This thesis is about thwo papers related to extra dimensions. Paper A discusses extrinsic curvature effects, and paper B treats symmetries of supersymmetric membranes. In the part of this thesis related to paper A, we extend the theory of non-relativistic quantum particles confined to submanifolds to relativistic boson fields. We show that a Klein-Gordon field constrained to a submanifold of a Lorentzian manifold experiences an induced potential similar to the one for the Schr{\"o}dinger equation. We embedd the Schwarzschild solution and the Robertson-Walker space-time and derive the induced potentials. Possible physical consequences of these induced potentials are also discussed. The second part is related to paper B, we study the dynamics of supersymmetric membranes, which are higher dimensional generalizations of supersymmetric strings. We derive a supersymmetric analogue of a dynamical symmetry for bosonic membranes. / QC 20110427

L’étude des vides avec flux est une étape primordiale afin de mieux comprendre la compactification en théorie des cordes ainsi que ses conséquences phénoménologiques. En présence de flux, l’espace interne ne peut plus être Calabi-Yau, mais admet tout de même une structure SU(3) qui devient un outil privilégié. Après une introduction aux notions géométriques nécessaires, cette thèse examine le rôle des flux dans la compactification supersymétrique sous différents angles. Nous considérons tout d’abord des troncations cohérentes de la supergravité IIA. Nous montrons alors que des condensats fermioniques peuvent aider à supporter des flux et générer une contribution positive à la constante cosmologique. Ces troncations admettent donc des vides de Sitter qu’il serait autrement très difficile d’obtenir, si ce n’est impossible. L’argument est tout d’abord employé avec des condensats de dilatini puis améliorer en suggérant un mécanisme pour générer des condensats de gravitini à partir d’instantons gravitationnels. Ensuite l’attention se tourne sur les branes et leur comportement sous T-dualité non abélienne. Nous calculons les configurations duales à certaines solutions avec D branes de la supergravité de type II, et examinons les flux ainsi que leurs charges afin d’identifier les branes après dualité. La solution supersymétrique avec brane D2 est étudiée plus en détails en vérifiant explicitement les équations sur les spineurs généralisés, puis en discutant de la possibilité d’une déformation massive. Le dernier chapitre fournit une construction systématique de structures SU(3) sur une large classe de variétés toriques compactes. Cette construction définit un fibré en sphère au-dessus d’une variété torique 2d quelconque, mais fonctionne tout aussi bien sur une base Kähler-Einstein / The study of flux vacua is a primordial step in the understanding of string compactifications and their phenomenological properties. In presence of flux the internal manifold ceases to be Calabi-Yau, but still admits an SU(3) structure which becomes thus the preferred framework. After introducing the relevant geometrical notions this thesis explores the role that fluxes play in supersymmetric compactification through several approaches. At first consistent truncations of type IIA supergravity are considered. It is shown that fermionic condensates can help support fluxes and generate a positive contribution to the cosmological constant. These truncations thus admit de Sitter vacua which are otherwise extremely difficult to get, if not impossible. The argument is initially performed with dilatini condensates and then improved by suggesting a mechanism to generate gravitini condensates from gravitational instantons. Then the focus shifts towards branes and their behavior under non abelian T-duality. The duals of several D-brane solutions of type II supergravity are computed and the branes are tracked down by investigating the fluxes and the charges they carry. The supersymmetric D2 brane is further studied by checking explicitly the generalized spinor equations and discussing the possibility of a massive deformation. The last chapter gives a systematic construction of SU(3) structures on a wide class of compact toric varieties. The construction defines a sphere bundle on an arbitrary two-dimensional toric variety but also works when the base is Kähler-Einstein

In this thesis, we study various aspects of physics in higher-dimensional manifolds involving a single extra dimension. After giving some historical perspective on the motivation for studying higher-dimensional theories of physics, we describe classical tests for a non-compact extra dimension utilizing test particles and pointlike gyroscopes. We then turn our attention to the problem of embedding any given <i>n</i>-dimensional spacetime within an (<i>n</i>+1)-dimensional manifold, paying special attention to how any structure from the extra dimension modifies the standard <i>n</i>-dimensional Einstein equations. Using results derived from this investigation and the formalism derived for test particles and gyroscopes, we systematically introduce three specific higher-dimensional models and classify their properties; including the Space-Time-Matter and two types of braneworld models. The remainder of the thesis concentrates on specific higher-dimensional cosmological models drawn from the above mentioned scenarios; including an analysis of the embedding of Friedmann-Lemaitre-Robertson-Walker submanifolds in 5-dimensional Minkowski and topological Schwarzschild spaces, and an investigation of the dynamics of a <i>d</i>-brane that takes the form of a thin shell encircling a (<i>d</i>+2)-dimensional topological black hole in anti-deSitter space. The latter is derived from a finite-dimensional action principle, which allows us to consider the canonical quantization of the model and the solutions of the resulting Wheeler-DeWitt equation.

In this thesis, we study various aspects of physics in higher-dimensional manifolds involving a single extra dimension. After giving some historical perspective on the motivation for studying higher-dimensional theories of physics, we describe classical tests for a non-compact extra dimension utilizing test particles and pointlike gyroscopes. We then turn our attention to the problem of embedding any given <i>n</i>-dimensional spacetime within an (<i>n</i>+1)-dimensional manifold, paying special attention to how any structure from the extra dimension modifies the standard <i>n</i>-dimensional Einstein equations. Using results derived from this investigation and the formalism derived for test particles and gyroscopes, we systematically introduce three specific higher-dimensional models and classify their properties; including the Space-Time-Matter and two types of braneworld models. The remainder of the thesis concentrates on specific higher-dimensional cosmological models drawn from the above mentioned scenarios; including an analysis of the embedding of Friedmann-Lemaitre-Robertson-Walker submanifolds in 5-dimensional Minkowski and topological Schwarzschild spaces, and an investigation of the dynamics of a <i>d</i>-brane that takes the form of a thin shell encircling a (<i>d</i>+2)-dimensional topological black hole in anti-deSitter space. The latter is derived from a finite-dimensional action principle, which allows us to consider the canonical quantization of the model and the solutions of the resulting Wheeler-DeWitt equation.

Orientador: Prof. Dr. Roldão da Rocha Junior / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Federal do ABC, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Física, 2015. / Revisaremos principalmente modelos de mundos branas em cinco dimensões desde suas ver- sões .nas ou espessas. Em branas .nas revisaremos a formulação de Shiromizu, Maeda e Sasaki e deduziremos as Equações de Einstein efetivas na brana. Veremos que a partir delas podemos veri.car desvios na Relatividade Geral 4D devido à dimensão extra. Analisaremos as implicações diretas na teoria de buracos negros e em alguns aspectos da cosmologia. Ver- emos também um método de expansão que nos permite veri.car a extensão do horizonte de eventos ao bulk, para então introduzirmos cordas negras usando a formulação de Shiromizu, Maeda e Sasaki. Através do método mencionado, mostraremos alguns exemplos que en- volvem dois de nossos trabalhos realizados no período de doutorado. Mostraremos ainda um estudo alternativo que visa analisar as singularidades físicas no bulk oriundas de soluções de colapsos na brana. Referente às branas espessas, faremos uma revisão do modelo canônico visando o estudo de sua estabilidade. Posteriormente, iremos trabalhar a estabilidade do modelo de brana taquiônica. Nesse caso, ainda não se havia veri.cado a estabilidade para o setor de .utuações escalares de maneira geral, mas apenas na aproximação de rolamento lento. Esse resultado é então obtido pela primeira vez. Segue que uma forma de veri.car a estabilidade é observar o espectro das perturbações. Podemos então fazer uso de operadores supersimétricos, que garantem que o espectro é positivo de.nido. Nosso intuito será então veri.car a estabilidade das branas taquiônicas sem qualquer aproximação. Para isso desenvolveremos um mecanismo que envolve operadores supersimétricos de maneira não trivial, sendo uma generalização da literatura pré-existente. O principal resultado obtido é que a brana taquiônica, podendo ela ser de Minkowski ou (anti-) de Siter, é estável diante perturbações escalares. / We will review braneworlds models in .ve dimensions, such as the thin and thick branes cases. In the thin branes context we will review the Shiromizu-Maeda-Sasaki formulation and then we must obtain the e¤ective Einstein equations on the brane. Starting from these equations, we will check some deviations of 4D General Relativity, driven by extra dimension. Some of direct implications will be analyzed for black holes and cosmology. With a perturbative method that provides the event horizon in the bulk, we will introduce the notion of black string in Shiromizu-Maeda-Sasaki formulation. Across of expansion method we will analyze some examples, such as two of our works and then we must .nish with an alternative method for the treatment of singularities on the bulk. Regarding the thick brane, initially we will work the canonical model and posteriorly the tachyon brane model. In the two cases we will develop the stability of models. For the tachyon brane case, the scalar sector has not been studied but only at a slow roll approxima- tion and thus our result is original. The spectra of linear perturbations allows us the study of stability. The use of supersymmetric operators assures us a positive de.ned spectrum. The main objective of this thesis is to check the tachyon brane stability without any ap- proximation. For this purpose we will construct a nontrivial mecanism via supersymmetric operators, which is a generalization of previous literature. The signi.cant result is that the Minkowski, (anti-) de Siter tachyon brane remains stable when perturbed by scalar sector.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-14T12:14:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 1997320 bytes, checksum: 4c8f461d3c824767b9436a0f9d6abfff (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-07-17 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / This thesis discusses the mathematical formalism to obtain solutions of topological defects in theories of field with modified dynamics. We will check that defect solutions, in generalized theories, can be obtained so much in 4-dimensional spacetime of Minkowski as in a spacetime with extra dimension of the deformed geometry. Will be shown both in four-dimensional spacetime as in spacetime as an extra dimension, that the solution characteristics, such as energy density and perturbative spectrum, which appears in the theories with modified dynamic may be profoundly diferent from those that arise in the theories with dynamics standard. We also find the necessary conditions for that the energy density and the perturbative spectrum remain unchanged compared to that obtained in a theory with dynamics standard. In the case of a defect in a spacetime of extra dimension with warped geometry, we use models with generalized dynamic to describe the so-called braneworld scenarios. The study of brane will be divided into two parts: in the first the modification will be performed in the dynamics of the Lagrangian density and the second will be an analogy to called gravity F(R), being added new terms dependent of scalar curvature in the action of Einstein-Hilbert. / Esta tese discute o formalismo matemático para se obter soluções de defeitos topológicos em teorias de campo com dinâmica modificada. Verificaremos que soluções de defeito, em teorias generalizadas, podem ser obtidas tanto no espaço tempo quadridimensional de Minkowski como em um espaço tempo de dimensão extra com geometria deformada. Será mostrado, tanto no espaço tempo quadridimensional, quanto no espaço tempo de dimensão extra, que as características da solução, como densidade de energia e espectro perturbativo, que surge nas teorias com dinâmica modificada, podem ser profundamente distintas das que surgem nas teorias com dinâmica padrão. Encontraremos também quais as condições necessárias para que a densidade de energia e espectro perturbativo permaneçam inalterados em relação ao obtido em uma teoria com dinâmica padrão. Em se tratando de defeito em um espaço tempo de dimensão extra com geometria deformada, utilizaremos modelos com dinâmica generalizada para descrever os chamados cenários de mundo brana. O estudo de brana será dividido em duas partes: na primeira será realizada uma modificação na dinâmica da densidade de lagrangiana e na segunda será feito uma analogia às chamadas gravidade F(R), sendo adicionado novos termos dependentes do escalar de curvatura à ação Einstein-Hilbert.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico / Esta tese apresenta o estudo de localizaÃÃo de campos em cenÃrios de branas em cinco e em seis dimensÃes. Utilizamos mÃtodos numÃricos adequados para estudarmos os modos massivos dos campos gravitacional, vetorial e espinorial sobre vÃrios modelos de mundo-brana. A proprosta dos modelos de branas à solucionar alguns dos problemas fundamentais em aberto na FÃsica de PartÃculas e na Cosmologia, tais como a imensa discrepÃncia entre as escalas de Planck e da teoria eletrofraca, a origem da matÃria escura, a aceleraÃÃo cÃsmica e o valor da constante cosmolÃgica. Basicamente, a hipÃtese de mundo-branas propÃe que o nosso universo à um defeito topolÃgico possuindo as quatro dimensÃes espaÃo-temporais usuais imerso em um espaÃo de dimensÃo maior, chamado de bulk. Para que as lei fÃsicas quadridimensionais sejam restabelecidas, à necessÃrio que os campos tenham seu modo zero localizado. Isto significa dizer que a soluÃÃo para massa nula seja finita. Ademais, as soluÃÃes com massa diferente de zero, chamadas de modos massivos de Kaluza-Klein (KK), merecem atenÃÃo especial. Tais modos possuem implicaÃÃes fenomenolÃgicas importantes. Por exemplo, para o campo gravitacional, a torre de estados massivos de KK fornece uma correÃÃo na lei de Newton para curtas distÃncias. Apenas os modelos singulares possuem soluÃÃes exatas, os conhecidos modelos de Randall-Sundrum (RS) em cinco dimensÃes e de Gherghetta-Shaposhnikov (GS) em seis dimensÃes. No entanto, tais modelos receberam vÃrias extensÃes onde a brana deixou de ser singular, passando a ter uma espessura e, consequentemente, uma estrutura interna rica. As equaÃÃes dos modos massivos, de maneira geral, sÃo descritas por problemas de Sturm-Liouville e nÃo possuem soluÃÃo analÃtica sendo necessÃria a utilizaÃÃo de mÃtodos numÃricos para se obter uma soluÃÃo aproximada. A resoluÃÃo direta da equaÃÃo de Sturm-Liouville era atà entÃo evitada na literatura. Nesta tese, obtemos o espectro e as autofunÃÃes dos campos utilizando mÃtodos de discretizaÃÃo em vÃrios modelos de branas espessas. Com isso, pudemos calcular de forma direta a correÃÃo na lei de Newton da gravitaÃÃo devido à torre de estados de Kaluza-Klein para vÃrios modelos de mundo-brana. A abordagem desenvolvida aqui à de grande proveito, podendo ser utilizada como uma ferramenta de seleÃÃo para modelos de branas, determinando quais modelos possuem implicaÃÃes fenomenolÃgicas que concordem com futuras medidas experimentais de desvios no potencial gravitacional.

Dans cette thèse, nous présentons des constructions explicites de la correspondance AdS/CFT dans le contexte de la théorie des cordes de type II. Ces constructions sont visées à mieux comprendre aspects de la physique nonperturbative de théories des champs superconformes à d = 6,5,4 dimensions. Dans la première partie de la thèse nous introduisons les systèmes de NS5-Dp-D(p+2)-branes de Hanany-Witten, au moyen desquels on peut construire théories des champs avec 8 supercharges. Quand p = 6, le système de NS5-D6-D8-branes permet de construire théories des champs superconformes à 6 dimensions, caractérisées par des multiplets tenseur, vecteur et hypermultiplets de la superalgèbre chirale N = (1,0). Ces théories sont décrites par des «quivers» linéaires; nous analysons en détails leurs propriétés. Dans le cadre de la correspondance AdS/CFT, une théorie superconforme à (d - 1) dimensions décrit la même physique qu’un vide de la théorie des cordes de type II compactifiée sur un espace-temps Anti-de Sitter à d dimensions (AdSd). Par le biais de la géométrie complexe généralisée nous reformulons les équations qui doivent être résolues pour trouver ces vides AdS. La seconde partie contient les contributions originales. Nous présentons une classification exhaustive des vides de la théorie des cordes de type II compactifiée sur AdS7. En type IIB, il n’y a aucun vide; en type IIA massif, nous construisons une nouvelle classe infinie (et analytique) de vides. L’espace interne est topologiquement une 3-sphere, déformée par la présence de D6 et D8-branes. Les isométries de cet espace réalisent la symétrie R des théories superconformes N = (1,0) à 6 dimensions. Nos vides AdS7 sont les duaux holographiques de ces dernières, et peuvent être obtenus par une limite près de l’horizon des systèmes de NS5-D6-D8-branes. Le second résultat est la construction d’une classe infinie de vides analytiques AdS5 en type IIA massif. L’espace interne est le produit d’une 3-sphere par une surface de Riemann. Les isométries de cet espace réalisent la symétrie R des théories superconformes N = 1 à 4 dimensions, dont nos vides AdS5 sont les duaux holographiques. Nous décrivons une bijection entre ces derniers et les vides AdS7 susmentionnés. L’interprétation holographique indique que les théories N = 1 à 4 dimensions sont obtenues en compactifiant celles N = (1,0) à 6 dimensions sur la même surface de Riemann. Troisièmement, nous réduisons à deux equations différentielles le problème de classification des vides AdS6 en type IIB duaux à théories superconformes N = 1 à 5 dimensions. L’espace interne de ces vides contient une 2-sphere, réalisant la symétrie R des ces dernières. / In this thesis we present explicit constructions of the AdS/CFT correspondence obtained from type II string theory. These constructions are aimed at studying aspects of the nonperturbative physics of 6d, 5d, 4d SCFTs. In the first part we introduce NS5-Dp-D(p+2) Hanany--Witten brane systems, capable of engineering field theories with 8 Q supercharges. In particular, when p=6, the NS5-D6-D8 brane systems are known to engineer 6d SCFT featuring tensor, vector and hypermultiplets of the chiral N=(1,0) superalgebra. These theories can be described by linear quivers. We analyze in detail their properties. In AdS/CFT, the same physics can be equivalently described by a (d-1)-dimensional SCFT and by type II string theory compactified on a d-dimensional AdS space (AdSd), giving rise to a so-called AdSd vacuum. By using techniques derived from generalized complex geometry we reformulate the equations that need to be satisfied in order to find these AdS vacua. The second part of the thesis contains the original contributions. We present a full classification of vacua of type II string theory compactified on AdS7. In type IIB there are no such vacua; in massive type IIA, we construct a new infinite class of (analytic) vacua. The internal space is topologically a three-sphere, deformed by the presence of D6 and D8-branes. The isometries of this space realize the R-symmetry of the 6d (1,0) SCFTs. Our AdS7 vacua are the holographic duals of the latter, and can be obtained via a near-horizon limit of the NS5-D6-D8 brane systems. The second result is the construction of an infinite class of analytic AdS5 vacua of massive IIA. The internal space is a fibration of a (distorted) three-sphere over a Riemann surface. Its isometries realize the R-symmetry of putative 4d N=1 SCFTs, holographically dual to our AdS5 vacua. We describe a universal one-to-one map between the latter and the aforementioned AdS7 vacua. The natural interpretation of this is that the 4d N=1 SCFTs can be obtained by compactifying (in a twisted way) the 6d (1,0) ones on the same Riemann surface. In the third and last part, we reduce to two PDEs the classification problem of AdS6 vacua of type IIB supergravity, which should be the holographic duals to 5d N=1 SCFTs. The latter can be engineered by webs of (p,q)-fivebranes in type IIB string theory. The internal space of the AdS6 vacua is given by a fibration of a round two-sphere over a two-dimensional surface; the isometries of the fibers should realize the R-symmetry of the dual field theories. / Doctorat en Sciences / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

This dissertation is focused on three lines of work. In the first part, we consider aspects of holography and gauge/gravity duality in lower and higher dimensions. In particular, we study the duality for exact solutions localized on the Randal-Sundrum 2-branes. We also test if some holographic principles in general relativity can be generalized to include higher derivative theories of gravity; namely Lovelock gravity. In the second part we consider the role of pseudo Nambu-Goldstone bosons (pNGBs) in inflationary cosmology. Specifically, we construct an inflationary model using string theory axions, and use these pNGBs to produce the observed coherent magnetic field in the Universe. The third part of the thesis is devoted to the study of the phenomenology of emergent phenomena. we investigated whether one could test if diffeomorphism invariance, the sacred symmetry of general relativity, is emergent. We also construct a new minimal vectorial Standard Model, and argue that the absence of mirror particles predicted by this model can give us a hint about the fundamental nature of space.

Cette these est une etude detaillee de la structure interne d'objets cosmologiques, de type defaut topologique et membrane en dimensions supplementaires, possedant des courants de fermions. <br> La premiere partie presente le cadre general de la cosmologie primordiale dans lequel ces objets peuvent se former lors des brisures de symetrie associees aux theories de physique des particules. Dans la deuxieme partie, la dynamique des cordes cosmiques, une classe privilegiee de defauts, est decrite a l'aide d'un formalisme macroscopique covariant. Qu'elles soient ou non parcourues par des courants, ce formalisme offre une description unifiee des cordes permettant de predire leur evolution cosmologique par le biais de simulations numeriques. Apres avoir justifie la validite de l'approche macroscopique pour des cordes possedant un courant de particules scalaires, le cas des courants fermioniques est detaille dans la troisieme partie. Dans un premier temps, le spectre de masse des fermions pieges dans une corde est determine, et suggere que leurs modes de propagation privilegies sont de masse non nulle. Dans un deuxieme temps, l'equation d'etat d'une telle corde est obtenue a l'aide d'une quantification des modes de propagation des fermions le long de la corde. Il apparait que l'approche macroscopique usuelle a un parametre n'est pas toujours suffisante pour decrire les fermions. D'autres parts, contrairement aux cordes parcourues par des bosons, les courants de fermions engendrent des transitions, dans la dynamique des cordes, entre des regimes subsoniques et supersoniques dont les consequences cosmologiques pourraient etre importantes. La quatrieme partie generalise ces resultats au cas d'un mur de domaine quadri-dimensionnel, modelisant notre univers, et plonge dans un espace-temps a cinq dimensions. Dans le cadre du modele de Randall-Sundrum, il est ainsi possible de predire la masse des fermions stables pieges sur la membrane.