Louis Kahn, the master of modern architecture, said, "Even a brick wants to be something " the phrase explained how important it is to respect the properties and materials, each material has a structure or form that can be the most beautiful to express its essence. The reason that he taught the essence of materials by using "brick" as an example among numerous materials the characteristics of bricks are very simple and clear. The essence of the brick lies in 'stacking'. The stone and metal panels which can be found as common as bricks, the surface forms are smooth, but it held by various types of material. The surface materials require separate devices to overcome gravity instead of forming a large surface at a time. Architecture is the site where human technology overcomes the providence of nature. However, brick is not 'attached' material, its 'stacked' material. A piece of brick is placed and laid on, depending on gravity. The nature of bricks goes hand in hand with the history of mankind and is loved a lot. "Architecture is a poem written in light and brick," and brick can be a material that makes use of the essence of architecture: practicality and art. In fact, that the most common building around us is a brick building is evidence that the brick is imprinted with familiar and reliable materials for everyone. Moreover, the bricks are an inexpensive and fast-producing material. In this thesis, I 'd like to propose the housing for elderly residents on the Robinson North Terminal at the Potomac waterfront in Alexandria Virginia. Also I tried to understand and study the material properties of bricks, and to realize mix-used architecture that can conform to Alexandra's unique order and maximize the potential of only sites / Master of Architecture / Aging and Elderly As medical technology develops and demography changes, the demand for more resources. In addition, as the elderly population grows, total support costs (infant and elderly population / productive population) continue to increase. In the past 30 years, the United States has grown at an age-old population five times faster than France and the United Kingdom, twice as many as Germany. Older people's participation in economic activities and their support are emerging as important topics. Older retirees can be good mentors for young adults based on their skills and business operations experience. Economic activity of older people can also reduce conflict among generations. In fact, startups / entrepreneurs accounted for more than 50s over 20-30s. As consumers, people in their 50s have a great presence. Not only do they account for more than 50% of the total US consumption, but consumer dispositions also vary. Likewise, the elderly can be a great help in revitalizing the economy if they are consumers with high demand and maximize their potential as producers. Abandoned land of Alexandria waterfront Robinson terminal North Robinson Terminal North was built in the early 1730's west's point. It was an important marine settlement in the 18th century for marine ships. This site, which is now threadbare, has a lot of historical importance and has a great potential. Robinson Terminal North, which is owned by the Washington Post, is halved by Union Street and currently made up warehouses, a nearly 40,000 square foot pier, and the terminates of a rail line. Redevelopment of the site has been planned for scores of years. In keeping up with the goals of this Plan to encourage public access and delight of the waterfront, land uses in the renewal Robinson Terminal North should be active and productive place.

En el presente estudio se indican los resultados y la trayectoria de investigación de la autora referente al estudio de las técnicas constructivas propias de las fábricas de ladrillo en la zona de intramuros de la ciudad de Valencia (España), concretamente en los barrios de Velluters, la Seu-Xerea, el Carmen, el Mercat y San Francesc. El estudio se fundamenta en el trazado de un perfil socio, económico, cultural y técnico vinculado a la producción preindustrial del ladrillo y a su puesta en obra en Valencia. Se establecen los rasgos principales que vinculan la manufactura y el empleo de ladrillos preindustriales referidos a un entorno cronológico y geográfico determinado, desde la fundación de la ciudad hasta la llegada de producciones cerámicas industriales. En este marco, el registro pormenorizado de fábricas históricas de ladrillo refleja una serie de datos métricos y técnicos específicos. Por ello la investigación se ha concentrado en el estudio de 84 edificios históricos, tanto residenciales como monumentales. De esta manera, se han podido seleccionar 95 fábricas de ladrillo (cara a vista, agramilado, fingido, enlucido, tapia valenciana, aplantillado o vidriado). Todo ello ha generado una recopilación exhaustiva de fichas, que reflejan los aspectos técnicos, diagnósticos y analíticos de los ladrillos, con un estudio paralelo de fuentes arqueológicas, ordenadas en 19 registros de ladrillos romanos y medievales. A través de los resultados obtenidos con el estudio pormenorizado de fábricas, la recopilación de datos arqueológicos y el análisis de laboratorio de algunas muestras de ladrillo y mortero, se propone extraer una serie de datos estadísticos y reflexiones. A lo largo del estudio se describen sincronías, diacronías, pervivencia de técnicas vigentes en las fábricas que conducen a una propuesta cronotipológica para las fábricas urbanas y sus detalles (zócalos, vanos, dinteles, aleros entre los principales). / Cristini, V. (2012). El ladrillo en las fábricas del centro histórico de Valencia. Análisis cronotipológico y propuesta de conservación [Tesis doctoral]. Editorial Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/15665

Materiality has been one of the most frequent topics of discussion for generations of architecture researchers, and also in the area of architectural history study. Numerous researchers are fascinated by the idea of development (or evolution) of architecture in order to understand how architecture has changed from ancient to “contemporary” for them. This discussion can trace back from Vitruvius, through Marc-Antoine Laugier, Banister Fletcher, Auguste Choisy, Karl Bötticher, John Ruskin, Viollet-le-Duc, Gottfried Semper, and it is still a meaningful topic for contemporary scholars to study architectural history. As the basic substance of architecture, the issue of building materials has been an unavoidable question in the evolution of architecture. This thesis approaches Taiwanese architecture from the perspective of one building material – brick. It explores the development of brick and its tectonics in Taiwan, between 1624 and 1945, through four different architectural culture periods - Dutch (1624-1662), Min-nan Chinese (1662-1895), Western (1860-1895), and Japanese culture period (1895-1945) -to understand the process of brick from being an “imported” building material to becoming a “local’ one. This thesis adopted the perspective that both building materials and tectonics are the products of human thought. With this perspective, this study started by identifying the relative “agents”, including material manufacturers, builders, designers, patrons, and ruling authorities The thesis showed that often the ruling authority played an important role, even as the game changer. Thus, it argued that the evolution of architecture tectonics and building materials was not a process but rather the result of actions of key participants in the case of Taiwan. Otherwise, this thesis is also the first research to construct a Taiwanese architectural history by connecting the building material – brick -, the tectonics of architecture, and identifying key influencing events and persons in a relatively large time scope, between 1624 and 1945, passing through four architectural cultural periods. It attempts to present a coherent overview approach to Taiwanese architectural history starting from a single building material, and aims to contribute to enhancing our understanding of the development of architecture and construction history up to the modern period, especially in the context of East Asia.

Ett nytt badhus i Västertorp, beläget i den bortglömda, av E4:an dammiga, Mellanbergsparken dit folk kan gå för att bada. Det behövs inga fler simhallar i Stockholm, men ett nytt sorts badhus dit alla olika människor av alla åldrar kan komma och bada i en starkt arkitektonisk miljö - det fattas idag. Därför har jag fokuserat på att gestalta starka rumsligheter där vattnet får stå i fokus och förstärka upplevelsen av rummet. Genom badhuset finns tre olika steg på skalan i material och badupplevelser som går från asfalt till skog, från slutet till öppet. Längst ut mot skogen finns en badsal på 24 x 84 meter där en pelarskog av tegelpelare möter vattenytan. En vattenyta sträcker sig genom hela badsalen och speglar taket bestående av kryssvalv i bärande tegel. Från entrén till badhuset ser du tvärs igenom hela huset, genom innergården och skymtar denna magnifika badsal. I badsalen finns en rundsimmningsslinga och bredvid är det endast ankeldjupt. Du kan simma ut under ett stort fönsterparti och under arkaden som skuggar utanför. Här möter du tillslut skogen och E4:ans buller är glömt långt bakom. / A new kind of bath house in Västertorp, situated in the forgotten Mellanbergsparken contaminated by noise and dust from the freeway, where people can go swimming. There is no need for more indoor swimming pools in Stockholm, but a new kind of bath house, where different people of all different ages can go to bathe, swim and relax in a strongly architectural environment is missing. Therefore my focus has been to create powerful spaces where the water is in focus and enhances the architectural experience of the room. Through the bath house there is a scale that evolves from the site: from asphalt to forest, from enclosed to open. From the bath house entrance you get a glimpse through the inner court yard, towards the 24 by 84 meter colonnade hall for swimming. Here brick columns meet the water surface that stretches through the entire hall unbroken and reflects the ceiling made up of load bearing brick lierne vaults. In the bath hall is a loop for swimming and on the sides the water is only ankle-deep. From the loop you can swim out under a colonnade that shades the pool. Finally you meet the forest on the other side and the noise and smell of the freeway is far away and forgotten.

Fung Chi Ho Jimmy. / "Architecture Department, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Master of Architecture Programme 2004-2005, design report."

Det svenska murteglets historia har inte tidigare sammanställts med en bredd över tid och rum. Uppsatsen är skriven i syfte att lägga det historiska pussel som kan berätta hur teglet har använts, vem som har använt det och hur det har förändrats i utseende genom århundradena. Detta har gjorts främst genom litteraturstudier, där källorna sträckt sig över en tidsperiod av 2000 år. Bitar ur varje källa har plockats ut och sedan pusslats ihop för att ge en kronologisk bild över historien. Bilden som trädde fram visade hur katolska munkar tog teglet till Sverige. Det dröjde sedan inte länge förrän kronan och kyrkan också började använda sig av materialet. Först på 1700-talet, tack vare husförhörssystemet som gjorde så att seklets barn lärde sig att läsa, fick teglet sitt genomslag då instruktionsböcker skrevs och spreds över landet. På 1870-talet blev tegelindustrin mekaniserad i stor utsträckning, vilket gjorde branschen känslig för svängningar i landets ekonomi. Utifrån detta dras slutsatsen att läskunnigheten och industrialismen inneburit de största blomstringsperioderna i teglets historia. Ironiskt nog innebar också industrialismen teglets fall, dels genom ekonomisk känslighet, dels genom att betongen tilläts ta över. / The complete history of Swedish bricks has not yet been fully compiled. This paper is written with the intention to assemble the historic puzzle which can tell the story of how bricks have been used, who has used them and how their appearance has changed over the course of time. To do this, extensive literature studies have been made, with sources stretching over a period of 2000 years. Bits of each source have been taken to create a chronological picture of its history. The results showed that catholic monks took the knowledge of brick working to Sweden in the 12th century. Soon, the royal power and the church started using brick as well. Despite this, bricks did not get its biggest breakthrough until the 18th century, when a new church law made children learn how to read. Instruction books got released and were read by a fairly large portion of the Swedish population. In the 1870s, the brickyard industry got mechanized, which made the branch sensitive to changes in the country’s economy. From this, the conclusion is drawn that literacy rate and industrial revolution led to the two biggest blooms in the history of bricks. Ironically, the industrial revolution also lead to the descent of the brick industry, partly because of the economic sensitivity, partly because the concrete was allowed to take over.

No description available.

The master thesis follows up on previous bachelor thesis, which dealt with the sorption capacity of brick recyclate. Brick recyclate, as same as brick, excel with very high porosity. For this reason this work deals with possible implementation of plant growth aids (fertilizers) on the inside surface of such highly porous material This thesis studies possibilities of preparation of brick recyclate with the content of components supporting plant growth. It is a material, that is able to bind water in the soil and nourish cultivated plants at the same time. Aim of the work is to find out, what maximum amount of supporting substances, that later will be released back into surrounding enviroment (soil), is possible to incorporate into the brick recyclate. Such prepared recyclate was added in different amounts into predefined substrates, where plants were grown. Subsequently, the growth course, germination and yields of selected crops were monitored. It was verified that the material based on recycled brick enriched with nutrients improves the distribution of nutrients in the soil and positively affects the germination, growth and yields of tested crops.

This is a reconstruction of the parish in Brankovice. The building has two floors, is partly a basement, attic, unused, false hip roof. The building was built in the Baroque - Classical style around 1773. The facade is horizontally divided by plinth, shams around windows, and by a cordon cornice lisenas vertically between windows. The front is accentuated by protruding buttress. The building consists of mid-section and two side wings, the layout is strictly symmetrical. The central axis of the main entrance to the building, which is linked to the entrance hall. On the second floor, there is a staircase hall in the central part of the building, connected to all rooms, which are further connected to each other. The rooms on the first floor will be used as an apartment for the pastor. The part of solution is reconstruction and extensions of bathrooms and garage. Bearing system of solved object consists of burnt bricks. The extensions is designed as ceramic brick blocks Therm masonry.

I en pandemi där stora delar av världen tvingades stänga ner, tvingades även detaljhandelsföretag i Sverige tänka om och hitta nya tillvägagångsätt. Samhället uppmanades till att stanna hemma och allmänhetens köpmönster förändrades helt. Tidigare forskning visar att e-handel ökat som effekt av pandemin, däremot saknas forskning på hur e-handelns olika affärsmodeller, clicks och brick-and-clicks, påverkats av covid-19. Studien är en komparativ flerfallstudie med syfte att belysa vilka strategier clicks och brick-and-clicks tillämpat för att möta covid-19 samt om strategierna skilt sig mellan affärsmodellerna. Vidare framhåller denna studie om strategierna varit lämpade för respektive affärsmodell. Resultatet visar att clicks och brick-and-clicks använt olika strategier för att möta pandemin. Vi finner att brick-and-clicks har tillämpat strategier för kostnadsreducering och fått ökad lönsamhet som effekt. Clicks har inte utnyttjat kostnadsreduktioner i samma utsträckning utan haft en avvaktande strategi. Sekundärdata visar att clicks försäljning ökat under pandemin. Däremot visar analys av prognostiseringen att clicks underpresterar gällande lönsamhet. / In a pandemic in which large parts of the world were forced to shut down, retailcompanies in Sweden were also forced to rethink and find new ways to reachcustomers. Society was encouraged to stay at home and the public's buying patternschanged completely. Previous research shows that e-commerce has increased as aneffect of the pandemic, but there lacks research on how e-commerce's variousbusiness models, clicks and brick-and-clicks, have been affected by covid-19.In this comparative multi-case study, the purpose is to investigate which strategiesclicks and brick-and-clicks have applied to counter the covid-19 pandemic andwhether the strategies differed between the business models. Furthermore, this studyillustrates whether the strategies of each business model have been suitable. Theresults shows that clicks and brick-and-clicks used different strategies to meet thepandemic. We find that brick-and-clicks have applied cost reduction strategies andincreased profitability as a . Clicks has not used cost reductions to the same extentbut has had a more cautious strategy. The secondary data shows that clicks salesincreased during the pandemic. On the other hand, the analysis of the forecast showsthat clicks underperform in profitability.