501 |
Organisational boundaries and determinants of behaviour in organisations : a situational analysis : a conceptual and empirical inquiry into the determinants of behaviour of organisational members having direct contact with an organisation's exterior, emphasising the perception of situations which occur in work routinesButcher, David Julian January 1982 (has links)
This study is concerned with furthering an understanding of the behaviour of organisational boundary personnel, or more exactly, with how boundaries act as psychological environments. The study has two complementary aims: to describe the psychological environment encountered by boundary personnel and to offer a theoretical model of the organisation as a psychological environment, the latter being a prerequisite of the former. It is held that a social psychological perspective is needed which can deal adequately with organisations as antecedent conditions of behaviour, and that situational analysis offers a useful social psychological framework for this purpose. The empirical investigation is an initial descriptive study of the psychological environment encountered by boundary personnel. It is argued that initial descriptive studies are necessary when dealing with largely unstudied phenomena, and that this stage in the scientific process has often been undervalued by social psychologists. A diary analysis followed by interviews were used to elicit a range of situations encountered by boundary personnel having direct and frequent contact with customers and clients. Four organisations were studied, each having a different primary task. A self-completion questionnaire was administered to elicit judgemental data, using the situations as stimuli. Multidimensional scaling was applied to analyse the data, treated as four sub-sets. This yielded the dimensions underlying each data set and the representation of situations according to these dimensions in each case. The results suggest that three common dimensions (formality, anxiety and socio-emotionality) underlie the cognitive representations of boundary personnel, and that the psychological environment encountered is complex. A taxonomy of situations is constructed and several important hypotheses relating to the psychological environment of boundary personnel formulated. Implications for future research are discussed.
|
502 |
The sovereignty of islands: a contemporary methodology for the determination of rights over natural maritime resourcesKatter, Dominic Henley January 2003 (has links)
ABSTRACT " Once it was said that the law followed the flag. Now, international law is everywhere. Its influence increases. " Sovereignty is no longer an intra-national concept within International Law. It now involves a greater consideration of issues concerning the global community. This thesis develops a practical methodology for the determination of sovereignty over maritime natural resources. Customary international law regarding the use of resources within the maritime zones of islands on the high seas is rapidly developing. Traditional tests, such as the discovery and occupation of islands, are no longer the primary focus of the determination of sovereignty. The methodology expressed in this thesis is an application and adaptation of the current state of the international laws regarding islands within the high seas. This argument has its foundation in the new international treaties, recent decisions of the International Court of Justice, the Permanent Court of Arbitration and the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea. It unifies the latest determinations and theoretical legal perspectives of these bodies to produce a single methodology. This work provides an original and substantial contribution to the knowledge and understanding of sovereignty issues within International Law. The Chapters of this thesis and their sub-headings progressively illuminate the individual elements of a distinctive formula for determining the sovereignty of islands within the high seas. The Chapters form a template for this methodology, which is applied to the Falkland Islands. Thus, each chapter is a step towards the determination of sovereignty. This modus operandi can be applied to new disputes in this realm, such as those filed with the International Court of Justice. Since 1982, the definitive ownership of the Falkland Islands proper has been determined, if not by International Law, then by warfare. However, conflict over the use of natural resources in the maritime zones continues.
|
503 |
Mathematical and physical modelling of crack growth near free boundaries in compressionPant, Sudeep Raj January 2005 (has links)
[Truncated abstract] The fracture of brittle materials in uniaxial compression is a complex process with the development of cracks generated from initial defects. The fracture mechanism and pattern of crack growth can be altered considerably by the presence of a free surface. In proximity of a free surface, initially stable cracks that require an increase in the load to maintain the crack growth can become unstable such that the crack growth maintains itself without requiring further increase in the load. This leads to a sudden relief of accumulated energy and, in some cases, to catastrophic failures. In the cases of rock and rock mass fracturing, this mechanism manifests itself as skin rockbursts and borehole breakouts or as various non-catastrophic forms of failure, e.g. spalling. Hence, the study of crack-boundary interaction is important in further understanding of such failures especially for the purpose of applications to resource engineering. Two major factors control the effect of the free boundary: the distance from the crack and the boundary shape. Both these factors as well as the effect of the initial defect and the material structure are investigated in this thesis. Three types of boundary shapes - rectilinear, convex and concave - are considered. Two types of initial defects - a circular pore and inclined shear cracks are investigated in homogeneous casting resin, microheterogeneous cement mixes and specially fabricated granulate material. The preexisting defects are artificially introduced in the physical model by the method of inclusion and are found to successfully replicate the feature of pre-existing defects in terms of load-deformation response to the applied external load. It is observed that the possibility of crack growth and the onset of unstable crack growth are affected by the type of initial defect, inclination of the initial crack, the boundary shape and the location of the initial defect with respect to the boundary. The initial defects are located at either the centre or edge of the sample. The stresses required for the wing crack initiation and the onset of unstable crack growth is highest for the initial cracks inclined at 35° to the compression axis, lowest at 45° and subsequently increases towards 60° for all the boundary shapes and crack locations. In the case of convex boundary, the stress of wing crack initiation and the stress of unstable crack growth are lower than for the case of rectilinear and concave boundary for all the crack inclinations and crack locations. The crack growth from a pre-existing crack in a sample with concave boundary is stable, requiring stress increase for each increment of crack growth. The stress of unstable crack growth for the crack situated at the edge of the boundary is lower than the crack located at the centre of the sample for all the crack inclinations and boundary shapes.
|
504 |
A spatial approach to edge effect modelling for plantation forestryWise, Andre 12 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MScFor)--Stellenbosch University, 2013. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: One of the major objectives in plantation
forestry is to
achieve
a
high
level
of
homogeneity
of
distribution
and
dimension
of
trees
within
the
stand.
Precise
planting
geometries,
intensive
silviculture
and
genetic
selection
are
used
to
achieve
this
homogeneity.
However,
a
natural
variability
is
still
introduced
by
micro-‐site
conditions
and
disturbances.
A
substantial
source
of
variation
is
caused
by
edge
effects
of
neighbouring
stands
or
other
land
use
forms.
The
edge
effect
causes
trees
at
the
stand
edge
to
develop
differently
from
trees
in
the
interior
of
the
stand.
The
overarching
objective
of
this
study
is
to
simulate
the
edge
effect
based
on
average
stand
interior
variables
as
typically
received
from
an
enumeration
and
spatial
information
on
the
current
and
historic
stand
neighbourhood.
With
re-‐introducing
this
natural
variance
as
well
as
its
spatial
pattern,
we
expect
to
derive
improved
planning
information.
A
major
aim
is
thus
separating
the
effect
of
the
edge
interaction
from
the
other
factors
contributing
to
stand
variance
and
quantifying
the
result
in
terms
of
stand
output.
A
methodology
is
introduced
for
quantifying
interaction
at
stand
edges
between
a
given
stand
and
its
neighbouring
stands
over
its
lifetime.
Transferring
the
edge
interaction
value
from
the
edges
to
all
the
trees
within
the
stand
is
then
done
by
applying
inverse
distance
weighting
interpolation
from
the
edges
to
the
tree
position
within
the
stand.
Once
an
edge
interaction
value
has
been
calculated
for
each
point,
the
extent
of
the
edge
effect
is
quantified.
The
spatial
extent
of
the
edge
effect
is
derived
empirically
from
an
existing
fully
spatially
mapped
stand
by
means
of
breakpoint
regression.
The
expected
variance
as
a
result
of
edge
influence
is
then
quantified
by
producing
a
set
of
models,
which
can
reproduce
the
effect
of
the
edge
interaction
on
tree
height,
diameter
and
volume.
The
edge
effect
is
treated
as
a
dynamic
interaction
for
which
the
temporal
aspect
needs
to
be
considered,
because
the
current
spatial
structure
of
a
stand
is
influenced
by
its
current
neighbourhood,
but
also
by
the
historic
development
of
the
neighbourhood
in
relation
to
the
stand
in
question.
Each
stand
therefore
undergoes
an
edge
effect
which
is
completely
unique
to
that
stand,
within
a
given
time
period.
For
this
reason
the
presented
methodology
is
a
spatial-‐temporal
one,
aimed
at
providing
a
way
in
which
growth
and
yield
forest
modelling
can
be
augmented
by
the
inclusion
of
the
edge
effect
in
a
practical
way.
To
explicitly
quantify
edge
effects,
the
natural
variance
had
to
be
separated
into
a
component
explained
by
edge
effect
and
a
second
component
introduced
by
other
factors
such
as
micro
site
conditions
and
disturbance.
The
second
component
is
treated
as
an
unexplained
residual
variance.
In
order
to
provide
a
realistic
simulation
of
a
stand
output
at
a
finer,
tree
level,
this
second
stand
variance
needs
nonetheless
to
be
quantified.
The
variance
attributable
to
factors
other
than
the
edge
effect
is
mimicked
by
generating
a
random
number
by
means
of
a
parameterised
stochastic
process
based
on
the
variance
of
the
inner
stand
region,
which
is
beyond
the
reach
of
the
edge
effect.
In
this
way,
a
realistic
spatial
pattern
of
a
plantation
forest
stand,
taking
into
account
the
edge
effect
and
combining
it
with
the
natural
stand
variance
is
achieved.
This
study,
within
the
field
of
plantation
forest
management,
aspires
to
land
use
optimization
both
in
terms
of
productive
capacity
estimation
and
for
the
provision
of
information
for
effective
land
use
management
planning.
It
makes
use
of
open
source
software
resources
namely
the
R
framework
and
QGIS
and
explores
aerial
stereophotogrammetry
as
an
option
for
data
collection. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Een
van
die
hoofdoelwitte
in
plantasie
bosbou
praktyk
is
hoё
vlakke
van
homogeniteit
met
betrekking
tot
die
verspreiding
en
die
dimensies
van
die
bome
in
die
plantasie
opstand.
Simetriese
aanplantings,
intensiewe
bosboupraktyk
en
genetiese
seleksie
word
gebruik
om
hierdie
homogeniteit
te
verkry.
Natuurlike
verskille
word
egter
nog
steeds
gevind
as
gevolg
van
groeiplek
mikro
toestande
en
ander
versteurings
in
die
opstand.
Een
van
die
hoofbronne
van
hierdie
variasie
is
die
randeffekte
van
buurplantasies
en
ander
gebruike
van
grond.
Hierdie
randeffekte
veroorsaak
dat
bome
aan
die
rand
van
die
opstand
anders
ontwikkel
as
die
bome
binne
in
die
opstand.
Die
oorhoofse
doelwit
met
hierdie
navorsing
is
om
die
randeffekte
te
simuleer.
Hierdie
randeffekte
is
gegrond
op
die
gemiddelde
binneopstand
boom
veranderlikes
soos
afgelei
uit
die
opmeting
en
uit
ruimtelike
inligting
oor
die
huidige
en
geskiedkundige
toestande
in
die
omgewing.
As
hierdie
natuurlike
variasies
asook
die
ruimtelike
patrone
weer
in
berekening
gebring
word,
verwag
ons
om
beter
beplanningsinligting
te
bekom.
’n
Belangrike
doelwit
tydens
hierdie
navorsing
is
dus
om
die
effek
van
die
rand-‐interaksie
te
skei
van
die
effek
van
ander
faktore
wat
bydra
tot
variasies
binne-‐in
die
opstand
en
om
die
resultaat
in
terme
van
plantasie
produksie
te
kwantifiseer.
’n
Metodiek
word
voorgestel
vir
die
kwantifisering
van
die
interaksie
op
die
rande
tussen
die
opstand
en
die
buuropstande
tydens
die
leeftyd
van
die
opstand.
Die
oorplasing
van
die
rand
interaksie
waarde
van
die
rand
af
na
al
die
bome
in
die
plantasie
word
dan
gedoen
deur
om
geweegde
inverse
afstand
interpolasie
vanaf
die
rand
tot
by
die
ligging
van
die
boom,
toe
te
pas.
As
die
rand
interaksie
waarde
vir
elke
punt
bereken
is,
kan
die
omvang
van
die
randeffek
gekwantifiseer
word.
Die
ruimtelike
omvang
van
die
rand
effek
is,
met
die
gebruik
van
breekpunt
regressie,
empiries
afgelei
van
’n
bestaande
ten
volle
karteerde
plantasie.
Die
verwagte
variasie
as
gevolg
van
die
randeffek
word
dan
met
die
gebruik
van
’n
stel
modelle
gekwantifiseer,
wat
dan
die
effek
van
die
rand
interaksie
op
boomhoogte,
deursnit
en
volume
kan
weergee.
Die
randeffek
word
as
’n
dinamiese
interaksie
beskou
waarvan
die
tydsaspek
in
ag
geneem
moet
word,
want
die
huidige
ruimtelike
struktuur
van
die
plantasie
word
beïnvloed
deur
die
huidige
omgewing
asook
deur
die
historiese
ontwikkeling
van
die
omgewing
met
betrekking
tot
die
opstand
onder
bespreking.
Elke
opstand
ondergaan
’n
randeffek
wat
uniek
is
aan
daardie
plantasie
op
die
gegewe
tydstip.
Die
doelwit
is
om
’n
wyse
te
vind
waarvolgens
groei-‐en-‐opbrengs
plantasie
modellering
deur
die
insluiting
van
randeffek
op
’n
praktiese
wyse,
aangevul
kan
word.
Om
hierdie
rede
is
die
aanbevole
metodiek
ruimtelik-‐tydelik
en
gerig
daarop
om
’n
wyse
te
vind
waarvolgens
groei-‐en-‐opbrengs
modellering
deur
die
insluiting
van
die
randeffek,
op
’n
praktiese
wyse
aangevul
kan
word.
Om
randeffek
eksplisiet
te
kwantifiseer,
moes
die
natuurlike
afwyking
gedeel
word
in
die
komponent
wat
die
gevolg
is
van
die
randeffek,
en
’n
tweede
komponent
wat
die
gevolg
is
van
ander
faktore
soos
mikroligging
toestande
en
versteurings.
Die
tweede
komponent
word
behandel
as
’n
onverklaarde
oorblywende
afwyking.
Hierdie
tweede
plantasie
afwyking
moet
nogtans
kwantifiseer
word
om
sodoende
’n
realistiese
simulasie
van
plantasie
opbrengs
op
’n
fyner
boom
vlak
te
verkry.
Die
afwyking
wat
toegeskryf
kan
word
aan
faktore
buiten
die
randeffek,
word
nageboots
deur
om
’n
lukrake
nommer
(wat
gebaseer
word
op
die
afwyking
van
die
binne-‐plantasie
gebied
wat
buite
die
strekwydte
van
die
randeffek
is)
deur
middel
van
‘n
geparameteriseerde
stogastiese
proses
te
genereer.
Sodoende
word
’n
realistiese
ruimtelike
patroon
van
’n
plantasie
opstand
verkry,
wat
die
randeffek
in
ag
neem
en
dit
kombineer
met
die
natuurlike
plantasie
afwyking.
|
505 |
Lines across the land : a biography of the linear earthwork landscapes of the later Prehistoric Yorkshire WoldsFioccoprile, Emily Ann January 2015 (has links)
During the first millennium BC, the people of the chalk landscapes of the Yorkshire Wolds began carving up their world with monumental linear earthworks. This project explores the meanings of the later prehistoric boundary systems of the Yorkshire Wolds. It writes a biography of the linear earthwork landscapes of the north-central Wolds, using geographic information systems (GIS), original fieldwork and theories of agency and memory. Tracing the construction, use and modification of particular linear earthworks, it examines how these monuments would have related to other features in the landscape, and how they could have exercised agency within networks of interconnected people, animals, objects and other places. Finally, the project attempts to situate these boundary systems within the larger context of Late Bronze Age and Iron Age society in order to understand how the later prehistoric people of East Yorkshire would have experienced their world. Taking a biographical approach to landscape and allowing linear earthworks to become the protagonists of this narrative, the project charts the life histories of the earthworks at Wetwang-Garton Slack and Huggate Dykes and investigates the collective authorship of the wider landscape. To understand the rural, monumental landscapes of the Wolds, we must consider the agency of not only people, but also of animals and of monuments themselves. By focussing on the relationships which bound together linear earthworks and other agents, we can begin to understand the ways in which monumentalised landscapes both reflected and generated the cosmologies of prehistoric communities.
|
506 |
Epitaxie en phase vapeur aux organométalliques et caractérisation de semi-conducteur III-As sur substrat silicium dans une plateforme microélectronique / Metalorganic vapour phase epitaxy and characterization of III-As semiconductors on silicon substrate in a microelectronic platformCipro, Romain 29 June 2016 (has links)
Les dispositifs microélectroniques réalisés en technologie silicium possèdent des limitations intrinsèques liées à ce matériau et ses dérivés (Si, SiO2, SiGe…). Une des solutions pour proposer à l’avenir des performances accrues passe par l’introduction de nouveaux matériaux en technologie silicium. De bons candidats pour le remplacement du silicium en tant que canal de conduction sont les semi-conducteurs III-V à base d’arséniures (III-As) pour bénéficier de leurs propriétés de transport électronique exceptionnelles. Cependant, en préliminaire à la réalisation de tels dispositifs, il faut obtenir des couches de III-As de bonne qualité cristalline sur des substrats de silicium. Ces deux matériaux montrent en effet des différences de propriétés que l’on se propose de surmonter au cours de ces travaux par des stratégies de croissance cristalline.Ces travaux de thèse portent sur l’étude en détail des croissances de couches de matériaux GaAs et InGaAs, sur des substrats de silicium de 300 mm de diamètres et par épitaxie en phase vapeur aux organométalliques. Dans un premier temps, des efforts seront menés afin d’éliminer un des défauts cristallins les plus rédhibitoires pour l’utilisation de ces matériaux, à savoir les parois d’antiphase. Puis, la réalisation d’hétérostructures quantiques III-As permettra, via des analyses d’émissions optiques (photo- et cathodoluminescence), de rendre compte de la qualité globale ainsi que locale des couches ainsi épitaxiées. Enfin, des croissances localisées dans des motifs décananométriques préalablement réalisés sur les substrats de silicium seront conduites dans le but de comprendre les mécanismes de réduction des défauts pour ces géométries. / The microelectronic devices designed in the silicon technology field are intrinsically limited due to the nature of this material and its derivatives (Si, SiO2, SiGe…). One of the solutions to further reach enhanced performances lies in the introduction of new materials within silicon technology. Good candidates for silicon replacement as a conduction channel are the arsenide-based III-V semiconductors (III-As), in order to benefit from their outstanding electronic transfer properties. However, as a preliminary for the achievement of such devices, III-As films with good crystalline quality have to be obtained on silicon substrates. Indeed, those two materials display properties differences this work intends to overcome by following crystalline growth strategies.This PhD work deeply study the growth of GaAs and InGaAs films on 300 mm-diameter silicon substrates by metalorganic vapour phase epitaxy. In the first instance, efforts will be put on the elimination of one of the crystalline defects being the most prohibitive for the use of such materials: antiphase boundaries. Then, the achievement of III-As quantum heterostructures will enable, by optical emission analysis (photo- and cathodoluminescence), to reflect the global and local quality of the resultant epitaxial films. Finally, localised growth, in decananometric designs, preliminary performed on silicon substrates, will be carried out, with the aim of understanding the defects reduction mechanisms for those geometries.
|
507 |
The systems psycho-dynamic manifestations in a self-managing corporate groupHammond, Valerie Jean 30 June 2003 (has links)
This research explored the systems psycho-dynamics or group dynamics manifesting in meetings of a self-managed group within a bank. It also investigated the influence of these dynamics on the group's intra- and intergroup relationships..
The literature review explored the dynamics manifesting in groups in general, and reviewed relevant research that has been conducted. A qualitative study explored how these dynamics are manifesting in this group and how they are influencing the intra- and intergroup relationships.
The results indicate that there are complex system psycho-dynamics manifesting in this self-managed group. They are influencing its intra- and intergroup relationships and rendering the group less effective in terms of its achieving its primary task. / Industrial and Organisational Psychology / MA (Industrial and Organisational Psychology)
|
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Marketing de relacionamento e cultura organizacional : uma perspectiva interorganizacionalLarentis, Fabiano January 2010 (has links)
Relacionamentos interorganizacionais são complexos e multifacetados, por sua natureza não apenas econômica, mas social e cultural. Por sua vez, estratégias de Marketing de Relacionamento não apenas possibilitam vantagens competitivas sustentáveis, mas podem interferir nos sistemas de símbolos e significados de organizações diferentes, através da frequência e qualidade das interações e pela existência de confiança, comprometimento, cooperação e aprendizados comuns. Considerando os fundamentos e práticas do Marketing de Relacionamento, o Marketing como área de fronteira dentro das organizações e as características e processos atinentes à Cultura Organizacional, este estudo teve como propósito analisar a contribuição dos relacionamentos interorganizacionais, especificamente entre fornecedores e clientes, nas suas transformações culturais organizacionais. Assim, tendo uma revisão literária na qual se abordaram a Cultura Organizacional, o Marketing de Relacionamento e as fronteiras organizacionais, foi efetuado um estudo qualitativo de casos múltiplos. Participaram da pesquisa funcionários e intermediários de canais de marketing de uma empresa moveleira (intitulada Empresa M) e de uma empresa de prestação de serviços financeiros (intitulada Empresa S). Foram realizadas quarenta e seis entrevistas em profundidade e uma observação, em quatro fases de pesquisa: a primeira e a terceira fases na Empresa M (vinte e seis entrevistas e uma observação), e a segunda e quarta na Empresa S (vinte entrevistas). A análise de dados utilizada foi a baseada na grounded theory. Os resultados indicam a importância da confiança, do comprometimento, da cooperação e dos processos de aprendizagem nas transformações das culturas organizacionais envolvidas; a importância destas dimensões na continuidade dos relacionamentos e na redução dos conflitos de papel dos interfaceadores; o papel da rotatividade e dos símbolos e significados não compartilhados em enfraquecer essas dimensões e respectivas relações. Por fim, evidenciam a existência de uma cultura interorganizacional, um sistema de símbolos e significados partilhados, por grupos ou indivíduos de organizações diferentes, de forma transitória ou específica a determinadas questões (perspectiva cultural da fragmentação). / Interorganizational relationships are complex and multifaceted, by its nature not only economic but social and cultural. In turn, Relationship Marketing strategies not only allow sustainable competitive advantages, but can influence the systems of symbols and meanings of different organizations, through the frequency and quality of interactions and the existence of trust, commitment, cooperation and learning processes. Considering the fundamental practices of Relationship Marketing, the boundary characteristics of Marketing in organizations and the characteristics and processes related to organizational culture, this study aimed to analyze the contribution of interorganizational relationships, specifically suppliers and customers, to the changes in organizational cultures. Therefore, considering a literature review in which was addressed Organizational Culture, Relationship Marketing and organizational boundaries, it was made a qualitative multiple-case study. The participants were employees and marketing channels intermediaries of a furniture company (called Company M) and a financial services company (called Company S). Forty-six in-depth interviews and one observation were made, at four phases of research, the first and third phases in Company M, with twenty-six interviews and the observation, and the second and fourth in the Company S, with twenty interviews. The data analysis used was based on grounded theory. The results indicate the importance of trust, commitment, cooperation and learning processes in the changes of organizational cultures considered, the importance of these dimensions in the relationships continuity and boundary spanners’ role conflicts reduction and the role of turnover unshared symbols and meanings in weakening these dimensions and their relations. Finally, demonstrate the existence of interorganizational culture, a system of symbols and meanings shared by groups or individuals from different organizations, on a temporary way or specific to certain issues (culture perspective of fragmentation).
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Vývoj farní sítě v kontextu dějin osídlení / The development of parish network in the context of the history settlementGája, Robert January 2016 (has links)
Dissertation deals with the example of several areas of model development and reconstruction parochial parish boundaries in the Middle Ages. The research is based on medieval sources and retrospective projection of early modern sources. From the area archdeaconry Kouřimský selected two model areas on the territory of colonization was largely up during the Middle Ages colonization in the 13th century. This is an area of medieval deanery Havlíčkobrodský and territories Černokostelecko. For these areas were used except few medieval sources, particularly sources of the 17th and 18th centuries. As the last model was selected area Prague's Old Town, where you can watch unlike the previous two model areas dense network of church and its development since the early Middle Ages. The main reason for choosing Old Town is unusually rich source base, which may be used for the reconstruction of the parish network use to bridge basic source hiatus, with which science is usually encountered in the pre-season in attempts to reconstruct the parish boundaries in an area in the surface scale. An important contribution represents a completely new methodological approach to the reconstruction of parish boundaries combining parish registers and parish jurisdiction of individual individual houses. The result is...
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Hydrogen absorption property of nanocrystalline-magnesium filmsUchida, Helmut Takahiro 27 November 2015 (has links)
No description available.
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