<div> <div> <div> <p>As a major part of the dietary fiber classification, plant polysaccharides often have chemically complex structures which may differ by genera and species, and perhaps even by genotype and growing environment. Arabinoxylans from cereal cell walls are known to differently impact human gut microbiota composition and fermentation metabolites due to variability in chemical structure, though specificities of structure to these functions are not known at the level of genotype ́ environment. In the first study, corn bran arabinoxylan (CAX) extracted from 4 genotypes ́ 3 growing years at the Purdue Agronomy Farm was compared in human fecal fermentations to test the hypotheses that, 1) CAXs extracted from brans from different corn genotypes and grown over different years (environments) show distinct structures, and 2) these cause differences in gut microbiota response and fermentation metabolites. Monosaccharides and linkage analysis revealed that CAXs had different structures and the differences were genotype-specific, but not significantly due to environment. PCA analysis revealed that both short chain fatty acid production and the microbial community shifted also in a genotype-specific way. Thus, small structural changes, in terms of sugar and linkage compositions, cause significant changes in fermentation response showing very high specificity of structure to gut microbiota function. </p> <p>Insoluble fermentable cell wall matrix fibers have been shown to support beneficial butyrogenic Clostridia, but have restricted use in food products due to their insoluble character.</p></div></div> </div> <div> <div> <div> <p>In the second study, a soluble fiber matrix was developed that exhibited a similar fermentation effect as fermentable insoluble fiber matrices. Low arabinose/xylose ratio CAX was extracted with two concentrations of sodium hydroxide to give soluble polymers with relatively low and high residual ferulic acid (CAX-LFA and CAX-HFA). After laccase treatment to make diferulate crosslinks, soluble matrices were formed with average size of 3.5 to 4.5 mer. In vitro human fecal fermentation of CAX-LFA, CAX-HFA, soluble crosslinked ~3.5 mer CAX-LFA (SCCAX- LFA), and ~4.5 mer SCCAX-HFA revealed that the SCCAX matrices had slower fermentation property and higher butyrate proportion in SCCAX-HFA. 16S rRNA gene sequencing showed that SCCAX-HFA promoted OTUs associated with butyrate production including Unassigned Ruminococcaceae, Unassigned Blautia, Fecalibacterium prausnitzii, and Unassigned Clostridium. This is the first work showing the fabrication of soluble crosslinked fiber matrices that favors growth of butyrogenic bacteria. </p> <p>Moreover, these same SCCAXs exhibited an interesting gel forming property on simple pH reduction, which is similar in gelling property to low acyl gellan gum, though is differently readily soluble in water. Both of the SCCAXs formed gels at pH 2, with SCCAX-HFA forming the stronger gel. Gels showed shear-thinning behavior and a thermal and pH reversible property. A gel forming mechanism was proposed involving noncovalent crosslinking including hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic interaction among the SCCAX complexes. This mechanism was supported by structural characterization of SCCAX complexes using a Zeta-sizer and FT-IR spectroscopy. SCCAX-HFA could be used in low sugar gels and has the above property of promoting butyrogenic bacteria in the gut. </p> <p>In conclusion, gut microbiota responds differentially to CAXs with various fine structures. This probably due to dietary fiber-gut microbiota relationships have been evolved over time to be highly specific. Forming soluble fiber matrices could be a good strategy to promote butyrogenic bacteria and improve gut health, in a readily usable form in beverages.</p></div></div></div>

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:28:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2008-12-08Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:16:13Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 piva_gh_me_jabo.pdf: 363311 bytes, checksum: 6343487d78d1960717497939bc0bc93c (MD5) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da forma física da ração sobre a ingestão e digestibilidade de nutrientes, relacionando-as com o desempenho, rendimento e composição química da carcaça, e morfometria intestinal de frangos submetidos a estresse térmico por calor, isolando-se os efeitos da temperatura e do consumo de ração por meio da técnica de consumo equivalente (“pair feeding”). Foram utilizados 1200 frangos de corte machos da linhagem Cobb. A partir do 22º dia, 720 aves foram destinadas à avaliação de desempenho zootécnico, rendimento de carcaça, grau de gelatinização do amido, morfometria intestinal, metabolismo energético e temperatura retal, na qual as aves foram alojadas em duas câmaras climatizadas (32ºC e 22ºC), distribuídas em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial 3x3 com 4 repetições e 20 aves em cada unidade experimental. Os fatores analisados foram: formas físicas da ração (farelada, peletizada e triturada) e esquema de alimentação (32ºC - alimentação ad libitum, 22ºC - alimentação ad libitum e 22ºC e alimentação restrita). Em outras duas câmaras climatizadas, 360 aves foram destinadas a ensaios de metabolismo e digestibilidade dos nutrientes, distribuídas no mesmo delineamento experimental. Concluiu-se que a temperatura ambiente influenciou o rendimento de carcaça, cortes comercias e os parâmetros zootécnicos, gerando ainda menor produção de calor corporal e maior temperatura cloacal, não interferindo no coeficiente de metabolismo, porém houve alteração na morfometria intestinal. As formas físicas da ração influenciaram o rendimento de carcaça, dietas com processamento térmico obtiveram maior grau de gelatinização, extrato etéreo e profundidades de cripta. / The objective was to determine the physical form of diet on the feed intake and nutrients digestibility, relating them with the performance, efficiency and chemical carcass composition, and intestinal morphometry of broiler submitted to different temperatures. A total of 1200 one day old male broiler chicks of the Cobb strain were reared in floor pens. At the 22nd day, 720 birds were weighed, and randomly allocated to two environmentally controlled rooms where ambient temperatures were maintained at (32ºC and 22ºC), distributed in a factorial arrangement in a randomized complete design 3x3 with 4 repetitions and 20 birds in each experimental unit. The analyzed factors had been: physical forms of the ration (mashed, pelleted and crushed) and feeding schedule (32ºC – fed ad libitum, 22ºC – fed ad libitum and 22ºC fed restricted) . In other two environmental rooms, 360 birds were used for metabolism and digestibility experiment. It was concluded that the ambient temperature affected the carcass, commercial cuts and performance of the broilers. Broiler kept at high temperature showed lower heat production and high cloacal temperature. Temperature did not affect metabolism coefficient, however they modified the intestinal morphometry. The ration form influenced the carcass, and diets with thermal processing had gotten greater gelatinization degree, ether extract and crypt depth.

Resumo: O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da forma física da ração sobre a ingestão e digestibilidade de nutrientes, relacionando-as com o desempenho, rendimento e composição química da carcaça, e morfometria intestinal de frangos submetidos a estresse térmico por calor, isolando-se os efeitos da temperatura e do consumo de ração por meio da técnica de consumo equivalente ("pair feeding"). Foram utilizados 1200 frangos de corte machos da linhagem Cobb. A partir do 22º dia, 720 aves foram destinadas à avaliação de desempenho zootécnico, rendimento de carcaça, grau de gelatinização do amido, morfometria intestinal, metabolismo energético e temperatura retal, na qual as aves foram alojadas em duas câmaras climatizadas (32ºC e 22ºC), distribuídas em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial 3x3 com 4 repetições e 20 aves em cada unidade experimental. Os fatores analisados foram: formas físicas da ração (farelada, peletizada e triturada) e esquema de alimentação (32ºC - alimentação ad libitum, 22ºC - alimentação ad libitum e 22ºC e alimentação restrita). Em outras duas câmaras climatizadas, 360 aves foram destinadas a ensaios de metabolismo e digestibilidade dos nutrientes, distribuídas no mesmo delineamento experimental. Concluiu-se que a temperatura ambiente influenciou o rendimento de carcaça, cortes comercias e os parâmetros zootécnicos, gerando ainda menor produção de calor corporal e maior temperatura cloacal, não interferindo no coeficiente de metabolismo, porém houve alteração na morfometria intestinal. As formas físicas da ração influenciaram o rendimento de carcaça, dietas com processamento térmico obtiveram maior grau de gelatinização, extrato etéreo e profundidades de cripta. / Abstract: The objective was to determine the physical form of diet on the feed intake and nutrients digestibility, relating them with the performance, efficiency and chemical carcass composition, and intestinal morphometry of broiler submitted to different temperatures. A total of 1200 one day old male broiler chicks of the Cobb strain were reared in floor pens. At the 22nd day, 720 birds were weighed, and randomly allocated to two environmentally controlled rooms where ambient temperatures were maintained at (32ºC and 22ºC), distributed in a factorial arrangement in a randomized complete design 3x3 with 4 repetitions and 20 birds in each experimental unit. The analyzed factors had been: physical forms of the ration (mashed, pelleted and crushed) and feeding schedule (32ºC - fed ad libitum, 22ºC - fed ad libitum and 22ºC fed restricted) . In other two environmental rooms, 360 birds were used for metabolism and digestibility experiment. It was concluded that the ambient temperature affected the carcass, commercial cuts and performance of the broilers. Broiler kept at high temperature showed lower heat production and high cloacal temperature. Temperature did not affect metabolism coefficient, however they modified the intestinal morphometry. The ration form influenced the carcass, and diets with thermal processing had gotten greater gelatinization degree, ether extract and crypt depth. / Orientador: Marcos Macari / Coorientador: Renato Luis Furlan / Banca: Antonio Carlos de Laurentiz / Banca: Vera Maria Barbosa de Moraes / Mestre

Pasaulyje ir Lietuvoje populiarėja šiaurietiškas ėjimas, masinės mankštos atvirame ore ir kt. Lietuvos mokslinės literatūros šaltiniuose nėra išsamių analizių dėl aerobinės veiklos (šiaurietiško ėjimo) poveikio fizinei, psichosocialinei sveikatai, gyvenimo kokybei vyresniame amžiuje. Todėl gimė mintis, jog tyrime turėtume įrodyti, kad vyresnio amžiaus moterų fizinis aktyvumas veikia gyvenimo kokybę, motyvaciją bei fizinę ir psichosocialinę sveikatą. Tyrimo objektas – šešių mėnesių šiaurietiško ėjimo treniruočių poveikis 70–80 metų amžiaus moterų fizinei būklei ir gyvenimo kokybei. Tyrimo probleminis klausimas – kokia optimali fizinės veiklos trukmė norint pagerinti vyresnio amžiaus moterų fizinę būklę? Ar fizinė veikla gali pakeisti motyvus fiziniam aktyvumui? Tyrimo hipotezė – šešių mėnesių šiaurietiško ėjimo treniruotės reikšmingai pagerina 70 – 80 metų amžiaus moterų fizinę būklę, gyvenimo kokybę, fizinio aktyvumo motyvaciją. Tyrimo tikslas – įvertinti kaip veikia šešių mėnesių šiaurietiško ėjimo treniruotės 70 – 80 metų amžiaus moterų fizinę būklę, gyvenimo kokybę, fizinio aktyvumo motyvaciją. Uždaviniai: Nustatyti ir įvertinti šešių mėnesių šiaurietiško ėjimo poveikį 70 – 80 metų amžiaus moterų fizinei būklei. Nustatyti ir įvertinti šešių mėnesių šiaurietiško ėjimo poveikį 70 – 80 metų amžiaus moterų gyvenimo kokybei Nustatyti ir įvertinti šešių mėnesių šiaurietiško ėjimo poveikį 70 – 80 metų amžiaus moterų fizinio aktyvumo motyvacijai. Išvados: 1. Šešių... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Nordic walking, mass exercise in the open air, etc. are becoming more and more popular worldwide, including Lithuania. No detailed analysis of the effect of aerobic activity (Nordic walking) on the physical, psychosocial health or quality of life of senior people is available in the Lithuanian scientific literature sources. The positive effect of Nordic walking on the physical activity, quality of life, motivation and physical and psychosocial health of the elderly women were to be checked. Research object – the effect of six month Nordic walking trainings on the physical fitness and quality of life of 70-80-year-old women. Research problem – what is the optimal duration of the physical practice to improve the physical fitness of the elderly women? Can physical practice change motivation for physical activity? Research hypothesis – statistically significant improvement of the physical fitness, quality of life and physical activity motivation of the 70-80 year-old women already after six month Nordic walking trainings. Research purpose – to identify and estimate the effect of six month Nordic walking trainings on 70-80-year-old women’s physical fitness, quality of life and physical activity motivation. Tasks: 1. To identify and estimate the effect of six month Nordic walking trainings on 70-80-year-old women physical fitness. 2. To identify and estimate the effect of six month Nordic walking trainings on 70-80-year-old women quality of life. 3. To identify and estimate the... [to full text]

In gaming, the market is increasingly emphasizing "natural" interaction techniques, introducing a wide range of external devices. The high price of many external devices reduced its popularity. However, smartphone as another widely available product, I wanted to use sensors of the smartphone to simulate "natural" interaction techniques and explore the changes and influence it had on players as opposed to traditional keyboard input in order to understand its value as an intermediary between traditional input methods and unique external devices. In this study, I developed a racing game that uses the button and tilt input via the phone to simulate a steering wheel. Also, I studied the participants’ gaming data and experiences during the experiment. My experiments found that the tilt input outperformed the keyboard input, especially for participants with less than five years of gaming experience. Furthermore, the tilt input gave players an immersive and varied gaming experience. I offered four hypotheses to explain my findings and suggested that game designers refer to them. / På spelmarknaden betonas i allt högre grad "naturliga" interaktionstekniker, vilket innebär att ett brett utbud av externa enheter introduceras. Det höga priset på många externa enheter har minskat deras popularitet. Jag ville dock använda smartphones som en annan allmänt tillgänglig produkt, och jag ville använda smartphonesensorer för att simulera "naturliga" interaktionstekniker och utforska vilka förändringar och vilket inflytande de hade på spelarna jämfört med traditionell tangentbordsinmatning, för att förstå dess värde som en mellanhand mellan traditionella inmatningsmetoder och unika externa anordningar. I den här studien utvecklade jag ett racingspel som använder knapp- och lutningsinmatning via telefonen för att simulera en ratt. Dessutom studerade jag deltagarnas speldata och upplevelser under experimentet. Mina experiment visade att tilt-inmatningen överträffade tangentbordsinmatningen, särskilt för deltagare med mindre än fem års spelvana. Dessutom gav lutningsinmatningen spelarna en uppslukande och varierad spelupplevelse. Jag erbjöd fyra hypoteser för att förklara mina resultat och föreslog att speldesigners ska hänvisa till dem.