Abstract In this thesis electronic structure of atomic chromium, rubidium and bromine are studied experimentally and theoretically through transitions and decay processes originating from selected M-shell hole states. The experiments are conducted with traditional methods of electron spectroscopy as well as more recent multicoincidence methods using pulsed synchrotron radiation and a magnetic bottle spectrometer. The observed electronic transitions are theoretically simulated with multiconfiguration Dirac-Fock method. Finally, the calculations are used to interpret the measured spectra to investigate the energy level structure and electron dynamics of the studied elements. / Original papers Original papers are not included in the electronically distributed version of the thesis. Keskinen, J., Huttula, S.-M., Mäkinen, A., Patanen, M., & Huttula, M. (2015). Experimental and theoretical study of 3p photoionization and subsequent Auger decay in atomic chromium. Radiation Physics and Chemistry, 117, 209–216. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.radphyschem.2015.08.018 Keskinen, J., Lablanquie, P., Penent, F., Palaudoux, J., Andric, L., Cubaynes, D., … Jänkälä, K. (2017). Initial-state-selected MNN Auger spectroscopy of atomic rubidium. Physical Review A, 95(4). https://doi.org/10.1103/physreva.95.043402 http://jultika.oulu.fi/Record/nbnfi-fe201706207380 Keskinen, J., Jänkälä, K., Huttula, S.-M., Kaneyasu, T., Hikosaka, Y., Shigemasa, E., … Lablanquie, P. (2019). Auger decay of the 3d hole in the isoelectronic series of Br*, Kr⁺ and Rb²⁺. Manuscript in preparation.

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No description available.

This cross-sectional exploratory and descriptive quantitative study explored the factors that impact on feeding practices of infants 0-12 months, encountered in the Child Welfare Clinic in Tema Manhean Health Centre and to determine the possible factors that lead to malnutrition. The population for this study comprised all infants who attended the Child Welfare Clinic at the Tema Manhean Health Centre. Three hundred and ninety infants participated in this study. Data was collected by means of a structured questionnaire and analysed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) Version 20. Findings of the study revealed that a larger number of the mothers were still breastfeeding at the time of data collection. All infants aged six months or older were given complementary foods. Some of the factors found to be associated with infant malnutrition included education of mother, employment status of mother, marital status, cultural practices and parity. / Health Studies / M.A.(Public Health)

This study examines a small body of 19th-century American literature about the Antarctic: Adam Seaborn's (pseud.) Symzonia (1820), Edgar Allan Poe's "MS. Found in a Bottle" (1833) and The Narrative of Arthur Gordon Pym (1838), Peter Prospero's (pseud.) "The Atlantis" (1838-39), and James Fenimore Cooper's The Monikins (1835) and The Sea Lions (1849). These were written in a transitional phase in the history of the Antarctic. At the start of the period, the region was almost completely unknown. Towards the end of the period, however, the region had been mapped in its essence, and the existence of an Antarctic continent had been verified. For complex reasons, the region came into cultural focus in the U.S. during the 1820s to 40s, culminating in the first major American scientific expedition in 1838-42 to explore the South Seas and the Antarctic. The study is primarily historical, tracing ideas to their historical contexts in order to determine what these authors used the unknown space of the Antarctic for. These texts were written in imaginative response to contemporary notions of the Antarctic, which is reflected in the mode of representation. The literature is in the mode of speculative fiction-most of texts imagining a tropical, inhabited Antarctic-up until the region is explored, at which point it turns to realism. The texts fall into three categories: the utopian, liminal, and realistic. The utopian texts-Symzonia, The Monikins, and "The Atlantis"-are works of social criticism, using the blank space of the Antarctic to treat a diverse range of issues, including politics, evolutionary theories, race, and gender. Poe's "MS" and Pym represent the liminal category; they dramatize the anticipation of an imminent Antarctic discovery, narrating up to a point of revelation, only to stop short. The Sea Lions is the only realistic text, coming after the Antarctic is explored. Here the knowledge of the Antarctic has solidified into the environment we know today, but with religiously symbolical overtones.

This thesis has the dual purpose of raising awareness of the importance of the mixing protocol on the end products of polyelectrolyte-oppositely charged surfactant systems, and to contribute to a better understanding of the properties of bottle-brush polyelectrolytes when adsorbed onto interfaces. In the first part of this thesis work, the effects of the mixing protocol and the mixing procedure on formed polyelectrolyte-oppositely charged surfactant aggregates were investigated. It was shown that the initial properties of the aggregates were highly dependent on the mixing parameters, and that the difference between the resulting aggregates persisted for long periods of time. The second part of the studies was devoted to the surface properties of a series of bottle-brush polyelectrolytes made of charged segments and segments bearing poly(ethylene oxide) side chains; particular attention was paid to the effect of side chain to charge density ratio of the polyelectrolytes. It was shown that the adsorbed mass of the polyelectrolytes, and the corresponding number of poly(ethylene oxide) bearing segments at the interface, went through a maximum as the charge density of the polyelectrolyte was increased. Also, it was found that bottle-brush polyelectrolyte layers were desorbed quite easily when subjected to salt solutions. This observation was rationalized by the unfavourable excluded volume interactions between the side chains and the entropic penalty of confining them at an interface, which weaken the strength of the binding of the polyelectrolytes to the interface. However, it was shown that the same side chains effectively protect the adsorbed layer against desorption when the layer is exposed to solutions containing an oppositely charged surfactant. Investigation of the lubrication properties of the bottle-brush polyelectrolytes in an asymmetric (mica-silica) system also related the observed favourable frictional properties to the protective nature of the side chains. The decisive factor for achieving very low coefficients of friction was found to be the concentration of the side chains in the gap between the surfaces. Interestingly, it was shown that a brush-like conformation of the bottle-brush polyelectrolyte at the interface has little effect on achieving favourable lubrication properties. However, a brush-like conformation is vital for the resilience of the adsorbed layer against the competitive adsorption of species with a higher surface affinity. / QC 20100830

This report is the final part within our education, Industrial Organization and Economy focusing on Logistics and Management at Jönköping School of Engineering. The aim with this report is to coordinate recycle drives for deposited aluminum-cans and bottles collected from grocery stores within Jönköping county and locality. In the present situation both aluminum cans and bottles filled with drinks are distributed to the grocery stores by the brewery’s own distributers. At the same time as they supply the drinks they also discharge the grocery stores units with restored aluminumcans and bottles. To make it easier for the grocery stores to handle the goods in the future, all distribution of drinks ought to be directly delivered to the grocery stores own separate central warehouse. This means every brewery ought to instead supply their drinks to the grocery stores central warehouse instead of taking them directly to the grocery stores. The drinks will then be distributed from the central warehouse to the grocery stores in connection with their orders of provisions. Due to hygienic reasons it is not possible that the deposited units are transported together with the provision.Therefore a kind of recycle drive needs to be organized. By using computer-aided route planning systems every transport are optimized, which means the transportation and labour costs will be reduced. At the same time the strain on the environment will also be a reduced. The company, DPS Europe, an international supplier of professional designed route planning systems. They have assisted with computer software and support during the study. The software PlanLogix build optimized drive routes based on different presumptions, restrictions and parameters which is based on information given by Returpack, responsible for the Swedish bottle refund system. A week’s work requires 19 shifts, three shifts on every work day and two shifts on the weekends. How many times the deposited units need to be collected varies between each grocery store. It differs from seven times a week to one time every forth week. This will lead to a four-week schedule with 76 routes. The total cost for the bottle refund system is 603 459 SEK/four weeks, and the filling degree on the vehicles will be approximately 50 percent. If a bottle refund system is to be implemented it needs to be profitable for the environment, meaning the positive effects need to exceed the negative effects, which the transports cause. To implement deposit drives, the units of aluminum-cans and bottles needs to be higher so the filling degree increases. A proposal to increase the filling degree could be to decrease the number of times each grocery store gets their deposits collected. This will increase the filling degree since at every occasion there will be more units to collect and at the same time decrease the transportation. / Rapporten är det avslutande momentet av utbildningen Industriell Organisation och Ekonomi med inriktning Logistik och Ledning vid Jönköpings Tekniska Högskola. Målet med examensarbetet är att planera och utforma rutter utifrån förutbestämda kriterier, för returkörningar av pantade PET-flaskor och aluminiumburkar från livsmedelsbutiker i Jönköpings län med omnejd. I dagsläget distribueras konsumtionsfärdig dryck i aluminiumburkar och PET-flaskor till butiker med bryggeriernas egna distributörer som i samband med leveransen tömmer butikernas lager av pantade enheter. Men för att underlätta godshanteringen hos handlarna ska i framtiden distributionen istället ske till livsmedelskedjornas olika centrallager och därifrån distribueras tillsammans med butikens beställning av livsmedel. På grund av hygieniska skäl kan butikens pantade enheter inte samköras medlivsmedel vilket kräver att någon form av returkörning samordnas. Genom att använda datorstödd ruttplanering optimeras transporterna vilket betyder att transportkostnader och arbetskostnader minimeras samtidigt som miljöpåverkan reduceras. Företaget DPS Europe är en internationell leverantör av professionella ruttplaneringssystem som bistått med programvara och support. Med hjälp av programmet PlanLogix, från DPS Europe, har optimala körrutter byggts upp utifrån olika förutsättningar, begränsningar och parametrar baserade på information från Returpack, som ansvarar för det svenska pantsystemet. Det krävs 19 arbetsskift i veckan, tre skift på vardagar och två skift på helger, för att samtliga butiker ska få sina lager av pantade enheter tömda. Hämtningsfrekvensen hos butikerna varierar från sju gånger i veckan till en gång var fjärde vecka, vilket resulterar i att ett fyraveckorsschema med totalt 76 rutter skapas. Totalkostnaden är 603 459 kronor/fyra veckor och den använda lastkapaciteten på fordonen är 50 procent. Om ett retursystem ska användas måste det vara miljölönsamt, det vill säga att de positiva effekterna med retursystemet måste vara fler än de negativa konsekvenserna som ökade transporter medför. För att det ska bli försvarbart och lönsamt att utföra returkörningar för PET-flaskor och aluminiumburkar krävs en högt utnyttjande av lastkapacitet. Ett förslag som ökar utnyttjandet av lastkapaciteten är att minska butikernas hämtningsfrekvens så att det vid varje hämtningstillfälle finns mer pantande enheter att hämta. På så sätt ökar den använda lastkapaciteten samtidigt som transportsträckan reduceras.

<p>This report is the final part within our education, Industrial Organization and Economy focusing on Logistics and Management at Jönköping School of Engineering. The aim with this report is to coordinate recycle drives for deposited aluminum-cans and bottles collected from grocery stores within Jönköping county and locality.</p><p>In the present situation both aluminum cans and bottles filled with drinks are distributed to the grocery stores by the brewery’s own distributers. At the same time as they supply the drinks they also discharge the grocery stores units with restored aluminumcans and bottles. To make it easier for the grocery stores to handle the goods in the future, all distribution of drinks ought to be directly delivered to the grocery stores own separate central warehouse. This means every brewery ought to instead supply their drinks to the grocery stores central warehouse instead of taking them directly to the grocery stores. The drinks will then be distributed from the central warehouse to the grocery stores in connection with their orders of provisions. Due to hygienic reasons it is not possible that the deposited units are transported together with the provision.Therefore a kind of recycle drive needs to be organized.</p><p>By using computer-aided route planning systems every transport are optimized, which means the transportation and labour costs will be reduced. At the same time the strain on the environment will also be a reduced. The company, DPS Europe, an international supplier of professional designed route planning systems. They have assisted with computer software and support during the study. The software PlanLogix build optimized drive routes based on different presumptions, restrictions and parameters which is based on information given by Returpack, responsible for the Swedish bottle refund system.</p><p>A week’s work requires 19 shifts, three shifts on every work day and two shifts on the weekends. How many times the deposited units need to be collected varies between each grocery store. It differs from seven times a week to one time every forth week. This will lead to a four-week schedule with 76 routes. The total cost for the bottle refund system is 603 459 SEK/four weeks, and the filling degree on the vehicles will be approximately 50 percent.</p><p>If a bottle refund system is to be implemented it needs to be profitable for the environment, meaning the positive effects need to exceed the negative effects, which the transports cause. To implement deposit drives, the units of aluminum-cans and bottles needs to be higher so the filling degree increases. A proposal to increase the filling degree could be to decrease the number of times each grocery store gets their deposits collected. This will increase the filling degree since at every occasion there will be more units to collect and at the same time decrease the transportation.</p> / <p>Rapporten är det avslutande momentet av utbildningen Industriell Organisation och Ekonomi med inriktning Logistik och Ledning vid Jönköpings Tekniska Högskola. Målet med examensarbetet är att planera och utforma rutter utifrån förutbestämda kriterier, för returkörningar av pantade PET-flaskor och aluminiumburkar från livsmedelsbutiker i Jönköpings län med omnejd.</p><p>I dagsläget distribueras konsumtionsfärdig dryck i aluminiumburkar och PET-flaskor till butiker med bryggeriernas egna distributörer som i samband med leveransen tömmer butikernas lager av pantade enheter. Men för att underlätta godshanteringen hos handlarna ska i framtiden distributionen istället ske till livsmedelskedjornas olika centrallager och därifrån distribueras tillsammans med butikens beställning av livsmedel. På grund av hygieniska skäl kan butikens pantade enheter inte samköras medlivsmedel vilket kräver att någon form av returkörning samordnas.</p><p>Genom att använda datorstödd ruttplanering optimeras transporterna vilket betyder att transportkostnader och arbetskostnader minimeras samtidigt som miljöpåverkan reduceras. Företaget DPS Europe är en internationell leverantör av professionella ruttplaneringssystem som bistått med programvara och support. Med hjälp av programmet PlanLogix, från DPS Europe, har optimala körrutter byggts upp utifrån olika förutsättningar, begränsningar och parametrar baserade på information från Returpack, som ansvarar för det svenska pantsystemet.</p><p>Det krävs 19 arbetsskift i veckan, tre skift på vardagar och två skift på helger, för att samtliga butiker ska få sina lager av pantade enheter tömda. Hämtningsfrekvensen hos butikerna varierar från sju gånger i veckan till en gång var fjärde vecka, vilket resulterar i att ett fyraveckorsschema med totalt 76 rutter skapas. Totalkostnaden är 603 459 kronor/fyra veckor och den använda lastkapaciteten på fordonen är 50 procent.</p><p>Om ett retursystem ska användas måste det vara miljölönsamt, det vill säga att de positiva effekterna med retursystemet måste vara fler än de negativa konsekvenserna som ökade transporter medför. För att det ska bli försvarbart och lönsamt att utföra returkörningar för PET-flaskor och aluminiumburkar krävs en högt utnyttjande av lastkapacitet. Ett förslag som ökar utnyttjandet av lastkapaciteten är att minska butikernas hämtningsfrekvens så att det vid varje hämtningstillfälle finns mer pantande enheter att hämta. På så sätt ökar den använda lastkapaciteten samtidigt som transportsträckan reduceras.</p>

L’évolution des vins lors de la conservation en bouteille est un processus lent et complexe où les obturateurs jouent un rôle fondamental, conséquence directe de leur perméabilité à l’oxygène mais aussi des interactions physico-chimiques avec les constituants du vin.Dans un premier temps nous avons étudié l’effet de la conservation en bouteille des vins de Sauvignon blanc après 24 mois d’embouteillage. Dans cette étude, la combinaison des conditions de mise en bouteille et des taux de transfert d'oxygène à travers les bouchons ont eu un effet significatif sur le développement du Sauvignon après l'embouteillage. Les vins fermés hermétiquement en bouteille « ampoule » ou avec des obturateurs à très faible taux de transfert d'oxygène comme les capsules à vis, présentent les plus fortes concentrations en dioxyde de soufre, en acide ascorbique, et en thiols variétaux, mais aussi des niveaux élevés de sulfure d’hydrogène (H2S), qui ont complètement masqué le fruité des vins, par rapport au caractère réduit dominant. Les plus fortes concentrations en 3-sulfanyl-hexanol (3SH) ont été trouvées pour les vins présents dans les bouteilles « ampoules » suivi des bouteilles scellées avec des bouchons à vis saran et des bouchons agglomérés. Les teneurs les plus faibles en 3SH ont été trouvées pour les bouteilles scellées avec des bouchons synthétiques (Nomacorc classic). Le développement du vin à partir de deux mois semble être plutôt lié aux propriétés de perméabilité des différents obturateurs utilisés.Dans un deuxième temps nous avons voulu étudier l’incidence de sept types d’obturateurs (bouchon en liège : naturel, naturel colmaté, microaggloméré, ciré, bouchons synthétiques, capsules à vis : saran et saranex) sur des marqueurs chimiques d’oxydation et de réduction, sur les teneurs en oxygène du vin, ainsi que sur la composition phénolique et aromatique des vins issus de cinq cépages (Merlot, Cabernet Sauvignon, Syrah, Sauvignon blanc et Riesling). Nous avons vérifié que la concentration d’oxygène dans l’espace de tête après embouteillage varie selon le type d’obturateurs, celle-ci peut être jusqu’à trois fois plus importante dans le cas des capsules à vis. Les teneurs en oxygène apportées lors de la mise en bouteille pourraient être responsables de l’absence de discriminations des paramètres chimiques entre les différentes modalités d’obturateurs, après 24 mois de conservation en bouteille. Nous avons mis en évidence une évolution de la composition des vins, avec une diminution importante des concentrations de certains composés (certaines anthocyanes telles que la malvidine et la cyanidine-3-O-glucoside ont diminuées de 60%, des flavanols monomères et dimères présentent des diminutions de l’ordre de 20%) pour les cépages rouges et une augmentation pour d’autres composés, comme l’H2S ou la 3-méthyl-2,4-nonanedione (MND, augmentation de 10%) ou le 1,1,6-triméthyl-1,2-dihydronaphtalène (TDN), dans le cas du Riesling; il est intéressant de remarquer que l’évolution de ce dernier semble être dépendante du type de bouchon, alors que les taux d’autres composés comme le sulfure de diméthyl (DMS) ne semblent pas être affectés par l’obturateur.L’étude des interactions entre les différents obturateurs et les composés soufrés du vin, tel que le sulfure d’hydrogène, responsables des odeurs désagréables couramment appelés « odeurs de réduction » a été réalisée. Nous constatons pour la première fois l’existence d’une sorption/ « scalping » de 75% d’ H2S ou de DMS en solution, après 25 jours de macération par les bouchons en liège. Nous montrons que certains des obturateurs étudiés peuvent sorber/scalper ces molécules, en milieu modèle hydroalcoolique, ouvrant ainsi les portes à des futures expérimentations portant sur l’obturateur en tant que constituant actif d’un emballage jouant un rôle dans la composition, l’évolution et la perception sensorielle du vin. / Wine post-bottling evolution is a slow and complex process where the closures play a fundamental role as a consequence of their permeability to oxygen and of physicochemical interactions with the constituents of wine.Initially we studied the effect of conservation in bottle of Sauvignon Blanc wines after 24 months of bottling. In this study, the combination of the bottling conditions and rates of oxygen transfer through closures have had a significant effect on the development of Sauvignon after bottling. Wine stored in an airtight bottle or under closures allowing very low oxygen transfer, such as screw caps, had the highest concentrations of sulfur dioxide, ascorbic acid, and varietal thiols; these wines also had the highest levels of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) with dominant reduced off-flavours masking their fruity character. The highest concentrations of 3-sulfanyl-hexanol (3SH) were found in wines contained in the airtight bottles followed by those sealed with screw caps saran and agglomerated corks. The lowest levels were found in bottles sealed with synthetic corks (Nomacorc classic). The development of wine after two months seems to be related to the permeability properties of the different plugs used.Secondly, we studied the impact of seven types of closures (natural cork, colmated cork, microagglomerated cork, natural cork with wax, synthetic, screw caps: saran and saranex) on oxidation and reduction chemical markers, on oxygen contents, as well as phenolic and aromatic composition of wines from five grape varieties (Merlot, Cabernet Sauvignon, Shiraz, Sauvignon Blanc and Riesling). We observed that the oxygen concentration in the headspace after bottling varies with the type of closure, being up to three times higher in the case of screw caps. The oxygen introduced during bottling may be responsible for the lack of overall discrimination between chemical parameters of the different modalities of closures after 24 months of storage. We have demonstrated a change in the composition of wines, with a significant decrease in concentrations of certain compounds (anthocyanins like malvidin and cyanidin-3-O-glucoside were reduced by 60%, flavanol monomers and dimers decreased about 20%) for red grape varieties and an increase of other compounds such as H2S or 3-methyl-2,4-nonanedione (MND), with an increase of 10% or 1,1,6-trimethyl-1,2-dihydronaphthalene (TDN), in the case of Riesling. The evolution of the latter appears to be dependent on the type of closure, while rates of other compounds such as dimethyl sulfide (DMS) remain unaffected.The interactions between different closures and sulfur compounds, such as hydrogen sulfide, responsible for the “reduction” off-flavours in wine were studied. We see for the first time the existence of a sorption/scalping, by cork stoppers, of 75% of H2S or DMS in solution, after 25 days of maceration. We show that some of the closures studied can sorb/scalp these molecules in wine-like media. This may have an impact on the composition, the development and sensory perception of wine, opening the door to future experiments regarding closures as active packaging constituents

Department of Nutrition / MSCPNT