The diploma thesis focuses on the brick dust arising during grinding of burnt brickwork and the possibilities of its utilization. In the theoretical part origin and basic properties of brick dust is described. Some published results of research on the potential utilization of brick dust in various industries are presented here. Also proposal of utilization of brick dust in the ceramic industry is presented. In the practical part two ceramic raw materials and the two brick dust with different granulometry arising during grinding of burnt brickwork (made from these two ceramic raw materials) were selected. The effect of the addition of brick dust to the ceramic raw materials on the physical - mechanical properties of ceramic body after sintering was investigated.

This thesis deals with possibilities of using brick-grind-dust which is a secondary product from manufacturing of grinded bricks. A boom in this method of masonry is connected with an increase of production of these secondary materials. These secondary materials are partly returned to brick manufacturing and partly buried in a landfill site. Due to their composition and origin, these materials are potentially pozzolan active, making them interesting for applications in hydraulic binders. The aim of the work was to study the physical and chemical properties of several brick-grind-dust and brick sands. Subsequently, binders based on these materials and Portland cement were prepared. The properties of the binders were modified by means of adding a commercially available polycarboxylate superplasticizer. The development of mechanical properties of the prepared binders has been studied over time. Hydration of the selected binders was analyzed by isothermal calorimetry.

A masonry wall or panel is made by the stacking of individual units; typically brick, stone, concrete block or glass block. These units are bound together by mortar to form continuous vertical surfaces. Traditionally, mortar is a paste made from a mixture of sand and cement. What other materials might serve as "mortar"? For this thesis project a panelized system for binding brick with metal has been developed. Each panel consists of a steel frame, within which the bricks are stacked and bound together. Metal rods hold the bricks in place horizontally, while metal spacers maintain the correct vertical positioning. The panels are hung onto a steel grid and bound together to form surfaces. / Master of Architecture

M.Com. (Mineral Economics) / South Africa support is one of the world's fastest growing populations. By the year 2000 AD, South Africa's population is predicted to be 225% larger than it was in 1970. By 2000 AD the total population will have grown to over 54 million people, representing a compound growth rate of some 2,7% Per annum over the preceding 30 years. How will this hlrgeoning population be housed? Where will the growth be? It has been predicted, from numerous sources, that the non-European urban population will soar and thereby account for the bulk of the forecast growth. 'Ibis group will grow from 6 million in 1970 to 25 million by the year 2000, a rate of 4,9% Per annum, Whereas, the urban European population growth shall be :relatively static. Clearly, this phase of mass-urbanization will have to be accompanied by general socio-economic upliftment of the community as a whole. In this regard, the demand for housing, particularly low cost housing, will rise sharply. In South Africa today, many a prospectiive entrepreneur has identified this situation as an opportunity to establish a building-materials manufacturing plant. Because a brickworks is commonly believed to be a relatively simple operation to ,establish and run profitably, many entrepreneurs have applied their resources to this field. In reality, a small scale operation is found to be barely profitable and financial failure in this regard is relatively common. 'Ibis dissertation investigates why such a paradox should exist. A host of variables, which can become major pitfalls to a fledgling brick making business, are discussed. Possible hurdles facing such an operation range from raw material properties, the plant's . financial structure, to characteristics of the brick market be understanding of the interactions between these relatively complex facets of brick making, requires a multi-disciplinary approach. The discipline of Mineral Economics is ideally suited to address the range of problems facing the entrepreneurs, who attempt to establish a small brick plant.

A dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Engineering Johannesburg, 11 October 2016 / Refractory lining failure of damaged magnesia bricks and used alumina bricks was investigated by XRF, XRD, SEM-EDS analysis and computational thermochemistry (phase diagrams). In addition, the effect of oxygen partial pressure towards the refractory lining and alkali sulphate ratio were also determined. The presence of low melting phases of KCl, (Na, K) Cl, K2SO4 and CaSO4 compromised the refractoriness of the magnesia bricks because they are liquid at temperatures below clinkerisation temperature (1450 °C). Sodium oxide and potassium oxide in the kiln feed and chlorine and sulphur in the kiln gas atmosphere migrated into the magnesia brick and react to form KCl, (Na, K) Cl and K2SO4. Components of the magnesia brick, CaO reacted with the excess sulphur in the kiln gas atmosphere forming CaSO4. The presence of these impurity phases indicated that the magnesia bricks suffered chemical attack. Potassium and part of components of high-alumina brick reacted to form K2 (MgSi5O12) impurity phase. Phase diagram predictions indicated that the presence of sodium at any given concentration automatically results in liquid formation in the high alumina brick. This confirms that the chemical attack is also the cause of the failure of the high alumina brick. The analysis of the microstructures of both unused and damaged magnesia bricks revealed that the fracture was predominantly intergranular whereas, in high alumina brick, the fracture was transgranular. The absence of evidence of micro-cracks in both magnesia and alumina bricks rules out thermal shock as a failure mechanism. The absence of clinker species and phases in the examined magnesia and alumina bricks indicated that corrosion by clinker diffusion was absent. The partial pressure of oxygen is low (1.333×10−4 atm), it indicates the stability of Fe3O4 and Mn3O4 and therefore does not favour the oxidation of Fe3O4 to formation of Fe2O3 and Mn3O4 to formation of Mn2O3. The values of alkali sulphate ratio indicated that the kiln operating conditions were favourable for chemical attack to occur. / MT2017

Thesis (M. Arch.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Architecture, 1981. / MICROFICHE COPY AVAILABLE IN ARCHIVES AND ROTCH. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 71). / The mill buildings of New England add a unique dimension to the heritage and identity of the region. Today some of these buildings continue to function as the site of industry, others have been converted to commercial or residential uses, and quite a few have been left to decompose. This thesis proposes some alternatives for converting 19th century mill buildings to residential use. It examines mills of brick bearing-wall construction with respect to their organization and materials, and looks critically at several contemporary mill conversions. It then concentrates specifically on showing how the exterior brick wall can be transformed in order to make decent places to live out of buildings designed for a very different purpose - industrial production. / Paul Pressman. / M.Arch.

The prime object of the work undertaken in the present study has been done with the view of determining whether or not the quality and yield of brick cheese may be improved by pasteurizing the milk from which the cheese is made. An effort should be made to put brick cheese-making on a more scientific basis and at the same time produce cheese of better and more uniform quality. Since milk, containing large numbers of undesirable microorganisms thus causing objectionable flavors and odors in dairy products, is frequently delivered to cheese factories to be processed, pasteurization seems to be one way of attacking the problem to accomplish the desirable results. In a measure it gives the cheesemaker a better opportunity to encourage the growth of the more desirable organisms by inoculating them into he milk after it is pasteurized and cooled down, and it also gives him a better opportunity to check the growth of the undesirable ones since most of them are killed at pasteurization temperature. It is essential to have the proper types of organisms present in the processing and ripening of the cheese; since closely associated with bacterial reproduction, there is always some form of decomposition and these products of decomposition give the cheese its flavor and odor. Is is a mistake to think that milk can be produced under unsanitary conditions and that is can be purified by heating. Pasteurization cannot atone for filth. This point should be strongly emphasized. To be made into rick cheese, milk should be clean, sweet, and free from objectionable flavors and odors and should be produced under the most sanitary conditions possible.

It is indisputable that the internet has become a necessary component of contemporary multi-channel retail, as more consumers are choosing to purchase goods online each year. As online spending continues to grow, many have called into question the future of brick-and-mortar retail. This thesis seeks to empirically prove that brick-and-mortar retail remains not only relevant, but indispensable in direct-to-consumer business models. The basis of this conjecture is the idea of channel synergism, in which online and brick-and-mortar operations are complementary. This theory is predicated on the emergence of the omni-channel retail, which is characterized by the integration of the various direct-to-consumer (D2C) channels to support cross-channel consumer interaction. To empirically test this hypothesis, key operating metrics were examined over the five year period from 2007 to 2011. By examining profitability trends and several D2C channel relationships, empirical support is developed to substantiate the claim that brick-and-mortar operations are not being driven into obsolescence by the growing prevalence of e-commerce transactions.

No description available.

Inaug.-Diss.--Cologne. / Vita. Bibliography: p. 210-212.