This thesis explored the theory, design, fabrication and characterization of AlGaAs Bragg reflection waveguides (BRW) towards the goal of a platform for monolithic integration of active and optically nonlinear devices. Through integration of a diode laser and nonlinear phase-matched cavity, the possibility of on-chip nonlinear frequency generation was explored. Such integrated devices would be highly useful as a robust, alignment free, small footprint and electrically injected alternative to bulk optic systems. A theoretical framework for modal analysis of arbitrary 1-D photonic crystal defect waveguides is developed. This method relies on the transverse resonance condition. It is then demonstrated in the context of several types of Bragg reflection waveguides. The framework is then extended to phase-match second-order nonlinearities and incorporating quantum-wells for diode lasers. Experiments within a slab and ridge waveguide demonstrated phase-matched Type-I second harmonic generation at fundamental wavelength of 1587 and 1600 nm, respectively; a first for this type of waveguide. For the slab waveguide, conversion efficiency was 0.1 %/W. In the more strongly confined ridge waveguides, efficiency increased to 8.6 %/W owing to the increased intensity. The normalized conversion efficiency was estimated to be at 600 %/Wcm^2. Diode lasers emitting at 980 nm in the BRW mode were also fabricated. Verification of the Bragg mode was performed through imaging the near- field of the mode. Propagation loss of this type of mode was measured directly for the first time at 14 cm^-1. The lasers were found to be very insensitive with characteristic temperature at 215 K. Two designs incorporating both laser and phase-matched nonlinearity within the same cavity were fabricated, for degenerate and non-degenerate down-conversion. Though the lasers were sub-optimal, a parametric fluorescence signal was readily detected. Fluorescence power as high as 4 nW for the degenerate design and 5 nW for the non-degenerate design were detected. The conversion efficiency was 4176 %/Wcm^2 and 874 %/Wcm^2, respectively. Neither design was found to emit near the design wavelength. In general, the signal is between 1600-1800 nm and the idler is between 2200-2400 nm. Improvements in laser performance are expected to drastically increase the conversion efficiency.

Theoretical and experimental studies of real-time interrogation of fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensors based on chirped pulse compression with increased interrogation resolution and signal-to-noise ratio are presented. Two interrogation systems are proposed in this thesis. In the first interrogation system, a linearly chirped FBG (LCFBG) is employed as the sensing element. By incorporating the LCFBG in an optical interferometer as the sensor encoding system, employing wavelength-to-time mapping and chirped pulse compression technique, the correlation of output microwave waveform with a chirped reference waveform would provide an interrogation result with high speed and high resolution. The proposed system can provide an interrogation resolution as high as 0.25 μ at a speed of 48.6 MHz. The second interrogation system is designed to achieve simultaneous measurement of strain and temperature. In this system, a high-birefringence LCFBG (Hi-Bi LCFBG) is employed as a sensing element.

This thesis describes various methods for producing photon pairs from waveguides. It covers relevant topics such as waveguide coupling and phase matching, along with the relevant measurement techniques used to infer photon pair production. A new proposal to solve the phase matching problem is described along with two conceptual methods for generating entangled photon pairs. Photon pairs are also experimentally demonstrated from a third novel structure called a Bragg Reflection Waveguide (BRW). The new proposal to solve the phase matching problem is called Directional Quasi-Phase Matching (DQPM). It is a technique that exploits the directional dependence of the non-linear susceptiblity ($\chi^{(2)}$) tensor. It is aimed at those materials that do not allow birefringent phase-matching or periodic poling. In particular, it focuses on waveguides in which the interplay between the propagation direction, electric field polarizations and the nonlinearity can change the strength and sign of the nonlinear interaction periodically to achieve quasi-phasematching. One of the new conceptual methods for generating entangled photon pairs involves a new technique that sandwiches two waveguides from two differently oriented but similar crystals together. The idea stems from the design of a Michelson interferometer which interferes the paths over which two unique photon pair processes can occur, thereby creating entanglement in any pair of photons created in the interferometer. By forcing or sandwiching the two waveguides together, the physical space that exists in the standard Micheleson type interferometer is made non-existent, and the interferometer is effectively squashed. The result is that the two unique photon pair processes actually occupy the same physical path. This benefits the stability of the interferometer in addition to miniaturizing it. The technical challenges involved in sandwiching the two waveguides are briefly discussed. The main result of this thesis is the observation of photon pairs from the BRW. By analyzing the time correlation between two single photon detection events, spontaneous parametric down conversion (SPDC) of a picosecond pulsed ti:sapph laser is demonstrated. The process is mediated by a ridge BRW. The results show evidence for type-0, type-I and type-II phase matching of pump light at 783nm, 786nm and 789nm to down converted light that is strongly degenerate at 1566nm, 1572nm, and 1578nm respectively. The inferred efficiency of the BRW was 9.8$\cdot$10$^{-9}$ photon pairs per pump photon. This contrasts with the predicted type-0 efficiency of 2.65$\cdot$10$^{-11}$. This data is presented for the first time in such waveguides, and represents significant advances towards the integration of sources of quantum information into the existing telecommunications infrastructure.

An improved crystallisation spectrometer has been designed, built and tested. It is to be used by others to gain new knowledge about the solidification of matter by study of the crystallisation of hard sphere colloid samples that are an established model for the behaviour of some aspects of atoms. In this crystallisation spectrometer, expanded and collimated green laser light is Bragg scattered from the colloidal crystals as they form, and the diffracted light is focused by a liquid filled hollow glass hemispherical lens onto low cost CCD array detectors that are rotated about the optical axis to average the intensities around the whole Debye-Scherrer cone of scattered light. The temperature of the sample is controlled to +/-0.1„a, and because of the ability to change the refractive index of the sample particles with temperature, this is utilised to control the amount of scattering from the sample Also, this spectrometer uniquely exploits the refractive index match of the colloidal particles, the solvent, the bath liquid, and the glass used for both the sample bottle and the hollow glass hemisphere. A unique facility has been incorporated to permit tumbling of the sample prior to the measurement commencing to shear-melt any pre-existing crystals. This ensures that the sample is completely fluid and is at the correct temperature at the start of the measurement. The instrument is assembled on an optical table and is computer controlled. Results presented show that this new spectrometer with its use of the whole Debye-Scherrer cone of Bragg scattered light and other enhancements gives insight into the crystallisation process more than one order of magnitude of time earlier than previous light scattering experiments, providing new knowledge about the crystallisation process.

University, Diss., 2005--Kassel.

University, Diss., 2005--Kassel.

Konstanz, Univ., Diplomarbeit, 2007.

Techn. Universiẗat, Diss., 2003--Darmstadt.

University, Diss., 2005--Kassel.

The main purpose of the present work is to develop an innovative system for Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) of aerospace composite structures based on dynamic strain measurements in order to identify in an exhaustive way the structural state condition. Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) optical sensors will be used for the recording of dynamic strain measurements from a composite structure. The methodology that will be developed for structural damage detection will use the collected dynamic response data and will analyze them through a statistical data-driven learning model, i.e. an artificial neural network, coupled with wavelet multi-resolution analysis. This methodology will be the core of the SHM system. Structural damage will be initially simulated by slightly varying the mass properties of the structure. As a second step, actual damage was introduced to the structure. The structural dynamic behavior has been numerically simulated and experimentally verified by means of vibration testing. The analysis of operational dynamic responses will be employed to identify both the damage and its position. / Αντικείμενο της διατριβής είναι η ανάπτυξη ενός συστήματος παρακολούθησης βλάβης για αεροδιαστημικές κατασκευές με αισθητήρες οπτικών ινών (Fiber Bragg Grating, FBG) με χρήση μετρήσεων δυναμικής απόκρισης και τεχνικών επεξεργασίας σήματος. Οι αισθητήρες οπτικών ινών FBG χρησιμοποιούνται ως αισθητήρες ανίχνευσης παραμόρφωσης, εκμεταλλευόμενοι την μεταβολή του μήκους κύματος του φωτός που διέρχεται από αυτούς κατά την διαστολή ή τη συστολή τους. Η απλή μονότροπη τηλεπικοινωνιακή οπτική ίνα εκτίθεται σε συγκλίνουσες δέσμες UV laser light. Οι δέσμες αυτές όταν διασταυρώνονται παρεμβάλλει η μια την άλλη, μεταβάλλουν μέρος της δομής της οπτικής ίνας και αλλάζουν περιοδικά τον δείκτη διάθλασης δημιουργώντας διαφορετικές περιοχές υψηλού και χαμηλού δείκτη διαθλάσεως στον πυρήνα της ίνας. Η τροποποιημένη ζώνη της ίνας λειτουργεί σαν οπτικό φίλτρο, αντανακλώντας μια ελάχιστη ποσότητα του ευρυζωνικού σήματος, επιτρέποντας παράλληλα στο υπόλοιπο φως να συνεχίσει την πορεία του μέσα στην ίνα. Αυτή η τροποποιημένη περιοχή είναι ευαίσθητη στην τάση εφελκυσμού και στις μεταβολές θερμοκρασίας. Πλεονεκτήματα των αισθητήρων FBG είναι τα ακόλουθα: Απρόσβλητοι στην ηλεκτρομαγνητική ακτινοβολία, απαιτούν μηδενική ενέργεια, προσφέρουν μακροχρόνια σταθερότητα, προσφέρουν ευκολία και χαμηλό κόστος εγκατάστασης, έχουν πολύ μικρές διαστάσεις, μεγάλη ακρίβεια και σχεδόν μηδενικό βάρος, μπορούν να σχηματίσουν συστοιχίες πολλαπλών οπτικών αισθητήρων σε μία μόνο οπτική ίνα (multiplexing) και μπορεί να γίνει ενσωμάτωσή τους σε σύνθετα υλικά. Οι αισθητήρες οπτικών ινών FBG μέχρι σήμερα χρησιμοποιούνται μόνο για στατικές μετρήσεις. Οι στόχοι της παρούσας διατριβής είναι οι ακόλουθοι: Χρήση αισθητήρων οπτικών ινών FBG για μετρήσεις δυναμικής απόκρισης με σκοπό την παρακολούθηση καλής λειτουργίας και την εύρεση βλάβης κατασκευών από σύνθετα υλικά. Εκτέλεση ειδικά επιλεγμένων μηχανικών δοκιμών σε τρία είδη κατασκευών, αεροναυπηγικών και αεροδιαστημικών, από lab-scale κατασκευή σε πραγματική αεροδιαστημική κατασκευή. Διερεύνηση της καταλληλότερης τοπολογίας αισθητήρων οπτικών ινών στη σύνθετη κατασκευή και διερεύνηση του καταλληλότερου τρόπου τοποθέτησής τους. Ανάπτυξη του συστήματος παρακολούθησης βλάβης των κατασκευών με βάση αρχικά προσομοιωμένη βλάβη (μεταβάλλοντας το μητρώο μάζας της κατασκευής) και στα τελευταία στάδια πειραμάτων, με βάση πραγματική βλάβη (ρωγμή) στις στρώσεις του σύνθετου υλικού. Ανάπτυξη και εφαρμογή καινοτόμων τεχνικών επεξεργασίας για τα σήματα παραμόρφωσης βασιζόμενες στο μετασχηματισμό κυματιδίων. Ανάπτυξη στατιστικών δεικτών ευαίσθητων στην παρουσία βλάβης από την επεξεργασία των σημάτων των αισθητήρων FBG. Εκπαίδευση και επαλήθευση τεχνητού νευρωνικού δικτύου με βάση επιλεγμένους δείκτες για εύρεση βλάβης (μέγεθος βλάβης και τοποθεσία). Διερεύνηση και ανάπτυξη μεθόδου διάγνωσης βλάβης βασισμένο σε πειραματική modal ανάλυση μέσω των σημάτων παραμόρφωσης από τους αισθητήρες οπτικών ινών Fiber Bragg Gratings. Πειραματική modal ανάλυση μέσω των σημάτων παραμόρφωσης και υπολογισμός των ιδιομορφών παραμόρφωσης της κατασκευής μέσω των FBG σημάτων.