Despite their poor performance, non-standard clay bricks are commonly used in construction of low-rise buildings and rural houses in Indonesia. These clay bricks are produced traditionally in home industries. Indonesia is located in an active seismic region and many masonry buildings were badly damaged or collapsed during recent earthquakes. Such buildings are classified as non-engineered structures as they are built without using any proper design standard. Lateral load response of un-reinforced masonry walls is investigated in this research project, with the aim of better understanding the behaviour of these masonry walls using low quality local bricks. A comprehensive experimental program was undertaken with masonry wall elements of 600 mm x 600 mm x 110 mm constructed from local bricks from Cikarang in West Java - Indonesia. Wall specimens were constructed and tested under a combination of constant vertical compression load and increasing horizontal or lateral in-plane loads, of monotonic, repeated and cyclical nature. The vertical compressive loading was limited to 4% of maximum brick compressive strength. Masonry mortar mix used to construct the specimens was prepared according to Indonesian National Standard. Three different types of masonry wall panels were considered, (i) (normal) brick masonry walls, (ii) surface mortared brick masonry walls and (iii) comforted surface mortared brick masonry walls. The results indicated that the lateral load bearing capacity of masonry wall is usually lower than that of mortared and comforted walls. Despite this, the lateral load capacity under cyclic loads decreased 50 % of the average capacity of the walls under monotonic and repeated lateral loads. Using the results from the experimental program, a simplified model for the equivalent diagonal spring stiffness of local clay brick walls was developed. This stiffness model derived from experimental results in then used to simplify the structural analysis of clay brick wall panels in Indonesia. The design guideline for brick masonry houses and low-rise buildings in six Indonesian seismic zones was developed, as a contribution towards the development of design guidance for constructing brick masonry houses in Indonesia.

Addendum is pasted to back end-paper. / Bibliography: leaves 203-215. / xiii, 215 leaves : ill. ; 30 cm. / Title page, contents and abstract only. The complete thesis in print form is available from the University Library. / This thesis reports on the behaviour and design of unreinforced masonry buildings when subjected to forces induced into the structure from earthquake ground motion. The study involves the monitoring of ambient vibrations in a number of unreinforced masonry buildings in Adelaide to identify their dynamic properties. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Adelaide, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 1996

Thesis (Doctoral)--Oslo School of Architecture and Design, 2007. / "Adobe, wattle-and-daub, and compressed earth blocks (CSB) ... brick"--P. 4 of cover. Includes bibliographical references (p. 229-238).

Background: The retail industry is highly affected by the changes in the world. With the disruptive force of digitalization, more and more of the transactions within retail is moved online as the e- commerce has expanded making the retail industry more competitive. This change has and is forcing many offline retailers to close business around the world but in this change, has new trends emerged. Both online and offline retailers are starting to see the value of having physical stores as well as having an online presence. Doing so creates opportunities for both e-commerce companies and physical retail stores to create value using multiple channels. Purpose: The purpose of this study is to find out how an independent fashion brick and mortar store can create value for consumers through multiple channels to gain a competitive advantage against pure online retailers and larger retail companies. Method: This topic will be studied with a qualitative study based on semi-structured interviews with customers in demographic 18-30 years old with the goal of understanding how customers purchase clothes in different channels to create insights for independent brick and mortar stores. The data were analyzed with the seven steps of Grounded Theory. Conclusion: The results of the research show that independent brick and mortar store have competitive advantages regarding personal service, products, and product assessment. However, many customers want to search for information and inspiration about products online before they shop, even if the actual purchase is made in a store which means that independent brick and mortar stores need to have their products online for that. It was also found that customers want more flexibility between channels. For example, purchase online and pick-up in store. The authors believe that with this changes, independent brick and mortar stores can compete in the 21st century while still maintaining their current advantages.

This study explores how brick-and-mortars toy retailer face the growing competition thatthe e-commerce is bringing to the market. It was found that the toy industry is reallysensitive to the increasing power online retailers are gaining, and that it is affecting theirstore loyalty. The foundation of this study is interviews of managers and salesman, indirect contact with the clients and their behavioural evolution.e-commerce has been previously studied through other academic researches, but wefound that its impact on brick-and-mortars store loyalty have been left aside and deservedto be studied.The purpose of this study was to explore the relationship between e-commerce and brickand-mortars, along with understanding it. On a second time, determining if the storeloyalty of brick-and-mortars would be affected so bad by e-commerce that it would meanthe end of the traditional way of retailing. We also aimed to provide solutions, elementsthat could be generalize and applicable for the entire industry, on how brick-and-mortarsshould react to face this growing competition that is online retailing. To meet this purpose,we conducted three interviews in which the respondents shared their thoughts andreflections. The research question we inquire to answer is: “How is the rise of ecommerceimpacting store loyalty for the brick-and-mortars in the toy industry?”.It was found that the brick-and-mortars, in the toys industry, are threatened by the ecommercebecoming more popular towards clients. However, it is no foregoneconclusion, and the interviews we conducted demonstrated that there is room for brickand-mortars in this industry, if they find how to adapt themselves to this new type ofcompetition. Another finding that came out of this study is the importance of bringingadded value to your store, in order to keep your store loyalty at a good level and to notget affected by e-commerce. Future researchers are recommended to develop this subjecton focusing on the customer point of view, or on the overall digitalisation of the retailindustry to get a broader perspective.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-14T12:09:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 1759327 bytes, checksum: de63593ff15f9bde73f6cecea1342ba9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005-08-27 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Portland cement based materials have great potential for providing good waste immobilization solutions, which are both cost effective and also promotes the sustainable development of modern industrial activities. Indeed, several industrial wastes have successfully been used in constructions worldwide, most of them from steel and energy manufacturing processes. Nevertheless, transportation, when needed in places where industrial activities are still incipient can affect the cost effectiveness of its use. In such places, such as in the Northeast of Brazil, red clay bricks industry is chiefly predominant, and little is done for its sustainable development. Even though, some researches have been suggesting that their waste, when ground, can improve some properties of cement based materials. However, in order to implement an effective strategy for its use, more research needs to be done, evaluating the potential immobilization of such waste in systems containing Portland cement. Therefore, the current research: investigated the effect of the finesse on the pozzolanic activity of ground red clay bricks (RC), comparing with a conventional cement industry pozzolan (FC); evaluated the effect of the replacement of cement by RC on the fresh and hardened mechanical properties and permeability in mortar and concrete and on the corrosion of steel reinforcement in concretes. Mortar and concrete samples were cast with different levels of RC replacing cement (0%, 20% and 40%) by mass. The water to binder ratio was kept constant (0.50) in both mix proportions of mortar (1:1,55) and concrete (1:1,55:2,19). The samples were initially cured in water at two different temperatures (room around 23ºC - and 55o C) for 7 days, in air for 21 days, and lately immersed in test solutions (water and 3.5% NaCl solution). The mineralogical compositions of RC and the pozzolan FC were obtained by X-Ray diffraction analysis. The cement used was a CPII-F 32 (Portland Limestone Cement with c.a. 10% of CaCO3). When the parameters related to the porous structure of mortars and concretes containing RC were considered, it can be observed that only mortars presented satisfactory results. With respect to the investigated concretes mechanical performance, it was concluded that, although the use of RC in replacement levels of 20% and 40% had reduced the compressive strength of these concretes, this reduction wasn t proportional to the used replacement level. Indeed samples containing 40% retained 89% of the of the concrete control mix, without replacement, due to its satisfactory pozzolanic activity and filler effect. The dilution of cementitious material by its replacement for RC appears to affect the alkalinity of the studied matrices, reducing its pH´s, which can be an indicative of a major predisposition of these matrices to durability problems due the corrosion of its steel reinforcing / Os produtos à base de cimento Portland possuem um grande potencial de promover soluções para a imobilização de resíduos industriais, as quais, além de serem ecomicamente viáveis, contribuem para o desenvolvimento sustentável das atividades industriais modernas. De fato, vários destes resíduos têm sido utilizados com sucesso em construções no mundo inteiro, sendo a sua grande maioria proveniente da produção de aço e energia. Todavia, a utilização deste tipo de resíduos em regiões de baixa atividade industrial, como o Nordeste do Brasil, pode se tornar economicamente inviável em razão dos custos relativos ao seu transporte. Nesta região em especial, a indústria de cerâmica vermelha é uma das principais atividades industriais e poucas foram a contribuições para o seu crescimento sustentável, embora alguns pesquisadores venham sugerindo que seus resíduos, quando moídos, podem promover melhorias em algumas propriedades de misturas de cimento contendo esta adição. Entretanto, de modo a implementar uma efetiva estratégia para a utilização destes resíduos, um maior número de pesquisas precisa ser efetuado, avaliando o potencial de imobilização destes resíduos em sistemas contendo cimento Portland. Deste modo, a presente pesquisa: investigou o efeito da finura na atividade pozolânica de resíduos de cerâmica vermelha moídos (RC), comparando-os com uma pozolana convencional utilizada pela indústria de cimento (FC); avaliou o efeito da substituição do cimento por RC na reologia, propriedades mecânicas e permeabilidade de argamassas e concretos e na corrosão de armaduras de concretos. Foram moldadas amostras de argamassas e concretos contendo diferentes teores de substituição do cimento por RC (0%, 20% e 40%) em peso. O fator água/aglomerante foi mantido constante (0,5) tanto nas misturas relativas as argamassas (1:1,55), quanto aos concretos (1:1,55:2,19). As amostras foram inicialmente curadas em água em duas temperaturas distintas (ambiente cerca de 23ºC e 55ºC) por 7 dias, em ambiente de laboratório até os 21 dias, e posteriormente imersas nas soluções de teste (água pura e solução salina de NaCl a 3,5%). As composições mineralógicas do RC e da pozolana FC foram obtidas por análise de difração de Raios-X. O cimento utilizado foi o CPII-F 32 (Cimento Portland com Filler com 10% de CaCO3). No tocante aos parâmetros relacionados à estrutura porosa de argamassas e concretos contendo RC, apenas as primeiras apresentaram resultados satisfatórios. Com relação à performance mecânica dos concretos avaliados, embora a substituição parcial do cimento por RC na confecção dos mesmos em teores de 20% e 40% tenha provocado uma redução de sua resistência à compressão simples, esta redução não foi proporcional ao teor de substituição utilizado, haja vista que, amostras contendo 40% de substituição ainda retiveram 89% da resistência das amostras de controle, em razão da satisfatória atividade pozolânica do resíduo além de seu efeito filler. A diluição do cimento em decorrência de sua substituição por RC pareceu afetar a alcalinidade das matrizes estudadas, reduzindo seus pH´s, principalmente em ambientes salinos, o que pode ser um indicativo de uma maior predisposição destas matrizes a problemas de durabilidade em decorrência da corrosão das armaduras envoltas pelas mesmas

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:57:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 OsvaldoCS.pdf: 1194235 bytes, checksum: da247435df103f473806af70be8f1c3e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-06-01 / The study of the physical and mechanic properties is an analysis of unquestioned importance on the production of the ceramic materials. In the region of the Rec?ncavo Baiano, there are ceramic and small brick factories, that still use rudimentary techniques, where the necessity of characterization of raw materials is denounced by the quality of the final product. The present work has for objective to study the behavior of the clay proceeding from the region of the Rec?ncavo, between the cities of Candeias and Cama?ari/Ba, with addition of 5, 10 and 15% by weight of brick scraps, trying to optimize the physic and mechanical properties of the final product, aiming a better possibility of being manufactured, mechanic resistance, low linear retraction and water absorption. The brick scraps and the clay were characterized by FRX, DRX, TG, ATD and the granulometric analysis. Samples for testing where prepared by uniaxial pressing at 25Mpa, in 60x20x5mm size. The evaluated technological properties were: linear retraction, water absorption, apparent porosity and flexural strength. The samples were burned in electric oven in the temperatures of 850?, 950? and 1050?C and compared its mechanical properties and the gresification. With addition of 15% by weight of brick scraps and burning at 900?-1000?C the samples showed properties superior to that clay / O estudo das propriedades f?sicas e mec?nicas ? uma an?lise de import?ncia inquestion?vel na produ??o dos materiais cer?micos. Na regi?o do Rec?ncavo Baiano, encontram-se cer?micas e pequenas olarias, que ainda utilizam t?cnicas rudimentares, onde a necessidade de caracteriza??o das mat?rias-primas ? denunciada pela qualidade do produto final. O presente trabalho tem por objetivo estudar o comportamento da argila proveniente da regi?o do Rec?ncavo Baiano, compreendida entre os munic?pios de Candeias e Cama?ari, com adi??o de 5, 10 e 15% em peso de rejeitos cer?micos, procurando otimizar as propriedades f?sico-mec?nicas do produto final, visando uma melhor trabalhabilidade, resist?ncia mec?nica e baixas retra??o linear e absor??o de ?gua. O rejeito cer?mico e a argila foram caracterizados por FRX, DRX, TG, ATD e analise granulom?trica. Foram preparados corpos-de-prova com dimens?es de 60x20x5mm, por prensagem uniaxial a 25MPa. As propriedades tecnol?gicas avaliadas foram: retra??o linear, absor??o de ?gua, porosidade aparente e resist?ncia mec?nica ? flex?o. Os corpos foram sinterizados em forno resistivo nas temperaturas de 850?, 950? e 1050?C e comparadas suas propriedades mec?nicas e a gresifica??o. Obteve-se para os corpos com incorpora??o de 15% em peso de rejeitos cer?micos, propriedades superiores as da argila, nas temperaturas entre 900? e 1000? C

The aim of this dissertation is to investigate the legacy of industrial spaces, the effect of this legacy on the surroundings, and how these spaces then become disconnected and isolated after industrial activity is decommissioned. The research forms part of an NRF research scheme that specifically focuses on building the resilience of cities through innovation in the planning, design and construction of the built environment. The hypothesis on which the dissertation is based states that a process of reintegration of a decommissioned industrial site with the immediate surroundings would enable such a site to become a positive space of transition, and would allow for the reconciliation of society and the ecology that was exploited by the industry. It sees the decommissioning of industrial infrastructure not as a loss or abandonment of obsolete capital, but as the release of energy and potential that can be positively reconstructed. The mechanistic and reductionist world-view that contributed to an unhealthy relationship between people and their ecological surroundings is theoretically explored through the hybridization theories proposed by Bruno Latour (Latour 1993), and the regenerative methodologies put forth by members of Regenesis (Mang, Reed 2012a). The potential of obsolete industrial infrastructure to provide powerful leverage points for changing paradigms from mechanistic to ecological is discussed in the light of its history of developing from craft to large-scale production. Craft becomes an important mechanism for the integration of people with the value and purpose of their work, and also of natural materials and the cultural objects they become. The theories stated above are architecturally applied to an industrial site in Eersterust, Pretoria, which is on the verge of being decommissioned. The site is approached as a constantly evolving and living entity. It is investigated in terms of its patterns and cycles, and these are illustrated as a narrative of all the forces that have impacted on it over millions of years. The narrative provides clues as to possible programmes and site lifecycles, and enables those phenomena that will nurture the biophysical evolution of the site to be given form. The concept of potential sets arises from this investigation, and informs an architecture that aligns itself with both the ecological and cultural forces on site, and represents the hybridization of the two. Potential sets distinguish patterns of ecological, social and industrial phenomena that occur on site over different time frames. These patterns aid the understanding of the ecological purpose of the site and the alignment of the built intervention with this purpose. A building is imagined that will create solutions for public, industrial and ecological spaces, with different levels of engagement between the three. The concept of a solvent enforces the notion of hybridity and allows for new relationships between the public, industrial processes and natural cycles to develop. / Dissertation MArch(Prof)--University of Pretoria, 2014 / Architecture / MArch(Prof) / Unrestricted

The main water transport properties of clay brick are critically examined in respect of suction and water content. An experimental investigation is carried out to compare the sorptivity and vacuum saturation porosity with suction and “porosity” tests in the standards. The water retaining ability (desorptivity) of freshly mixed hydraulic lime and cement mortars is examined and the effect of hydraulicity, pozzolanic and non-pozzolanic additive materials, binder particle size and the chemistry of mix water on the water retentivity of these mortars are investigated. The inter-relationship of substrate (brick) suction and desorptivity of freshly mixed wet lime and cement mortar are investigated. It is shown that the initial setting time of dewatered freshly-mixed mortars is reduced by a factor of up to 80% and the final setting time is reduced by a factor of 60%. The extent of this reduction depends on hydraulicity. For the cured mortars, following dewatering in the wet state, the compressive and flexural strengths are increased by about 40% for cement mortar and by more than 3 times for lime mortar. The sorptivity of hardened cement and lime mortars is reduced by 80%. These results have implications for the British and European standards where mortars are cast in impermeable steel moulds in which dewatering cannot occur prior to setting. The accuracy of the methodology of the American Petroleum Institute (API) pressure cell technique for testing the water retaining ability of fresh mortars was critically examined. An experimental investigation was carried out in two parts, first by changing the controlled variables of the experimental set up. Second the consequences for the results obtained were evaluated. Experimental verification is undertaken of the fundamental Sharp Front equation S=(2KΨf)^(1/2) which describes the inter-relationship of capillary pressure, sorptivity, porosity and hydraulic conductivity.

Digitalization has impacted online retailing heavily, however traditional stores have not changed as much in comparison. Earlier studies have not only suggested how stores could reinvent themselves, but also indicated that brands could have great advantages by doing so. Furthermore, the customer experience and it’s reinforced importance within brick and mortar has been highlighted. It has also been established that the customer experience could be strengthen by implementing advanced technology. Due to the lack of research within the subject and a mainly theoretical discussion about how and why stores implement advanced technology in store, this study aims to investigate from more practical point of view how and why companies implement advanced technology. This study has a qualitative method, by conducting a total of 7 interviews. Five interviews were conducted with employees within different retailing companies implementing advanced technology in store; BMW, Clas Ohlson, Volvo Car Company, Volkswagen and Synsam Group. To continue, two complementary interviews from a rather general market perspective were conducted; one with AMF Fastigheter on their new project The Lobby focusing on the development of the future store and one with Curiat (NZ) Limited a subject specialist on Augmented Reality, which was one of the most common technologies in this study. The study identifies several factors correlating to how and why brands reinvent their physical stores through advanced technologies. In order to implement the technology successfully, such as Virtual Reality, Augmented reality and Interactive Digital Signage, traditional retailers have to modify their business models and their operational skills within the organization. One main motivation as for why traditional retailers implement advanced technology is a changed consumer behavior and market. This puts a new kind of pressure on traditional retailers and stresses the importance of the customer experience. The customer experience and relationships can be strengthened by implementing advanced technology and are two important factors as to why retailers utilize advanced technology in store. Traditional retailers also use the implemented advanced technology as a marketing tool, in order to market themselves as innovative and meet the new market. In addition to this, there has been a change in communication between customer and store. Retailers can use the advanced technology in order to not only interact in a new way with their customers, but also communicate through various of their channels. This creates a smoother and more seamless experience for the customer, and connect offline with online.