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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
261

Isotropic damage phenomena in saturated porous media: a bem formulation / Dano isotrópico em meios porosos saturados: uma formulação do método dos elementos de contorno

Eduardo Toledo de Lima Junior 11 January 2011 (has links)
This work is devoted to the numerical analysis of saturated porous media, taking into account the damage phenomenon on the solid skeleton. The porous media is taken into poroelastic framework, in full-saturated condition, based on the Biot\'s Theory. A scalar damage model is assumed for this analysis. An implicit Boundary Element Method (BEM) formulation, based on time-independent fundamental solutions, is developed and implemented to couple the fluid flow and the elasto-damage problems. The integration over boundary elements is evaluated by using a numerical Gauss procedure. A semi-analytical scheme for the case of triangular domain cells is followed to carry out the relevant domain integrals. The non-linear system is solved by a Newton-Raphson procedure. Numerical examples are presented, in order to validate the implemented formulation and to illustrate its efficiency. / Este trabalho trata da análise numérica de meios porosos saturados, considerando danificação na matriz sólida. O meio poroso é admitido em regime poroelástico, em condição saturada, com base na teoria de Biot. Um modelo de dano escalar é empregado nesta análise. Uma formulação implícita do Método dos Elementos de Contorno (MEC), baseada em soluções fundamentais independentes do tempo, é desenvolvida e implementada de forma a acoplar os problemas de difusão de fluido e de elasto-dano. A integração sobre os elementos de contorno é feita através da quadratura de Gauss. Um esquema semi-analítico é aplicado sobre células triangulares para avaliar as integrais de domínio do problema. A solução do sistema não linear é obtida através de um procedimento do tipo Newton-Raphson. Apresentam-se exemplos numéricos a fim de validar a formulação implementada e demonstrar sua eficiência.
262

Análise de propagação arbitrária de descontinuidades fortes em sólidos bidimensionais pelo método dos elementos de contorno / Analysis of arbitrary propagation of strong discontinuities in bidimensional solids using the boundary elements method

Rafael Antonio Amaral Pedrini 18 April 2008 (has links)
O trabalho tem como objetivo trazer contribuições à simulação numérica pelo método dos elementos de contorno (MEC) de formação e propagação de descontinuidades no campo de deslocamentos (descontinuidades fortes) em sólidos bidimensionais. A formação de descontinuidades fortes caracteriza o processo de falha material, que pode estar associado ao fraturamento em materiais quase frágeis ou a superfícies de deslizamentos de materiais dúcteis. Apresenta-se uma formulação do MEC baseada na incorporação de interfaces de descontinuidade no interior de células internas, que possibilita propagação arbitrária de descontinuidades usando uma malha de células internas fixa, definida antes da análise. Comparam-se diferentes alternativas provenientes do relaxamento dos requisitos de consistência estática e analisa-se a influência do alinhamento da malha. Apresenta-se também um possível esquema de construção adaptativa de células internas com interface incorporada para capturar a trajetória arbitrária da descontinuidade que se propaga durante o processo de carregamento. Este esquema visa aumentar a robustez e reduzir o esforço computacional. As características geométricas das células internas geradas são estabelecidas em função da orientação da descontinuidade fornecida pelo critério de falha, de maneira a proporcionar melhor eficiência numérica. Os estudos são levados a cabo através da simulação numérica de testes experimentais colhidos da literatura. / This work has the objective of bringing contributions to the numeric simulation using the boundary elements method (BEM) to model the initiation and propagation of strong discontinuities in the displacement field in bidimensional solids. The initiation process of strong discontinuities characterizes the failure process of material, which can be associated with the fracture of quasi-brittle materials and slip lines in ductile materials such as metals. The effect of the displacement jump of a discontinuity interface embedded in an internal cell is provided by an equivalent strain field over the cell. This model allows the study of arbitrary crack growth using a fixed mesh defined before the analysis. The dissipative process in the cell interface is described by an isotropic damage model in the continuum approach of strong discontinues. Alternatives that come from relaxing the static consistencies and the influence of the mesh alignment are analyzed. An adaptative algorithm for internal cells creation is also presented to capture the path of the crack growth during the loading process. This algorithm intends to overcome some convergence problems found in models with predefined meshes and also to reduce the computational efforts. The geometric characteristics of the generated internal cells are defined using the crack orientation, given by the failure criterion, to provide a better numerical efficiency. The results obtained with the proposed formulation are compared with the ones obtained with other numerical methods and also from experiments.
263

Acoplamento MEC-MEF para análise de pórtico linear sobre base elástica / Coupling BEM/FEM to linear frames analysis on elastic foundation

Reis, Luiz Antonio, 1975- 25 August 2018 (has links)
Orientador: Leandro Palermo Junior / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Civil, Arquitetura e Urbanismo / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-25T11:44:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Reis_LuizAntonio_M.pdf: 3239468 bytes, checksum: 6e32be621db949f69c865def857a4bc9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: O presente trabalho está divido em quatro partes. Na primeira parte, utilizando o método dos elementos de contorno (MEC), se fez a análise de problemas bidimensionais com aproximação linear. Foi considerada a possibilidade de se aplicar a técnica de sub-regiões para se levar em conta a diversidade de materiais, bem como a suavização do contorno por mínimos quadrados para evitar a possíveis perturbações. Foi considerado a possibilidade de colocação de uma linha de carga no domínio. Na segunda parte, utilizando o método dos elementos finitos (MEF), se fez a análise linear de pórticos planos. Para este estudo foram utilizadas barras com dois nós e esses com três graus de liberdade. Na terceira parte, a análise elástica linear de meios contínuos (Estado Plano de Tensão Generalizado) enrijecidos com elementos lineares (barras) é estudada fazendo-se um acoplamento entre elementos modelados com o MEC e com o MEF. As fibras são modeladas pelo MEF com elementos lineares de três graus de liberdade por nó e quatro nós por barra. Os elementos planos são modelados pelo MEC com elementos isoparamétricos lineares no perímetro. É permitido o uso de sub-regiões com objetivo de generalizar o tratamento do meio elástico. Na quarta parte, utilizando o acoplamento MEF/MEF, se fez a análise linear de pórticos planos sobre base elástica. O acoplamento se dá entre as barras do pórtico e as barras introduzidas como enriquecedor no problema elástico bidimensional. Tendo em conta estes aspectos da formulação desenvolvida, alguns exemplos são apresentados para avaliação de seu desempenho nos problemas de engenharia / Abstract: This paper is divided into four parts . In the first part , using the boundary element method (BEM) , we did the analysis of two-dimensional problems with linear approximation . We considered the possibility of applying the technique of sub - regions to take into account different materials, as well as smoothing the contour by least squares to avoid possible disturbances . We considered the possibility of placing a load line in the field. In the second part, the linear analysis for plane frames was carried out with the finite element method (FEM). Bars with two nodes and three degrees of freedom were used in this study . In the third part, the linear elastic analysis of continuous media (Generalized Plane Stress problems) stiffened with one-dimensional elements (bars) is studied through between elements of the BEM and the FEM. The fibers are modeled by FEM with three degrees of freedom linear elements and using four-nodes. The plane domain is modeled with the BEM and using isoparametric elements. The use of sub - regions in order to generalize the treatment of the elastic medium is allowed. In the fourth part , using the FEM / FEM coupling , a linear analysis of plane frames on elastic foundation is carried out. Some examples are presented to evaluate the formulation behavior engineering problems / Mestrado / Estruturas / Mestre em Engenharia Civil
264

Propriétés de transfert d'un contact métallique : application à l'étanchéité interne de robinetterie industrielle / Transfer properties of a metal contact : application to internal sealing of industrial valves

Bourniquel, Julien 03 March 2017 (has links)
Dans une centrale nucléaire de la filière des réacteurs à eau sous pression,le transfert d’énergie de la fission des atomes d’uranium 235 vers l’alternateur produisant alors l’énergie électrique se fait par l’intermédiaire de différents circuits d’eau. Le contexte de cette thèse est celui du circuit primaire qui voit circuler une eau liquide aux conditions de température et de pression les plus sévères de la centrale (155 bar,300 °C). Plus précisément, l’intérêt est porté sur les appareils de robinetterie qui permettent de réguler ou de sectionner les débits dans ce circuit d’eau ainsi que les différents circuits auxiliaires qui lui sont associés. La fonction de sectionnement de débit est assurée par un contact métallique. Une modélisation est mise en place durant cette thèse afin de relier la fuite d’étanchéité au travers de la liaison métallique à un éventuel défaut pouvant être présent sur la portée d’étanchéité du siège. Pour ce faire, une démarche associant simulation et expérience est adoptée. Le modèle numérique permet de simuler le contact siège/opercule puis l’écoulement au travers de la géométrie interstitielle en résolvant respectivement les équations de la mécanique des milieux solides avec code_aster puis les équations de Reynolds avec un schéma numérique original basé sur la méthode des éléments de frontière. La démarche expérimentale permet alors de vérifier la qualité de la simulation entreprise. Elle comporte la fabrication d’éprouvettes d’étanchéité avec des défauts contrôlés puis une mesure de la fuite par différents moyens d’essais. Les résultats obtenus, qui sont discutés,montrent une prédiction correcte lorsque l’effort d’appui reste suffisamment faible et une surestimation de la fuite à plus fort serrage. / In a nuclear power plant from pressurized water reactor technology, the transfer of energy from fission of uranium 235 atom to the alternator producing electricity is performed through different water circuits. The context of this work is the primary circuit of the power plant where there is severe conditions of temperature and pressure (155 bar, 300°C). More precisely, this work is about the industrial valves which allow to regulate or interrupt the water flow in the water circuit or the auxiliary associated circuits. The interruption function is ensured by a metal-to-metal contact.In this work a model is derived and solved in order to relate the sealing leak-rate through the metal contact to a possible defect present on the surface. To accomplish this task, a coupled experimental and numerical approach is adopted. The numerical model allows to compute the contact between the plug and the seat and then the water flow through the remaining aperture field. This is performed by solving the equations of solid continuum mechanics with code_aster and the Reynolds equations with an original scheme based on the boundary element method. The experimental work allows to check the relevance of the model. It consists in the manufacture ofa sample seat holding a controlled defect and then a leak-rate measurement carried out with two different apparatus. Predictions of the leak-rate reveal to be in good agreement with that obtained experimentally at low clamping forces and overestimate the leakage for larger ones.
265

Line, Surface, and Volume Integral Equations for the Electromagnetic Modelling of the Electroencephalography Forward Problem / Equations intégrales linéaires, surfaciques et volumiques pour la modélisation électromagnétique du problème direct de l'électroencéphalographie

Pillain, Axelle 11 October 2016 (has links)
La reconstruction des sources de l'activité cérébrale à partir des mesures de potentiel fournies par un électroencéphalographie (EEG) nécessite de résoudre le problème connu sous le nom de « problème inverse de l'EEG ». La solution de ce problème dépend de la solution du « problème direct de l'EEG », qui fournit à partir de sources de courant connues, le potentiel mesuré au niveau des électrodes. Pour des modèles de tête réels, ce problème ne peut être résolut que de manière numérique. En particulier, les équations intégrales de surfaces requièrent uniquement la discrétisation des interfaces entre les différents compartiments constituant le milieu cérébral. Cependant, les formulations intégrales existant actuellement ne prennent pas en comptent l'anisotropie du milieu. Le travail présenté dans cette thèse introduit deux nouvelles formulations intégrales permettant de palier à cette faiblesse. Une formulation indirecte capable de prendre en compte l'anisotropie du cerveau est proposée. Elle est discrétisée à l'aide de fonctions conformes aux propriétés spectrales des opérateurs impliqués. L'effet de cette discrétisation de type mixe lors de la reconstruction des sources cérébrales est aussi étudié. La seconde formulation se concentre sur l'anisotropie due à la matière blanche. Calculer rapidement la solution du système numérique obtenu est aussi très désirable. Le travail est ainsi complémenté d'une preuve de l'applicabilité des stratégies de préconditionnement de type Calderon pour les milieux multicouches. Le théorème proposé est appliqué dans le contexte de la résolution du problème direct de l'EEG. Un préconditionneur de type Calderon est aussi introduit pour l'équation intégrale du champ électrique (EFIE) dans le cas de structures unidimensionnelles. Finalement, des résultats préliminaires sur l'impact d'un solveur rapide direct lors de la résolution rapide du problème direct de l'EEG sont présentés. / Electroencephalography (EEG) is a very useful tool for characterizing epileptic sources. Brain source imaging with EEG necessitates to solve the so-called EEG inverse problem. Its solution depends on the solution of the EEG forward problem that provides from known current sources the potential measured at the electrodes positions. For realistic head shapes, this problem can be solved with different numerical techniques. In particular surface integral equations necessitates to discretize only the interfaces between the brain compartments. However, the existing formulations do not take into account the anisotropy of the media. The work presented in this thesis introduces two new integral formulations to tackle this weakness. An indirect formulation that can handle brain anisotropies is proposed. It is discretized with basis functions conform to the mapping properties of the involved operators. The effect of this mixed discretization on brain source reconstruction is also studied. The second formulation focuses on the white matter fiber anisotropy. Obtaining the solution to the obtained numerical system rapidly is also highly desirable. The work is hence complemented with a proof of the preconditioning effect of Calderon strategies for multilayered media. The proposed theorem is applied in the context of solving the EEG forward problem. A Calderon preconditioner is also introduced for the wire electric field integral equation. Finally, preliminary results on the impact of a fast direct solver in solving the EEG forward problem are presented.
266

Modélisation non-linéaire des interactions vague-structure appliquée à des flotteurs d'éoliennes off-shore / Nonlinear modelling of wave-structureinteractions applied to off shorewind turbine platforms

Dombre, Emmanuel 12 June 2015 (has links)
Cette thèse est consacrée à l'étude numérique des interactions non-linéaires entre des vagues et un corps rigide perçant la surface libre. La méthode développée repose sur un modèle d'éléments de frontière qui réduit la dimensionnalité du problème d'une dimension. Dans un premier temps, un modèle2D est appliqué à des géométries simples et permet de démontrer la pertinence de l'approche envisagée pour la prédiction des mouvements d'une structure flottante soumise à des vagues monochromatiques régulières. Dans un second temps, en nous inspirant d'un modèle potentiel non-linéaire 3D développé par Grilli textit{et al.}~cite{grilli2001fully}, nous proposons une généralisation de la méthode pour des maillages triangulaires non-structurés de surfaces 3D. Le modèle développé permet de traiter des configurations arbitraires de plusieurs cylindres verticaux en interaction avec les vagues. Nous présentons des cas de validation de nature académique qui permettent d'apprécier le comportement du modèle numérique. Puis nous nous tournons vers l'application visée par EDF R&D, qui concerne le dimensionnement d'éoliennes off-shore flottantes. Un flotteur de type semi-submersible est évalué à l'aide du modèle non-linéaire / This PhD work is devoted to the study of nonlinear interactions between waves and floating rigid structures. The developed model relies on a boundary element method which reduces the dimensionality of the problem by one. First, a 2D model is applied to basic geometries and allows us to demonstrate the validity of the method for predicting the motion of a floating structrure subject to incoming monochromatic regular waves. Secondly, getting inspired by the 3D fully nonlinear potential flow model of Grilli textit{et al.}~cite{grilli2001fully}, we propose a novel model which generalizes the method for unstructured triangular meshes of 3D surfaces. The proposed model is able to deal with arbitrary configurations of multiple vertical cylinders interacting with the waves. We present academic validation test cases which show how the model works and behaves. Finally, we study situations of interest for EDF R&D related to floating off-shore wind turbines. A semi-submersible platform is evaluated with the nonlinear model
267

Analise de problemas estaticos e dinamicos em placas anisotropicas utilizando o metodo dos elementos de contorno / Analysis of static and dynamic problems in anisotropic plate bending using boundary element methods

Paiva, William Portilho de 28 February 2005 (has links)
Orientador: Paulo Sollero / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estaudal de Campinas. Faculdade de Engenharia Mecanica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-07T18:05:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Paiva_WilliamPortilhode_D.pdf: 26643195 bytes, checksum: 744132c2c47025a4ed4eec9de86c860b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005 / Resumo: Esta tese apresenta o desenvolvimento, a implementação e aplicações de uma formulação de elementos de contorno para análise de problemas estáticos e dinâmicos em placas anisotrópicas submetidas a carregamentos de flexão. O trabalho se baseia na teoria de placas finas de Kirchhoff Uma vez que a formulação dinâmica de elementos de contorno não foi encontrada na literatura consultada, as análises são realizadas utilizando-se uma formulação desenvolvida a partir das soluções fundamentais para elastostática. As integrais de domínio, provenientes dos carregamentos distribuídos ou dos termos de inércia, são transformadas em integrais de contorno usando-se o método da reciprocidade dual. Esta formulação é aplicada no cálculo da deflexão de placas isotrópicas e anisotrópicas, na análise dinâmica de estruturas ortotrópicas, anisotrópicas e estruturas de materiais compósitos laminados, submetidas a cargas harmônicas. É analisada a influência dos nós internos e da malha na precisão dos resultados. Os resultados numéricos são apresentados para problemas quaseisotrópicos, ortotrópicos e totalmente anisotrópicos. Os resultados obtidos são comparados com resultados presentes na literatura e mostram boa concordância / Abstract: Here, static and dynamic analysis of a number of anisotropic problems using the boundary element method are presented. The formulation used is developed fram the elastostatic fundamental solutions and the domain integraIs due to inertial terms are transformed into boundary integraIs by using the dual recipracity method. Application is made to the calculation of deflections in anisotrapic plates, to the dynamic analysis of orthotrapic plates and to the analysis of anisotropic and composite laminar plates under harmonic loads. Numerical results are presented for quasi-isotropic, orthotropic and anisotrapic problems. The influence of number of internal nodes and number of boundary elements on the accuracy of the results is analyzed. The results are compared with other results fram the literature showing good agreement / Doutorado / Mecanica dos Sólidos e Projeto Mecanico / Doutor em Engenharia Mecânica
268

Análise de estabilidade de placas de materiais compósitos laminados usando o método dos elementos de contorno / Stability analysis of composite laminates plates by the boundary element method

Doval, Paulo Cesar Marques 22 August 2018 (has links)
Orientadores: Éder Lima de Albuquerque, Paulo Sollero / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecânica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-22T09:21:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Doval_PauloCesarMarques_D.pdf: 6139026 bytes, checksum: 105e98efc86e87888cfa20e7b32d931d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: Este trabalho apresenta um método de elementos de contorno para a análise de estabilidade de placas de materiais compósitos laminados. A formulação do método proposto não necessita de discretização do domínio, nem de soluções particulares para a solução do problema. Isto torna a formulação proposta diferente das formulações de elementos de contorno existentes, aplicadas à análise de estabilidade estrutural. O método é aplicado a um problema importante em engenharia computacional, que é a estabilidade de placas de materiais isotrópicos e de compósitos laminados. O desempenho é avaliado através de comparação com os resultados de elementos finitos e resultados analíticos, mostrando boa concordância com os mesmos. No entanto, a vantagem em relação ao método dos elementos finitos, especificamente, em análise de estabilidade de placas de materiais compósito laminados, é que se torna um problema de autovalor com um número reduzido de graus de liberdade, uma vez que somente o contorno e poucos pontos internos são necessários na discretização do problema / Abstract: This work presents a boundary element method to the analysis of buckling plates. Neither domain discretization, nor particular solutions are necessary in the proposed formulation. This becomes the proposed formulation different from the existent boundary element formulations applied to structural stability analysis. The method is applied to an important problem in computational engineering that is the stability of perforated and non perforated plates of composite laminate materials. The performance is assessed through comparison with finite element results. The proposed formulation agrees quite well with finite element. However, the stability analysis is a much smaller eigenvalue problem if boundary elements are used instead of finite elements, provided that only the boundary and fewer internal points are necessary in the discretization / Doutorado / Mecanica dos Sólidos e Projeto Mecanico / Doutor em Engenharia Mecânica
269

Análise de contato entre dois corpos elásticos usando o Método dos Elementos de Contorno / Contact analysis between two elastic bodies using the Boundary Element Method

Shaterzadeh-Yazdi, Mohammad Hossein, 1991- 28 August 2018 (has links)
Orientadores: Paulo Sollero, Eder Lima de Albuquerque / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecânica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-28T12:08:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Shaterzadeh-Yazdi_MohammadHossein_M.pdf: 5411191 bytes, checksum: 83da697ff892a31af99059f3e88bd338 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015 / Resumo: Em problemas de contato mecânico entre dois corpos elásticos, o cálculo de tensões e deformações dos componentes é de grande importância. Em casos particulares os corpos estão sujeitos a cargas normal e tangencial na presença de atrito, o qual aumenta a complexidade do problema. O estudo do fenômeno e a modelagem do problema, empregando o método dos elementos de contorno (MEC), é apresentado neste trabalho. Devido à presença de atrito e restrições de contato, esse problema torna-se um caso não linear. A não linearidade do problema foi contornada com a aplicação incremental de carga e o uso de um método de resolução de sistemas não lineares. A zona de contato é uma das variáveis do problema e pode conter estados de adesão e escorregamento, simultaneamente. Esses estados dependem dos esforços normais e tangenciais no componente e podem variar durante o processo de aplicação de carga. Dessa forma, cada incremento de carga pode perturbar em relação ao estado anterior. Portanto, o cálculo de variáveis e a atualização do sistema de equações em cada iteração é indispensável. Por este motivo, um algoritmo robusto para definição dos estados de contato é proposto. Como o sistema de equações obtido é não linear, o uso de um método numérico adequado é exigido. Para a solução deste sistema, o método de Newton foi aplicado, o qual permite a verificação do estado de contato em cada incremento. A análise é feita com o uso de elementos quadráticos contínuos, apresentando resultados contínuos e sem oscilação. A comparação dos resultados com as soluções analíticas de Hertz e Mindlin-Cattaneo mostram boa concordância / Abstract: The computation of stresses and strains on the components is of great importance, when the contact mechanics problems between two elastic bodies are analyzed. In particular cases, bodies are subjected to normal and shear loading in the presence of friction, which increases the complexity of the problem. The study of the phenomenon and modeling of the problem, using the boundary element method (BEM), are presented in this work. Due to the presence of friction and natural restrictions, this problem becomes non-linear. The non-linearity of the problem was solved with an incremental applied load and with the use of solvers to non linear systems. The contact zone can contain stick and slip states, simultaneously. These states are dependent on the normal and shear forces on the component and can vary during the application load process. Thus, each load increment can violate the previous state and therefore, the evaluation of variables and the updating of the system of equations after each iteration is indispensable For this reason, a robust algorithm for contact state definition is suggested. Since a non linear system of equations is obtained, an appropriate numerical method is required. To solve this system, Newton¿s method is applied, which allows the verification of the state of contact at each increment. The analysis is done with the use of quadratic continuous elements and provides continuous and non-oscillatory results. Comparisons of the results with the analytical solutions of Hertz and Mindlin-Cattaneo show good agreement / Mestrado / Mecanica dos Sólidos e Projeto Mecanico / Mestre em Engenharia Mecânica
270

Ground Deformation Related to Caldera Collapse and Ring-Fault Activity

Liu, Yuan-Kai 05 1900 (has links)
Volcanic subsidence, caused by partial emptying of magma in the subsurface reservoir has long been observed by spaceborne radar interferometry. Monitoring long-term crustal deformation at the most notable type of volcanic subsidence, caldera, gives us insights of the spatial and hazard-related information of subsurface reservoir. Several subsiding calderas, such as volcanoes on the Galapagos islands have shown a complex ground deformation pattern, which is often composed of a broad deflation signal affecting the entire edifice and a localized subsidence signal focused within the caldera floor. Although numerical or analytical models with multiple reservoirs are proposed as the interpretation, geologically and geophysically evidenced ring structures in the subsurface are often ignored. Therefore, it is still debatable how deep mechanisms relate to the observed deformation patterns near the surface. We aim to understand what kind of activities can lead to the complex deformation. Using two complementary approaches, we study the three-dimensional geometry and kinematics of deflation processes evolving from initial subsidence to later collapse of calderas. Firstly, the analog experiments analyzed by structure-from-motion photogrammetry (SfM) and particle image velocimetry (PIV) helps us to relate the surface deformation to the in-depth structures. Secondly, the numerical modeling using boundary element method (BEM) simulates the characteristic deformation patterns caused by a sill-like source and a ring-fault. Our results show that the volcano-wide broad deflation is primarily caused by the emptying of the deep magma reservoir, whereas the localized deformation on the caldera floor is related to ring-faulting at a shallower depth. The architecture of the ring-fault to a large extent determines the deformation localization on the surface. Since series evidence for ring-faulting at several volcanoes are provided, we highlight that it is vital to include ring-fault activity in numerical or analytical deformation source formulation. Ignoring the process of ring-faulting in models by using multiple point sources for various magma reservoirs will result in erroneous, thus meaningless estimates of depth and volume change of the magmatic reservoir(s).

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