This diploma thesis is focused on the use of wheat bran as a raw material for extraction of arabinoxylans. Wheat bran is a waste product of mill processing of wheat into flour and is mainly used as a livestock feed. However, the amount of bran produced significantly exceeds its consumption as feed, which opens up space for research into their further use. Polysaccharides such as cellulose, hemicelluloses and lignin are mainly present in the bran. The most common type of hemicelluloses are arabinoxylans, which form the main structural component of wheat bran. Alkaline extraction disrupts hydrogen and covalent bonds and releases polysaccharides of various molar weights from the crosslinked cell wall structure. Hydrolysis is required to obtain arabinose and xylose. Trifluoroacetic acid was chosen for the hydrolysis. The acid breaks down glycosidic bonds of the poly- and oligosaccharides to give the corresponding monosaccharides. The experiments made during this thesis have shown that the yield of multi stage extraction is twice as high as the yield of single stage extraction. Hydrolysis of the solid fractions after alkaline extraction revealed that a relatively large amount of arabinoxylans and other carbohydrates still remain bound in the complex matrix of the bran cell wall. Thus, alkaline extraction alone may not be the best option for obtaining arabinoxylans on a larger scale, or process optimization must be considered. Extraction with the addition of hydrogen peroxide appears to be effective for large-scale extraction processes.

The diploma thesis deals with usage of wheat bran as a source of high-quality proteins. Every year mill industry produces large amounts of by-products. These by-products are constituted by wheat bran. There is a big effort to use these type of materials within a circular economy. Wheat bran contains about 14–18 % proteins which appears to be a good component for valorisation. It is possible to extract proteins from bran according to their behaviour in the range of pH. Proteins are soluble in alkaline pH and can be precipitated around their isoelectric point. The final treatment of precipitated proteins is lyophilisation. The next step is characterisation of the product. There are a few parameters to analyse: purity of the isolate, amino acid profile, composition of minerals, water contain etc. Interest in nutrition is on the rise not only by professional sportsman. This isolated product could serve as a potential protein supplement.

This thesis deals with the routing of data traffic to multiple gateways with a network operating system MikroTik RouterOS, which has become widespread in the small firms and home users. It is aimed to describe the problem with using multiple gateways. RouterOS description itself and its core components needed to solve this issue, such as routing, packet marking and quality assuranceservices. It also deals with the description of the particular design and testing. The proposedsolution is verified on the example of a real situation. Finally, the proposed solution is compared to alternative solutions, commonly used in practice.

<div> <div> <div> <p>As a major part of the dietary fiber classification, plant polysaccharides often have chemically complex structures which may differ by genera and species, and perhaps even by genotype and growing environment. Arabinoxylans from cereal cell walls are known to differently impact human gut microbiota composition and fermentation metabolites due to variability in chemical structure, though specificities of structure to these functions are not known at the level of genotype ́ environment. In the first study, corn bran arabinoxylan (CAX) extracted from 4 genotypes ́ 3 growing years at the Purdue Agronomy Farm was compared in human fecal fermentations to test the hypotheses that, 1) CAXs extracted from brans from different corn genotypes and grown over different years (environments) show distinct structures, and 2) these cause differences in gut microbiota response and fermentation metabolites. Monosaccharides and linkage analysis revealed that CAXs had different structures and the differences were genotype-specific, but not significantly due to environment. PCA analysis revealed that both short chain fatty acid production and the microbial community shifted also in a genotype-specific way. Thus, small structural changes, in terms of sugar and linkage compositions, cause significant changes in fermentation response showing very high specificity of structure to gut microbiota function. </p> <p>Insoluble fermentable cell wall matrix fibers have been shown to support beneficial butyrogenic Clostridia, but have restricted use in food products due to their insoluble character.</p></div></div> </div> <div> <div> <div> <p>In the second study, a soluble fiber matrix was developed that exhibited a similar fermentation effect as fermentable insoluble fiber matrices. Low arabinose/xylose ratio CAX was extracted with two concentrations of sodium hydroxide to give soluble polymers with relatively low and high residual ferulic acid (CAX-LFA and CAX-HFA). After laccase treatment to make diferulate crosslinks, soluble matrices were formed with average size of 3.5 to 4.5 mer. In vitro human fecal fermentation of CAX-LFA, CAX-HFA, soluble crosslinked ~3.5 mer CAX-LFA (SCCAX- LFA), and ~4.5 mer SCCAX-HFA revealed that the SCCAX matrices had slower fermentation property and higher butyrate proportion in SCCAX-HFA. 16S rRNA gene sequencing showed that SCCAX-HFA promoted OTUs associated with butyrate production including Unassigned Ruminococcaceae, Unassigned Blautia, Fecalibacterium prausnitzii, and Unassigned Clostridium. This is the first work showing the fabrication of soluble crosslinked fiber matrices that favors growth of butyrogenic bacteria. </p> <p>Moreover, these same SCCAXs exhibited an interesting gel forming property on simple pH reduction, which is similar in gelling property to low acyl gellan gum, though is differently readily soluble in water. Both of the SCCAXs formed gels at pH 2, with SCCAX-HFA forming the stronger gel. Gels showed shear-thinning behavior and a thermal and pH reversible property. A gel forming mechanism was proposed involving noncovalent crosslinking including hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic interaction among the SCCAX complexes. This mechanism was supported by structural characterization of SCCAX complexes using a Zeta-sizer and FT-IR spectroscopy. SCCAX-HFA could be used in low sugar gels and has the above property of promoting butyrogenic bacteria in the gut. </p> <p>In conclusion, gut microbiota responds differentially to CAXs with various fine structures. This probably due to dietary fiber-gut microbiota relationships have been evolved over time to be highly specific. Forming soluble fiber matrices could be a good strategy to promote butyrogenic bacteria and improve gut health, in a readily usable form in beverages.</p></div></div></div>

No description available.

I denna studie studerar jag validering av reell kompetens i barnskötaryrket. Det innebär att jag undersöker vad som kan vara att ha ”omsorg om” en annan individ, genom att intervjua validerare, vilka är de som bedömer och validerar denna kompetens. De som blir validerade genom att deras kompetens blir bedömd har intervjuats om vad de uppfattar är att ha ”omsorg om” barn och unga. Omsorg om anges som förhållningssätt i programmål för utbildningen på Barn- och fritidsprogrammet. Resultatet visar att det finns kompetenser som kan iakttas i arbetet. Det kan vara hur validanden interagerar i möten genom känslor och attityd. Det kan vara de värderingar som förtydligas i den kommunikation som en validand har med en annan individ. Metoder som använt i undersökningarna har varit kvalitativa. Validerare har intervjuats utifrån teman om omsorg och validander utifrån vad det uppfattar är omsorg om barn och unga med livshistoriemetoden. / This study is about validation of real competence within the child care profession. This means to investigate what to take care of another individual can prove to be through interviews with valuators who judge and validate this competence. Those who get validated through judgments of their competence have also been interviewed about what they consider the concept to take care of children and young people to be. Care about is stated as a direction in the “programme goal” of the education The child- and recreation programme. The interviews are conducted to develop comprehension of how real competence can be judged. The result shows that there are competences which can be observed in the work. This could be how the valuated person interacts in meetings through feelings and attitudes. It can also be the assessments that get elucidated in the communication which the valuated person has with another valuated individual. The methods of the investigations have been qualitative. Valuators have been interviewed out of the theme care and the persons who are valuated out of how they perceive care about children and young people with the method of life history.

No description available.

The effect of consumption of unprocessed and processed oat bran on calcium, magnesium, zinc, and copper intake, excretion and apparent retention in 19 adult males was determined using a metabolic balance study. The study was divided into preliminary, controlled feeding and follow-up periods of 4 weeks each. The controlled feeding period was subdivided into two 8 day balance periods. Subjects were randomly assigned to one of three treatments: a basal diet low in dietary fiber; basal diet supplemented with 100 g of unprocessed oat bran; or basal diet supplemented with 100 g of processed oat bran ready-to-eat (RTE) cereal. With both oat bran treatments intakes of calcium, magnesium, and copper were increased above the current RDA, while zinc was increased, but still remained below the RDA. Urinary excretions of calcium, magnesium, and zinc were unchanged during the balance periods. Both of the bran supplemented groups were excreting significantly more fecal magnesium and zinc than the control group. Increased fecal calcium and copper excretions were seen for the processed (RTE) group over the other two treatments. Apparent retention of calcium, zinc, and copper appear to be unaffected by oat bran supplementation. Apparent magnesium retention for the control group was significantly less than the unprocessed group during balance Period 1 only. During the controlled feeding period, the unprocessed group had significantly less plasma calcium and zinc than the other two treatments. Plasma magnesium was unchanged in the fiber supplemented groups during the controlled feeding period. / Master of Science

Human noroviruses (HuNoVs) are the leading cause of viral epidemic acute gastroenteritis and responsible for the deaths of over 200,000 children each year worldwide. HuNoV research has been hampered by the long absence of a readily reproducible cell culture system and a suitable small animal model, while gnotobiotic (Gn) pigs have been a unique animal model for understanding HuNoV pathogenesis and immunity, as well as evaluating vaccine and therapeutics. Recent reports of HuNoVs infection and replication in B cells supplemented with commensal bacteria Enterobacter cloacae and in Blab/c mice deficient in RAG/IL2RG have gained extensive attention, and my studies utilized the well-established Gn pig model to investigate the effects of these two interventions on HuNoV infection. Surprisingly, the colonization of E. cloacae inhibited HuNoV infectivity in Gn pigs, evidenced by the significantly reduced HuNoV shedding in feces and HuNoV titers in intestinal tissues and blood compared to control pigs. Moreover, HuNoV infection of enterocytes but not B cells was observed with or without E. cloacae colonization, indicating B cells were not a target cell type for HuNoV in Gn pigs. On the other hand, using RAG2/IL2RG deficient pigs generated by CRISPR/Cas9 system, with confirmed severe combined immunodeficiency, I evaluated the effects of host immune responses on HuNoV infection. Compared to wild-type Gn pigs, longer HuNoV shedding was observed in RAG2/IL2RG deficient pigs (16 versus 27 days), and higher HuNoV titers were detected in intestinal tissues and contents and in blood, indicating increased and prolonged HuNoV infection in RAG2/IL2RG deficient pigs. In addition, I evaluated dietary interventions including probiotics and rice bran using Gn pig model of HuNoV infection and diarrhea. While the colonization of probiotic bacteria Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG) and Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 (EcN) in Gn pigs completely inhibited HuNoV fecal shedding, the two cocktail regimens, in which rice bran feeding started either 7 days prior to or 1 day after viral inoculation in the LGG+EcN colonized Gn pigs, exhibited dramatic anti-HuNoV effects, including reduced incidence and shorter duration of diarrhea, as well as shorter duration of virus fecal shedding. The anti-HuNoV effects of the cocktail regimens were associated with the enhanced IFN-𝛾⁺ T cell responses, increased production of intestinal IgA and IgG, and longer villus length. Taken together, my dissertation work improves our understanding of HuNoV infection and immunity, and further supports for Gn pigs as a valuable model for future studies of human enteric virus infection, host immunity, and interventions. / Ph. D.

Orientadores: Pedro Eduardo de Felício, Angélica Simone Cravo Pereira / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-22T11:18:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Guizzo_MarianaMasson_M.pdf: 798911 bytes, checksum: d15448b3fe13c02e48078fa86ee4fd74 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: Um dos maiores desafios do setor produtivo da carne esta relacionado com a alteracao do perfil de acidos graxos atraves da manipulacao da dieta fornecida aos animais. O teor de gordura e a composicao de acidos graxos da carne assumem, atualmente, um papel importante na cadeia produtiva sob influencia das exigencias pelo mercado consumidor. A tendencia atual e a da demanda crescente por alimentos considerados "saudaveis", cujas características principais sao os baixos teores de gorduras saturadas. Porem, a busca de um produto mais atraente ao consumidor pode influenciar de forma positiva e/ou negativa nas caracteristicas de quantitativas e qualitativas da carcaca e da carne. Com o objetivo de avaliar os efeitos da nutricao animal sobre as caracteristicas da carcaca e carne de cordeiros, 24 cordeiros machos inteiros, da raca Santa Inesx Dorper foram confinados em baias individuais, separados aleatoriamente em quatro tratamentos utilizando sementes oleaginosas nas dietas, sendo os tratamentos contendo caroco de algodao (CA), semente de girassol (SG), grao de soja (GS) e controle (C). Apos 84 dias de confinamento, os cordeiros foram abatidos e, apos 24h o resfriamento, foram realizadas as analises quantitativas da carcaca, e em seguida a desossa e a separacao do musculo Longissimus dorsi para a realizacao das analises de parametros de qualidade da carne. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado com quatro tratamentos e seis repeticoes. As dietas com caroco de algodao, semente de girassol e grao de soja, prejudicaram o peso, o rendimento e o comprimento de carcaca na comparacao com a dieta controle. Para as demais características quantitativas e qualitativas, nao houve influencia (P>0,05) dos tratamentos, para as medidas de AOL e EGS, pH, cor, e maciez, perda de peso na coccao e os teores de umidade e lipidios da carne dos cordeiros. Sob o ponto de vista da avaliacao sensorial, houve diferenca estatistica (P<0,05) em relacao a aceitabilidade do aroma, sabor e do produto de modo geral, indicando que os consumidores apresentam maior preferencia por carne de cordeiros confinados com dietas contendo semente de soja e girassol, do que contendo caroco de algodao. O uso do grao de soja aumentou significativamente os teores de acido linoleico (18:2) e CLA na carne, acidos graxos que sao desejaveis para o consumo humano / Abstract: One of the biggest challenges of the meat industry is related to the change in composition of the fatty acid profile by manipulating the diet givere to the animals. Nowadays the fat content and fatty acid composition of meat has an important role in the meat industry due to the influence of the consumer market demands. The current trend is the growing demand for foods deemed "healthy", whose main characteristic is the low saturated fat. However, the search for a product more attractive to consumers can influence in a positive or negative way on characteristics of meat and quantitative or qualitive carcass. With the aim of evaluating the effects of animal nutrition on carcass and ovine meat characteristics, 24 male lambs, . Santa Ines . Dorper breed were housed in individual pens, randomly separated in four treatments using oilseeds into diets, and treatments containing cottonseed (CS), sunflower seeds (SS), soybean (SB) and control (C). After 84 days on the feedlot, the lambs were slaughtered and, after 24h of cooling, were conducted quantitative analyzes of the carcass, and when the carcass was deboned the Longissimus dorsi muscle was separated to perform the meat quality analysis. The experimental design was completely randomized with four treatments and six replications. The diets with cottonseed, sunflower seed and soybean, undermined the weight, yield and carcass length compared to the control diet. For other quantitative and qualitative characteristics, there was no influence (P> 0.05) of treatment, measures to AOL and EGS, pH, color, and softness, weight loss during cooking and the moisture and fat meat lambs. From the point of view of sensory evaluation, there was a statistical difference (P <0.05) relative acceptability of aroma, flavor and overall product, indicating that most consumers have a preference for beef and sheep fed diets containing seed soya and sunflower, which contains cottonseed. The use of soybean significantly increased levels of linoleic acid (18:2) and CLA in the flesh fatty acids that are desirable for human consumption / Mestrado / Tecnologia de Alimentos / Mestra em Tecnologia de Alimentos