While documenting the Old Spitalfields Market in London, UK prior to its renovation in 2006, I happened across a simple yet provocative statement- 'this will all be fields again'- inscribed into the existing pavement in an area just inside one of the eastern entrances. What it was able to report in just six simple words is the inescapable process of transformation to which the entire neighbourhood had been and will be subjected to. Rediscovered in a photograph years later, the presence of that message is explored here. As an instrumental narrative, this thesis invests in four parameters of architecture that are as much a reflection of my own struggle to articulate the experience of both literally and figuratively moving within the neighbourhood, as they are indicative of the neighbourhood’s propensity for fragmentation and fluctuation through time. Throughout this work, I have tried to place myself both on and in the moment of crisis between the opposed binaries of the material and immaterial city, and to write the necessary fiction that might allow me to hold them simultaneously in the present.

The aim of this study is to investigate the physical and mechanical properties of construction materials in relation with the structural behaviour of a historic structure. Within this framework, the brick masonry superstructure of Tahir ile Zuhre Mescidi, a XIIIth century Seljuk monument in Konya was selected as case study. The study started with the determination of the basic physical (bulk density, effective porosity, water absorption capacity), mechanical (modulus of elasticity, uniaxial compressive strength), durability and pozzolanic properties of original brick and mortar by laboratory analysis. The obtained data was utilized as material information at the modelling of superstructure, by means of structural analysis software, SAP2000. At the modelling stage, finite element method was used and the complexity of masonry in terms of nonlinearity and heterogeneity was taken into account within practical limits. The constructed model was investigated under dead load, wind load, snow load, temperature load and earthquake load and their possible combinations. Structural investigation was continued with two scenarios representing possible wrong interventions i.e. completion of the partially collapsed superstructure with concrete and the concrete coating over superstructure. These cases were investigated under uniform and randomly distributed temperature loads. The results approved the safety of the superstructure under normal service conditions, defined as the appropriate combinations of dead load, snow load, wind load and temperature load. The structure appeared to be safe under the earthquake load too. The analyses carried out to simulate the inappropriate restoration works demonstrated the structural damage formations at the original structure.

While documenting the Old Spitalfields Market in London, UK prior to its renovation in 2006, I happened across a simple yet provocative statement- 'this will all be fields again'- inscribed into the existing pavement in an area just inside one of the eastern entrances. What it was able to report in just six simple words is the inescapable process of transformation to which the entire neighbourhood had been and will be subjected to. Rediscovered in a photograph years later, the presence of that message is explored here. As an instrumental narrative, this thesis invests in four parameters of architecture that are as much a reflection of my own struggle to articulate the experience of both literally and figuratively moving within the neighbourhood, as they are indicative of the neighbourhood’s propensity for fragmentation and fluctuation through time. Throughout this work, I have tried to place myself both on and in the moment of crisis between the opposed binaries of the material and immaterial city, and to write the necessary fiction that might allow me to hold them simultaneously in the present.

The primary objective of this research program was to investigate the effective modulus of elasticity and shear modulus of brick masonry walls under lateral load, and to to justify using the Jaeger and Mufti method to calculate the effective modulus of elasticity and shear modulus of brick masonry walls. The experimental program involved the testing of three unreinforced brick masonry walls under in-plane and vertical loads. Linear Variable Differential Transducers were used to record the horizontal and vertical displacements of the walls. The experimental results were used to evaluate the modulus of elasticity and the shear modulus of walls under flexure. The experimental results were compared to the finite element analysis results. It was found that the finite element analysis yields similar results to the experimental results. It was also found that the Jaeger and Mufti method to calculate effective modulus of elasticity and shear modulus of brick masonry walls is effective for design purposes.

Digital images acquired at construction sites contain valuable information useful for various applications including As-built documentation of building elements, effective progress monitoring, structural damage assessment, and quality control of construction material. As a result there is an increasing need for effective methods to recognize different building materials in digital images and videos. Pattern recognition is a mature field within the area of image processing; however, its application in the area of civil engineering and building construction is only recent. In order to develop any robust image recognition method, it is necessary to choose the optimal machine learning algorithm. To generate a robust color model for building material detection in an outdoor construction environment, a comparative analysis of three generative and discriminative machine learning algorithms, namely, multilayer perceptron (MLP), radial basis function (RBF), and support vector machines (SVMs), is conducted. The main focus of this study is on three classes of building materials: concrete, plywood, and brick. For training purposes a large-size data set including hundreds of images is collected. The comparison study is conducted by implementing necessary algorithms in MATLAB and testing over hundreds of construction-site images. To evaluate the performance of each technique, the results are compared with a manual classification of building materials. In order to better assess the performance of each technique, experiments are conducted by taking pictures under various realistic jobsite conditions, e.g., different ranges of image resolutions, different distance of camera from object, and different types of cameras.

It has been shown that in today’s society, businesses will need to consider not only selling products or services, but also experiences in order to fulfil customers’ increasing demand for more stimuli in purchase situations. Additionally, brick and mortar retailers will need to respond to the increased use of online sales channels through finding ways of attracting customers to their stores. One way of responding to both trends can be to practise Experience Marketing and thereby offer holistic, stimulating and memorable customer experiences at every purchase situation. With this insight, this thesis will investigate which specific factors that are perceived as important when creating successful in-store experiences. From this, the aim is to create a framework based on customers’ perceptions that can be useful for brick and mortar retailers when implementing experience marketing. Five propositions of what factors to include in order to create successful experiences are presented. These are tested and further developed through both quantitative and qualitative research. The empirical investigation results in the creation of a final suggested framework including the supported propositions, one new Additional Factor and several suggested subcategories within each factor. The final framework suggests following factors as important when creating successful experience marketing: Store Environment, Employee Characteristics, Senses and Additional Factor.

In Sweden today, the consumers have the opportunity to use the different sales channels; physical store, online store and brick and click, a combination of both. For the past decade, the use of ecommerce has spread tremendously and the fashion industry is one of the top three industries in this category. This, together with the growth of technology, have created new opportunities for consumers during their online shopping. The purpose of this study is to examine the differences between consumers who use physical store, online store or both. This study aims to look into consumers' shopping habits within these sales channels and factors that are affecting them. This study uses a quantitative method with 150 respondents participating in a survey of 16 questions. The respondents consist of women in Stockholm in the age group 15-35. The survey is based on theories of sales channels and consumer buying process. The results show that respondents shop more frequently in a physical store than an electronic store. The three most important factors, for respondents that are using both channels, are the price, the fit and the quality. The latter two factors are perceived to be more easily evaluated and detailed in a physical store with physical contact. The traditional retailers, who only shop in a physical store, value service and experience the highest. This is one of the main reasons that they do not shop online because the service and experience are different in each sales channels. However, the price, the fit and the quality share the second place. Also, the brand and the width of the supply are of significance since the availability is greater in e-commerce. These two factors, can along with the price, be prime reasons for onlineshopping. Respondents who never shop online consider safety and shipping/delivery process the main reason for it. This study has therefore come to the conclusion that the ideal marketing strategy for consumers is the brick and click strategy. These two combined channels can compensate for each other's shortcomings and thereby enhance the consumer satisfaction. With a combined sales channel, consumers have also the possibility to use both channels in the buying process and adapt their approaches in the different stages according to their needs, which may differ depending on different circumstances.

This study is intended to provide the archaeologist with a solid understanding of the use of bricks and mortar in colonial New England and to examine the construction of New England colonial residential structures to determine if attributes exist that would allow the development of a regional diachronic or synchronic typology for aid in dating the structures either relatively or absolutely. This paper examines the technology involved in the produc ion of bricks and lime mortar, the construction of seventeenth and eighteenth century foundations, and the social environment that influenced the use of bricks. From the information presented in the paper, the archaeologist should gain an understanding of bricks as artifacts in the New England colonial landscape in order to improve the manner in which b licks are investigated and change the way in which archaeologists view, and therefore r -,cord information about, bricks, mortar, and foundations in Colonial New England. / Department of Anthropology

The primary objective of this research program was to investigate the effective modulus of elasticity and shear modulus of brick masonry walls under lateral load, and to to justify using the Jaeger and Mufti method to calculate the effective modulus of elasticity and shear modulus of brick masonry walls. The experimental program involved the testing of three unreinforced brick masonry walls under in-plane and vertical loads. Linear Variable Differential Transducers were used to record the horizontal and vertical displacements of the walls. The experimental results were used to evaluate the modulus of elasticity and the shear modulus of walls under flexure. The experimental results were compared to the finite element analysis results. It was found that the finite element analysis yields similar results to the experimental results. It was also found that the Jaeger and Mufti method to calculate effective modulus of elasticity and shear modulus of brick masonry walls is effective for design purposes.

The study aimed to identify mud brick and mud plaster technology of Hittites by examining some burnt mud brick walls of Shapinuwa Hittite city and to point out repair and conservation needs of those burnt mud brick structures. The walls were documented by mapping the visual decay forms. The bulk density, total porosity, water absorption by capillarity and water vapour permeability were obtained as basic physical properties. The mechanical properties were expressed by the modulus of elasticity and the uniaxial compressive strength. Compositional and mineralogical properties were determined by optical microscopy, XRD, TGA and SEM coupled with EDX, and by XRF analyses. In addition, pozzolanic activity of powdered samples was determined.. The samples studied had low bulk density, high porosity and high water vapour permeability. The Emod values and the UCS values showed that their mechanical properties were comparable with some historic mortars and bricks. The petrographic and mineralogical analyses of burnt materials indicated a mud brick composition containing fine and medium sized siliceous aggregates mainly composed of quartz. The binder was concluded to be composed of kaolinite illite and micritic calcite that indicated the use of ideal soil compositions by Hittites to make lime stabilized mud bricks, in terms of today standards. The temperature during the fire was estimated to be around 700-800 C. The high pozzolanicity of burnt mud bricks and plasters, provided an opportunity to repair the structure using pozzolanic lime mortars to produce good adhesion. The first results of consolidation treatments had shown that the physical and mechanical properties of burnt mud brick can be improved by impregnation with ethylsilicates such as Tegovakon V.