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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Betydelsen av brännbart och obrännbart material i ett brandförlopp : En jämförande studie

Frojdén, Jonathan January 2019 (has links)
I och med de ändringar som trädde i kraft 1993/94 då funktionskrav för konstruktioner infördes istället för de enskilda materialens egenskaper lade grunden till att det numer är möjligt att bygga byggnader som kräver en hög grad av brandskydd i trä och andra material baserade på brännbart material. Denna ändring innebar bland annat att nya och innovativa produkter hade chans att etablera sig på den svenska marknaden, såsom isolering tillverkad av returpapper och träfiber. I och med träets naturliga förmåga att till viss grad motstå brand, bland annat genom att bilda ett skyddande kolskikt, i kombination med tillsats av flamskyddsmedel som försvårar antändning ytterligare resulterar i att dessa material numer har möjlighet att konkurrera mot obrännbara material gällande brandsäkerhet i byggnader. De testmetoder som idag avgör en produkts brandklass sker under kontrollerade former med temperaturer som inte motsvarar en fullt utvecklad brand. Detta medför att det utifrån ett materials brandklass, eller s.k. euroklass, inte går att förutse materialets brandmotstånd under en fullt utvecklad brand. Inte heller under ett så kallat Room Corner Test, som ska motsvara brandens tidiga skede, har det visat sig att euroklassen inte alltid motsvarar de krav som ställs för att förhindra vidare förbränning och övertändning. Däremot går det att utifrån euroklass se mönster i dess klassificering och förmåga att sprida glödbrand.
2

Brandbelastning i träbyggnader : Jämförande beräkning och kartläggning om hur branschen hanterar permanet brandbelastning

Eriksson, Kajsa, Jenny, Löfgren January 2020 (has links)
Wood is a renewable material, it is strong in relation to its weight, climate smart but also combustible. Owing to its many advantages and the easy access in Sweden, wood is motivated as a topical building material. However, the aspects related to the combustible nature need to be considered in the design of buildings with a wooden frame. Whether and in such cases how to take into account the increased permanent fire load is a problem of which there are shared opinions. Today's regulatory framework is unclear in some aspects in its formulation and thus leaves room for interpretation. The purpose of this work is to investigate the reasonableness of tabulated data for permanent fire load and the sharp boundary between a BR1 building and a BR0 building but also by surveying how the industry handles the issue. In order to assess the reasonableness for the tabulated data, the method has been calculations with two different methods; one that follows BBR's guidelines (method 1) and another where calculations of the charring depth (method 2) have been performed, as well as a survey and a literature study. The result from the calculations in method 1 shows that in order for the level of the total fire load not to exceed the standard value for a residence of 800 MJ/m2, a low coefficient is required, and thus in principle all wood is assumed to be protected. According to the calculations in method two, it is possible to read out how the permanent fire load is affected by different protective linings and carbonation rates. The survey shows that the most common way to dimension fire protection is through simplified sizing, which entails that one does not have to consider whether the permanent fire load increases due to a combustible frame. There are divided opinions about whether Boverket's rules are enough to achieve adequate protection and how to handle it. The literature study shows that for the timber frame to be counted as fully protected it needs to be three layers of fire gypsum board in the ceiling and that two layers on the walls. Several conclusions can be drawn; the calculations indicate that a permanent fire load of 200 MJ/m2 (2013:11) is unreasonable in a wooden frame building also that if the permanent fire load is considered it becomes costly both economically and in terms of space. Even that Boverket's rules need to be clarified and adapted further against tall wood buildings and that fire projectors work differently and the experience of working with tall wood buildings differs greatly.
3

Förbättrade effektmarginaler med radiell anrikningsfördelning för PWR-bränsle / Improved peaking factors with radial enrichment distribution för PWR fuel assembly

Åkerman, Mattias January 2016 (has links)
In recent years, the enthalpy raise hot channel factor limit has decreased significantly due to the power upgrade of Ringhals 4 and the use of shielding fuel assemblies. The shielding fuel assemblies task are to reduce the neutron leakage to the reactor vessel and in that way extend the reactor lifetime. This is achieved by replacing a few fuel rods with steel rods. Experiences from the last fuel cycles show that the core design procedure has been hampered because of this and that it’s hard to stay under the design limit. A way to overcome this problem and to improve the fuel economy is to introduce the use of radial enrichment distribution in the fuel assembly. This master thesis shows, through a case study of three fuel cycles at Ringhals 4,  that the internal peaking factor can be improved by roughly 2–3 % and that the maximum enthalpy raise hot channel factor can be improved by about 2.0–2.5 % if the fuel assemblies contain three different levels of enrichments instead of currently one. This can be achieved without any noticeable decrease in cycle length. / Genom en fallstudie av tre driftcykler för Ringhals 4 visar den här rapporten att max FΔH under cykeln kan sänkas med 2,0–2,5 % om bränsleknippena radiellt anrikningsoptimeras med minst tre delanrikningar. Totalt under cykeln kan FΔH sänkas med upp till 4 %. Om radiell anrikningsoptimering införs för Vattenfalls PWR:er skulle arbetet med att designa härdarna förenklas och utrymme ges för att ladda reaktorerna på ett mer ekonomiskt sätt.

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