthopyranfarbstoffen untersucht werden. Neue photochrome Kompositmaterialien, welche sich durch einfache industrielle Prozesse, wie z.B. der Extrusion in eine Polymermatrix, weiterverarbeiten lassen, wurden auf diesem Wege synthetisiert. Durch die Einkapselung eines solvatochromen Spiropyranderivats innerhalb der Superkäfige von Faujasiten konnten Rückschlüsse auf die Polaritätsparameter der äußeren und inneren Oberfläche der Molekularsiebe gewonnen werden. Zudem wurde ein neues Synthesekonzept zur Herstellung fluoreszierender Silbernanopartikel innerhalb eines Zeolith Y entwickelt, um auf sehr einfachem Weg ein stabiles Material mit interessanten Fluoreszenzeigenschaften zu erhalten. Der Einfluss der Wirtsoberfläche auf fluoreszierende Farbstoffe wurde des Weiteren an Benzylidenketonfarbstoffen untersucht, die mittels „Ship in a Bottle reaction“ in Zeolith Y eingekapselt wurden. Um das Konzept zur Synthese optischer Effektpigmente zu erweitern, wurden neue photochrome Naphthopyrane, welche in Konjugation zu fluoreszierenden Farbstoffen stehen, synthetisiert und untersucht.

Die vorliegende Arbeit beinhaltet die Synthese neuartiger Hybridmaterialien basierend auf der Einlagerung optischer Materialien, wie Farbstoffmoleküle und Metallnanopartikel, in anorganische Wirtsmaterialien mit definierten Porenstrukturen. Hierfür wurden mikro- und mesoporöse alumosilikatische Verbindungen, wie z.B. Zeolithe und Vertreter aus der Familie der sogenannten „Mobile Composition of Matter“ (MCM), verwendet. Mit Hilfe dieses Konzeptes konnte z.B. der Einfluss der Wirtsmaterialien hinsichtlich ihrer Porengrößen und inneren Polarität auf die optischen Eigenschaften von photochromen Naphthopyranfarbstoffen untersucht werden. Neue photochrome Kompositmaterialien, welche sich durch einfache industrielle Prozesse, wie z.B. der Extrusion in eine Polymermatrix, weiterverarbeiten lassen, wurden auf diesem Wege synthetisiert. Durch die Einkapselung eines solvatochromen Spiropyranderivats innerhalb der Superkäfige von Faujasiten konnten Rückschlüsse auf die Polaritätsparameter der äußeren und inneren Oberfläche der Molekularsiebe gewonnen werden. Zudem wurde ein neues Synthesekonzept zur Herstellung fluoreszierender Silbernanopartikel innerhalb eines Zeolith Y entwickelt, um auf sehr einfachem Weg ein stabiles Material mit interessanten Fluoreszenzeigenschaften zu erhalten. Der Einfluss der Wirtsoberfläche auf fluoreszierende Farbstoffe wurde des Weiteren an Benzylidenketonfarbstoffen untersucht, die mittels „Ship in a Bottle reaction“ in Zeolith Y eingekapselt wurden. Um das Konzept zur Synthese optischer Effektpigmente zu erweitern, wurden neue photochrome Naphthopyrane, welche in Konjugation zu fluoreszierenden Farbstoffen stehen, synthetisiert und untersucht.

Natural corks have long been used as wine closures. However, they are associated with causing multiple adverse effects to the wine they are attempting to preserve. Alternative closures such as synthetic corks and screw caps were developed in order to reduce and/or eliminate these problems. However, the major cause of concern regarding these closures is of consumers' acceptance. The effect of how three types of closures (Natural Cork, Synthetic Cork and Screw Cap) affected wine consumers' perceptions of the quality of wine was examined in this study. This project was divided into two experiments. The first experiment determined if frequent wine consumers could detect sensorial differences between the three closure types. The second experiment ascertained if and how regular wine consumers' perceptions were altered based on the type of closure with which the wine samples were bottled. It was determined that the wine consumers could not significantly detect a difference between any of the three closure type samples based only on sensory stimuli. The results from the second experiment found for the Chardonnay samples, the knowledge that the wine samples came from a natural cork or a synthetic cork did not significantly affect the liking, quality or purchase intent scores. However, when the panelists knew that the sample was bottled with a screw cap, they thought it was of lower quality, were less willing to buy a wine like the sample and they lowered the price they were willing to pay. For the Merlot samples, knowledge that the sample came from a natural cork caused the wine consumers to significantly increase both their opinions of the quality of the wine and the amount they were willing to pay for the wine. When they knew that the sample was bottled with a screw cap, they reduced the price they would pay for the wine. / Graduation date: 2005

Submitted by JOSIANE SANTOS DE OLIVEIRA (josianeso) on 2018-11-30T11:10:44Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Ramon Anschau_.pdf: 3374398 bytes, checksum: 7eaec95d9e0df6af348fa2d967edf4a8 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-11-30T11:10:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ramon Anschau_.pdf: 3374398 bytes, checksum: 7eaec95d9e0df6af348fa2d967edf4a8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-07-26 / Nenhuma / O aumento no consumo de água mineral mostra a preocupação da população mundial com a compra de produtos mais saudáveis. Porém, devido à pequena margem financeira com a venda do produto, existe maior competitividade entre as empresas e o uso dos recursos para os processos produtivos deve ser conhecido e minimizado, sem impactar na qualidade. Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo, entender e estratificar os consumos de energia nas diferentes etapas do processo de produção de água mineral não carbonatada em embalagens de 500 ml, buscando aplicar melhorias através de conceitos de Produção Mais Limpa (P+L). Conhecer os impactos ambientais potenciais das principais etapas do processo produtivo também foi um dos objetivos do estudo. Para isso, foram detalhados os processos principais e auxiliares através de fluxogramas de entradas e saídas e posteriormente foi realizado o Levantamento de Aspectos e Impactos Ambientais (LAIA). Indicadores de desempenho foram definidos, acompanhados e comparados com a bibliografia no final do estudo, os quais nortearam discussões entre as diferentes áreas da empresa. Todas as ações foram avaliadas técnica e economicamente através de reuniões periódicas e com cálculos de Payback simples, possibilitando conhecer a viabilidade dos possíveis investimentos. No final do estudo foram apresentadas as oportunidades de melhorias implementadas as quais trouxeram ganhos significativos. Após evidenciar que, aproximadamente, 70% do consumo de energia são necessários para a fabricação da embalagem, uma das melhorias sugeridas foi a fabricação de preformas mais leves. Isso tornou o processo 8% mais eficiente energeticamente, além de contribuir com a possibilidade de redução de até 195 toneladas de resina PET por ano, o que trouxe ganhos econômicos, além de diminuir a geração de resíduos sólidos. A redução na pressão de sopragem, outra melhoria implementada, gerou uma redução de 23% no consumo de energia associada à geração de ar comprimido de alta pressão. Melhoria de processo com Payback de 6 meses gerou uma economia anual de cerca de R$37.000,00 considerando a média da tarifa paga pela região sul do Brasil, onde está localizada a empresa. Com a utilização destes métodos, esta pesquisa buscou demonstrar o potencial de aumento de eficiência que estas ferramentas podem trazer para as empresas, trazendo, além de benefícios ambientais e econômicos, fortalecer a continuação de outros estudos de caso com o mesmo enfoque, já que trabalha em todos os níveis hierárquicos da organização. / The increase in mineral water consumption shows the concern of the world population with the purchase of healthier products. However, due to the small financial margin with the sale of the product, there is greater competitiveness among companies and the use of resources for the production processes must be known and minimized, without impacting on quality. The objective of this research was to understand and stratify energy consumption in the different stages of the production process of non-carbonated mineral water in 500 ml packages, seeking to apply improvements through Cleaner Production (P+L) concepts. Knowing the potential environmental impacts of the main stages of the production process was also one of the objectives of the study. For this, the main and auxiliary processes were detailed through input and output flow charts, and the Environmental Aspects and Impacts Survey (LAIA) was subsequently carried out. Performance indicators were defined, monitored and compared with the bibliography at the end of the study, which guided discussions between the different areas of the company. All actions were evaluated technically and economically through periodic meetings and with simple Payback calculations, making it possible to know the feasibility of possible investments. At the end of the study were presented the improvement opportunities implemented which brought significant gains. After evidencing that approximately 70% of the energy consumption is necessary for the manufacture of the packaging, one of the suggested improvements was the manufacture of lighter preforms. This made the process 8% more energetically efficient, besides contributing to the possibility of reducing up to 195 tons of PET resin per year, which brought economic gains, as well as reducing the generation of solid waste. The reduction in blowing pressure, another improvement implemented, generated a 23% reduction in energy consumption associated with the generation of high pressure compressed air. Process improvement with payback of 6 months generated annual savings of about R$37.000,00 considering the average of the tariff paid by the southern region of Brazil, where the company is located. With the use of these methods, this research aimed to demonstrate the potential for increased efficiency that these tools can bring to companies, bringing, in addition to environmental and economic benefits, to strengthen the continuation of other case studies with the same approach, since it works at all hierarchical levels of the organization.

Submitted by Rosivalda Pereira (mrs.pereira@ufma.br) on 2017-07-18T19:56:18Z No. of bitstreams: 1 ChristyannBatista.pdf: 3208049 bytes, checksum: cb8882596ff4a5f4b37d22f50c839883 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-18T19:56:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ChristyannBatista.pdf: 3208049 bytes, checksum: cb8882596ff4a5f4b37d22f50c839883 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-04-28 / Introduction: the relation of artificial nipples with breastfeeding remains controversial. Studies differ on the influence of pacifiers and bottle feeding and their influence on breastfeeding. Objective: To analyze the sucking patterns of infants known as nipple confusion and their relation to breastfeeding. Methods: a cross-sectional study that evaluated 429 infants, with a mean age of 33.2 ± 13.1 days, attending a child care program at the University Hospital of the Federal University of Maranhão between February and October 2016. The infants were evaluated in non-nutritive sucking (NNS) and nutritive sucking (NS) at rest in the maternal breast. The behavior of the feeding was also observed by applying the UNICEF Breastfeeding Observation Form. Multivariate logistic regression was used for association between the use of the nozzles and the NS and NNS patterns. In the observation of the feeding, multiple linear regression analysis was performed to investigate the association of variables. The significance level was 5% (p <0.05). Results: After the adjusted analysis, it was observed that primiparity, born in a private health unit, age less than 28 days, income higher than 5 minimum wages were factors risk of the use of artificial nipples. While receiving guidance on postpartum or pre-natal and postpartum breastfeeding were considered as protective factors. It was found that most of the alterations in the sucking pattern were associated with the use of artificial nipples, and pacifier use showed stronger associations with NNS changes, whereas the use of bottle presented stronger measures with alterations in NS. In breastfeeding observation, bottle feeding was associated with significant increases in negative behaviors for all five aspects of breastfeeding (β positive, P <0.05). And pacifier use was associated with increased negative behaviors observed for all aspects (β positive, P <0.05), performing breast anatomy (β = 0.08; P = 0.135). Conclusion: the use of pacifiers and bottle feeding was associated with incorrect sucking patterns and was expressed through an incorrect feeding, demonstrating the existence of nipple confusion. Early identification of difficulties in breastfeeding is essential to give the baby and mother the opportunity to enjoy all the benefits that breastfeeding promotes. / Introdução: permanece controversa a relação de bicos artificiais com aleitamento materno. Estudos divergem sobre a influência de chupetas e mamadeiras e sua influência sobre a amamentação. Objetivo: Analisar os padrões sucção de lactentes conhecida como confusão de bicos e sua relação com o aleitamento materno. Métodos: estudo transversal que avaliou 429 lactentes, com média de idade de 33,2 ±13,1 dias, atendidos em um programa de puericultura no Hospital Universitário da Universidade Federal do Maranhão entre fevereiro e outubro de 2016. Os bebês foram submetidos a avaliação de sucção não-nutritiva (SNN) em repouso e nutritiva (SN) em seio materno. Foram também observados o comportamento da mamada aplicando-se o Formulário de Observação da Mamada do UNICEF. Regressão logística multivariada foi utilizada para associação entre o uso dos bicos e os padrões de SN e SNN. Na observação da mamada, realizou-se análise de regressão linear múltipla para investigar associação de variáveis. O nível de significância foi de 5% (p <0,05) Resultados: Após a análise ajustada, observou-se que nascer em unidade de saúde privada, idade menor que 28 dias, renda maior que 5 salários mínimos e ser o primeiro filho foram fatores de risco para o uso dos bicos artificiais. Enquanto que receber orientações sobre amamentação no pós-parto ou no pré-natal e pós-parto foram considerados fatores de proteção. Detectou-se que a maior parte das alterações no padrão de sucção estava associada ao uso de bico artificiais, sendo que o uso da chupeta apresentou medidas de associações mais fortes com alterações na SNN, enquanto que o uso de mamadeira apresentou medidas mais fortes com alterações na SN. Na mamada, o uso de mamadeira estava associado com o aumento significativos de comportamentos negativos para todos os cincos aspectos da mamada (β positivo, P < 0,05). E o uso de chupeta estava associado com o aumento de comportamentos negativos observados para todos os aspectos (β positivo, P < 0,05), executando a anatomia das mamas (β = 0,08; P = 0,135). Conclusão: a utilização de chupetas e mamadeira esteve associada a padrões incorretos de sucção e expressou-se através de uma mamada incorreta, demonstrando a existência da confusão de bicos. A identificação precoce de dificuldades no aleitamento é fundamental para dar ao bebê e a mãe a oportunidade de usufruir de todos os benefícios que a amamentação promove.

Title from PDF of title page. / Document formatted into pages; contains 72 pages. / Thesis (M.A.)--University of South Florida, 2003. / Includes bibliographical references. / Text (Electronic thesis) in PDF format. / ABSTRACT: Archaeological investigations of Indian Key Historic State Park in the Florida Keys have uncovered a wide range of historical artifacts from throughout the nineteenth century that reveal how the site was reused and reoccupied through time. This thesis focuses on the glass component recovered from a house cistern complex (Feature F) and a warehouse (Features A and C) during the 1998 to 2002 field seasons. Glass artifacts range from a variety of bottle glass including alcohol bottles and proprietary medicines, to cut glass such as tumblers and decanters, to window glass. Feature F's analysis has shown that it maintained a primarily domestic nature despite having been reused by different groups at different times. Glass recovered from Feature F was primarily alcohol bottles, but large numbers of food bottles, medicines, and window glass was also found. The warehouse was used commercially and appears to have been continuously reused. / ABSTRACT: The most abundant item recovered from the warehouse was window glass; however large quantities of alcohol bottle fragments were also recovered. Also included in the glass analysis is a study of window glass dating techniques using glass thickness. By using a formula originally developed by Randall Moir (1982), and following an example set by Grant L. Day (2001), I was able to illustrate a process for dating nineteenth century window glass that is fairly accurate for determining periods of transition, addition, and reconstruction to buildings occupied over long time periods. Comparison of the glass from these two features using window glass dating formulas and other comparative evaluations as well as dating and functional analysis is revealing useful information about each of these structures individually, as well as about activity on the island as a whole. / System requirements: World Wide Web browser and PDF reader. / Mode of access: World Wide Web.

Marine debris is improperly disposed of solid waste, also called litter, which is deposited in the marine environment (NOAA, 2010). Litter prevention techniques such as fines, cleanups, incentives, and others, can help to decrease litter, and ultimately decrease marine debris. This research analyzed 2000 and 2010 International Coastal Cleanup (ICC) data obtained from The Ocean Conservancy to ascertain whether certain litter prevention techniques did reduce amounts and types of marine debris found in coastal areas. The litter prevention techniques analyzed included state bottle bills, voluntary monofilament fishing line recycling programs, and the Keep America Beautiful (KAB) cigarette butt litter prevention campaign. In addition, coastal population density and coastline length were also studied to uncover any potential impact they may have on marine debris amounts. This study found no significant connection between population density and kilometers of coastline and marine debris amounts. In addition, no statistically significant difference of marine debris amounts was found between states with bottle bills and without bottle bills for 2000 or 2010. Florida has the highest participation in the monofilament line recycling and was analyzed to find any difference between Florida and national averages. No significant difference was found between Florida and the national averages of fishing line debris for the year 2000 or 2010. Finally, there was no significant reduction in cigarette butt litter from 2000 to 2010 (the KAB cigarette butt litter prevention program began in 2002), but there was an increase in cigarette butts per smoker from 2000 to 2010. Other aspects that could impact marine debris amounts are also discussed to help understand the complex causes that lead to marine debris. Despite these results, the study did highlight some interesting trends. OR, LA, AL, MS, and NC had the largest decreases in marine debris per capita from 2000 to 2010, with decreases of 87%, 79%, 65%, 54%, and 52% respectively. RI more than doubled the amount of marine debris per capita, up 52%, from 2000 to 2010, and DE increased per capita debris 91% in the same time period. RI and DE also saw large increases in marine debris per kilometer coastline, along with MD, over the ten year time span. In addition to population, bottle bill data also provided some interesting clues to potential marine debris reduction. There was no statistical difference between bottle bill and non-bottle states, but bottle bill states did have slightly lower amounts of returnable debris both years. Similar results were found for monofilament fishing line debris. There was no statically significant difference between Florida and the national average of fishing line debris, but Florida did have 92% less fishing line debris than the national average in 2010. The cigarette butt marine debris data, analyzed to find the number of butts found per smoker, increased from 2000 to 2010, which is the opposite trend that was expected. This is most likely due to increased awareness of the impacts cigarette butt debris can have on the environment which is discussed.

These photographs offer illustrations of the people, places, and resources of Water Bottle Canyon. These photographs were taken during the 2004 Traditional Cultural Property Study.