Respiratory disease complex is a major cause of mortality and economic losses in the commercial broiler industry. In 1991 a previously unidentified bacterium associated with respiratory disease and cranial cellulitis was isolated from broilers in the then Transvaal Province (van Beek, van Empel, van den Bosch, Storm, Bongers, du Preez, 1994. ). In 1994 the organism was named Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale (Vandamme, Segers, Vancanneyt, van Hove, Mutters, Hommez, Dewhirst, Paster, Kersters, Falsen, Devriese, Bisgaard, Hinz, Mannheim, 1994.). Since then Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale has been isolated worldwide from chickens and turkeys showing respiratory signs and has become well established as contributing to the respiratory disease complex in both species (van Empel, Hafez, 1999). In South Africa respiratory disease and Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale in particular is routinely controlled by the inclusion of antibiotics such as Oxtetracycline into the feed of broilers during rearing. Concerns about antibiotic residues in poultry meat for human consumption as well as evidence that suggests that Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale readily develops resistance to antibiotics (Devriese, Hommez, Vandamme, Kersters, Haesebrouck, 1995), make this strategy unsustainable. It was with a view to reducing producers’ dependence on long term prophylactic antibiotic therapy that this study to determine the safety and efficacy of an OR bacterin vaccine was carried out. Injection of the bacterin into broilers was deemed impractical on a commercial scale, so it was applied to broiler breeder parent stock in order that they could protect their progeny through vertically transmitted immunity developed as a result of vaccination. Breeder flocks were vaccinated intramuscularly at nine and 18 weeks with a monovalent bacterin based on OR serotype A with oil adjuvant. Vaccine safety was evaluated by palpation of vaccination sites and clinical observation of breeders for two weeks after vaccination. The serological response of breeders to vaccination was monitored using an ELISA test for Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale optimised for use under South African conditions. Vaccine efficacy was determined by monitoring of broiler progeny of vaccinated breeders raised under commercial conditions as well as through controlled challenge studies with Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale under laboratory conditions. In order to determine the financial consequences of using the test vaccine, a partial farm budget was drawn up from available broiler data and possible outcomes were modelled using a stochastic model. The vaccine proved to be safe for use in commercial broiler breeders and vaccinated birds developed a good humoral response to vaccination. As a result of cross-contamination of isolators with Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale the results of the challenge studies were inconclusive. No evidence of protection of broiler progeny of vaccinated breeder flocks could be detected through the challenge trials. In the absence of in-feed medication, broilers hatched from vaccinated breeders did, however, performed better under commercial conditions than those hatched from unvaccinated breeder flocks. The partial farm budget showed that broilers raised from OR vaccinated breeder flocks were more profitable than the negative control flocks. The quantitative risk analysis showed that the probability of making a relative profit from broilers as a result of OR vaccination of parent stock was 74%, from the use of in-feed medication in broilers from unvaccinated parents was 70% and from a combination of the interventions was 99%. It can be concluded that the last of these options was most profitable. / Dissertation (MSc (Veterinary Sciences))--University of Pretoria, 2003. / Veterinary Tropical Diseases / unrestricted

The objectives of these experiments were to evaluate the effects of selenium (Se) and vitamin E (Vit.E) supplementation in maternal and progeny diets on the performance of breeder hens and the performance and meat quality characteristics of progeny. Inclusion of Se, as Se yeast, in the diets of developing broiler breeder pullets resulted in greater Se accumulation of Se (P<0.01) in liver, pancreas, and breast tissues than when Se yeast was not provided. Improving the overall Se status of breeder pullets in the early stages may help maintain adequate tissue Se concentrations during egg production. Maternal supplementation of Se yeast and Vit.E increased the liver and breast Se concentration (P<0.05) of newly hatched chicks compared to the chicks originating from hens not receiving dietary Se. At 7d of age, Se yeast supplementation in either the chick or maternal diet increased breast and liver Se concentrations (P<0.01). At 14d of age, breast and liver Se concentrations remained the highest for chicks supplemented with Se yeast (P<0.01), however there was no effect of maternal Se supplementation. Vitamin E supplementation in either the chick or maternal diets did not affect the liver Vit.E concentrations of chicks at 7 or 14d of age. Supplementing broiler diets with Se yeast and Vit.E improved the meat quality characteristics of raw and marinated breast fillets. The Se content of breast meat from broilers fed Se yeast was higher (P<0.01) than those from broilers that were not fed Se yeast. Antioxidant supplementation improved the drip loss (P<0.05) and oxidative stability (P<0.10) of raw breast fillets after 7d of refrigerated storage. Marination appeared to increase the susceptibility for lipid oxidation of the marinated breast fillets. Dietary supplementation of Se yeast and Vit.E reduced lipid oxidation (P<0.01) of marinated breast fillets after prolonged refrigerated storage, thus improving oxidative stability. Overall, dietary supplementation of Se yeast can increase the accumulation of Se in the tissues of broiler breeder hens and their subsequent progeny. Improvements in the avian antioxidant system may have beneficial effects on the performance of broiler breeder hens, broilers, and the meat quality characteristics of broiler breast fillets.

Orientador: Danilo Florentino Pereira / Resumo: O incubatório de ovos tem grande importância na cadeia produtiva, pois éa partir dele que a cadeia produtiva de frango é abastecida. Assim, a ineficiência noincubatório afeta todo o segmento. Foi realizado um experimento com o objetivo deobservar os efeitos da idade da matriz pesada sobre o rendimento de incubação e aperda de calor dos ovos durante o trajeto da sala de incubação até o nascedouro.Foram incubados ovos de matrizes pesadas da linhagem Cobb de três idades: 26,32 e 53 semanas. Esses ovos foram separados em dois tratamentos, sendo T0 otratamento controle, que respeitou os procedimentos adotados normalmente pelaempresa incubadora e T1, que utilizou uma caixa térmica para o transporte dos ovosdurante a transferência. Para ambos os tratamentos a transferência durou cerca de10 minutos em todas as três repetições. Após o nascimento foi realizada a contagemdos pintos nascidos, dos ovos não eclodidos, os cálculos de eclosão eeclodibilidade, a quebra dos ovos não eclodidos para averiguar em qual momento dodesenvolvimento ocorreu mortalidade embrionária, e o peso dos pintos nascidos. Osresultados obtidos mostraram que os ovos de 26 semanas tiveram maiorinfertilidade, o que fez com que a eclosão se apresentasse menor, a eclodibilidade emortalidade não foram diferentes entre as idades. O peso dos pintinhos diferiu nastrês idades mostrando que os pintinhos de matrizes mais velhas são mais pesados.Quanto à perda de calor, os resultados mostrar... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The incubatory of eggs has great importance in the production chain,since it is the supplier of the production chain. Thus, inefficiency in the incubatoryaffects the entire production chain. An experiment was performed in order to observethe effects of the broiler breeders and the heat loss of the eggs during the transferfrom the hatchery to the hatcher on the yield of the incubation. Eggs from three ages:26, 32 and 53 weeks of Cobb broiler breeders were incubated. These eggs wereseparated into two treatments: T0 as the control treatment, which complied with theprocedures normally adopted by the incubator company and T1 which used a coolerto transport the eggs during the transfer. For both treatments the transfer took about10 minutes in all the three repetitions. After the birth it was made the counting of thehatched chicks, of the unhatched eggs, the calculations of hatching and hatchability,the breaking of the unhatched eggs; all to determine at what time of the developmentthe embryonary mortality took place, and the weight of the hatched chicks. Theresults obtained showed that the eggs of the 26-week breeders had higher infertility,which led to the lower hatching. Hatchability and mortality did not differ between theages. The weight of the chicks differed in the three ages showing that the chicks ofolder breeders were heavier. Regarding the heat loss, the results showed that all theplaces evaluated had temperature and RH out of the recomme... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar dietas com ou sem adição de farinha de carne e ossos e diferentes fontes de suplementação de ferro (Fe) em dietas para matrizes de corte. Sessenta matrizes de corte Cobb, 22 semanas de idade, foram alojadas individualmente em gaiolas e alimentadas com uma dieta (15,6% PB, 2.840 kcal EM /kg, 3,2% Ca, 0,45% de fósforo disponível) sem suplementação de Fe por 84 dias. As aves foram aleatoriamente divididas em 6 tratamentos em um fatorial de 2 dietas (Vegetal e Animal) e 3 fontes de Fe (Sem, Inorgânico e Complexado). As dietas tiveram mesmo perfil nutricional com exceção do Fe. A dieta Vegetal foi formulada com milho, farelo de trigo e farelo de soja, enquanto que a dieta Animal teve a inclusão de 2,5% de farinha de carne e osso. A dieta Sem não foi suplementada com Fe, enquanto que as dietas Inorgânico e Complexado tiveram 60 mg/kg de Fe suplementados através de sulfato ferroso ou Fe-amino ácido:12% de Fe com vários aminoácidos (Fe-AA), respectivamente. As dietas foram fornecidas por 3 períodos de 4 semanas cada e os ovos foram coletados diariamente para avaliação da produção. Foram pesados os ovos dos 3 últimos dias de cada período, sendo então a gema e albúmen separados e congelados para posterior análise do conteúdo de Fe por espectrometria de absorção atômica. Os dados foram analisados usando Anova com medidas repetidas no tempo. O conteúdo Fe na gema aumentou com o tempo em todos os tratamentos, exceto para a dieta Vegetal sem suplementação de Fe (P<0,01). A concentração média de Fe na gema foi maior para a dieta Animal suplementada com Fe-AA, o menor para a dieta Vegetal não suplementada com Fe, e sem diferenças entre os outros quatro tratamentos. A produção de ovos foi reduzida nas aves que não receberam nenhum tipo de suplementação de Fe comparada as que receberam (P<0,05). Em conclusão, a produção de ovos foi afetada quando as aves não receberam suplementação de Fe e a suplementação de Fe pode afetar o conteúdo na gema e albúmen, dependendo da presença de fontes de proteína animal na dieta. / The objective of this study was to compare diets with or without meat and bone meal by-product and different Fe supplementation in broiler breeder diets. Sixty Cobb 500 females, 22 wks of age, were placed individually in cages and fed a typical breeder diet (15.6% CP, 2,840 kcal ME/kg, 3.2% Ca, 0.45% Av P) without Fe supplementation for 84 d. Starting on the 85 th d birds were randomly allocated to 6 dietary treatments in a factorial of 2 diets (Vegetal and Animal) and 3 Fe sources (None, Inorganic and Complexed). Diets had similar nutrient profile with the exception of Fe. Vegetable diet was formulated with corn, wheat bran and soybean meal, whereas the Animal diet had the inclusion of 2.5% meat and bone meal. The None diet was not supplemented with Fe, whereas 60 mg/kg of Fe was supplemented in the Inorganic (Fe (II) sulfate) or in the Complexed (Fe-amino acid: 12% Fe, with varying percentages of AA). Diets were provided for 3 periods of 4 wks and eggs were collected daily. In the last three days of each week, eggs were weighed, and yolk and albumen were separated. Egg composites were frozen for further analysis of Fe content using atomic absorption spectrometry. Resulting data were analyzed using a two-way Anova with repeated measures. Yolk Fe contents increased with time in all treatments, except for the Vegetable diet without Fe supplementation (P<0.01). Average Fe concentration in yolk was the highest for the Animal diet supplemented with Fe-AA, lowest for the Vegetable diet not supplemented with Fe, and without differences between the other four treatments. Egg production was reduced for birds fed both diets without Fe supplementation when compared to those with any type of Fe supplementation (P<0.05). It is concluded that breeder hens have reduced hen day egg production when not supplemented with Fe and that Fe supplementation can affect yolk and albumen contents depending on the presence of animal protein sources in the diet.

Submitted by Gabriela Fagundes da Silva null (gabriela.fag@hotmail.com) on 2016-04-06T20:20:09Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DISSERTAÇÃO imprimir.pdf: 1071795 bytes, checksum: e66726b6241cc37dc681e6c87064094e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Felipe Augusto Arakaki (arakaki@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-04-07T18:09:24Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 silva_gf_me_dra.pdf: 1071795 bytes, checksum: e66726b6241cc37dc681e6c87064094e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-07T18:09:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 silva_gf_me_dra.pdf: 1071795 bytes, checksum: e66726b6241cc37dc681e6c87064094e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-19 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / O incubatório de ovos tem grande importância na cadeia produtiva, pois é a partir dele que a cadeia produtiva de frango é abastecida. Assim, a ineficiência no incubatório afeta todo o segmento. Foi realizado um experimento com o objetivo de observar os efeitos da idade da matriz pesada sobre o rendimento de incubação e a perda de calor dos ovos durante o trajeto da sala de incubação até o nascedouro. Foram incubados ovos de matrizes pesadas da linhagem Cobb de três idades: 26, 32 e 53 semanas. Esses ovos foram separados em dois tratamentos, sendo T0 o tratamento controle, que respeitou os procedimentos adotados normalmente pela empresa incubadora e T1, que utilizou uma caixa térmica para o transporte dos ovos durante a transferência. Para ambos os tratamentos a transferência durou cerca de 10 minutos em todas as três repetições. Após o nascimento foi realizada a contagem dos pintos nascidos, dos ovos não eclodidos, os cálculos de eclosão e eclodibilidade, a quebra dos ovos não eclodidos para averiguar em qual momento do desenvolvimento ocorreu mortalidade embrionária, e o peso dos pintos nascidos. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que os ovos de 26 semanas tiveram maior infertilidade, o que fez com que a eclosão se apresentasse menor, a eclodibilidade e mortalidade não foram diferentes entre as idades. O peso dos pintinhos diferiu nas três idades mostrando que os pintinhos de matrizes mais velhas são mais pesados. Quanto à perda de calor, os resultados mostraram que todos os locais avaliados possuem temperatura e UR fora do recomendado na literatura, caracterizando o trajeto todo como ponto crítico para controle da temperatura, e que os ovos de T1 sofreram menos perda de calor nas transferências que os ovos de T0. Todavia, o tratamento com caixa térmica não proporcionou melhoria nos indicadores de eclodibilidade e peso de pintinho, para o tempo de transferência estudado. / The incubatory of eggs has great importance in the production chain, since it is the supplier of the production chain. Thus, inefficiency in the incubatory affects the entire production chain. An experiment was performed in order to observe the effects of the broiler breeders and the heat loss of the eggs during the transfer from the hatchery to the hatcher on the yield of the incubation. Eggs from three ages: 26, 32 and 53 weeks of Cobb broiler breeders were incubated. These eggs were separated into two treatments: T0 as the control treatment, which complied with the procedures normally adopted by the incubator company and T1 which used a cooler to transport the eggs during the transfer. For both treatments the transfer took about 10 minutes in all the three repetitions. After the birth it was made the counting of the hatched chicks, of the unhatched eggs, the calculations of hatching and hatchability, the breaking of the unhatched eggs; all to determine at what time of the development the embryonary mortality took place, and the weight of the hatched chicks. The results obtained showed that the eggs of the 26-week breeders had higher infertility, which led to the lower hatching. Hatchability and mortality did not differ between the ages. The weight of the chicks differed in the three ages showing that the chicks of older breeders were heavier. Regarding the heat loss, the results showed that all the places evaluated had temperature and RH out of the recommended in the literature, characterizing the whole route as critical for the temperature control, and that the eggs of T1 suffered less heat loss in the transfers than the T0 eggs. However, the treatment using the cooler did not improve the hatchability indicators and chick weight for the studied transfer time.

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of organic and inorganic minerals, in broiler breeders Cobb®500. It was used 4 treatments: PI= 100% mineral inorganic premix; PO= 100% mineral organic premix; PI+PO= 70% mineral inorganic premix + 30% mineral organic premix and PI+Zn= 100% mineral inorganic premix, except zinc mineral, that was 70% inorganic form and 30% organic form. The trace minerals were: zinc, manganese, selenium, copper and iron, Iodine is added to the inorganic salt in its state. Corn and soybean meal diets were used. 440 hens and 40 roosters with 51 weeks of age were used. The experiment was conducted between 51st and 65th weeks of age of birds. The production parameters and quality parameters analyzed were: laying rate, hatching rate, egg weight, specific gravity, embryonic mortality and quality progeny. The parameters of progeny analyzed were: body weight gain, feed intake, feed conversion and mortality. The birds were housed in an experimental house at Poultry Laboratory (LAVIC) of the Federal University of Santa Maria with 20 floor pens of 4.61m2. The design was completely randomized with four treatments and five pen replicates with 22 hens and two roosters each. To evaluate the progenies two evaluations were performed of 1 the 21 days. Each evaluation used 320 male chicks one day of age, from eggs produced with the arrays of 55 and 60 weeks of age. For each evaluation, was adopted the same design used in the evaluation of the broiler breeders, resulting in four treatments groups with 10 replicates of 8 males birds each. Under the conditions and time that the experiment was conducted, the use of organic minerals had no significant effect (P>0.05) on the parameters evaluated in the broiler breeders and progeny, during the study period. Keywords: Zootechnical indexes. Minerals. Broiler breeders / O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a utilização de minerais orgânicos e inorgânicos, na alimentação de matrizes de corte Cobb®500. Foram utilizados 4 tratamentos: PI - composto por 100% de inclusão de premix mineral inorgânico; tratamento PO - 100% de inclusão de premix mineral orgânico; tratamento PI+PO - 70% de inclusão de premix mineral inorgânico e 30% de premix mineral orgânico e o tratamento PI+Zn - 100% de premix mineral inorgânico (exceto zinco 70%), somado a 30% de zinco orgânico. Os microminerais testados foram: zinco, manganês, selênio, cobre e ferro, sendo o iodo acrescentado ao sal em seu estado inorgânico. A dieta fornecida às aves foi a base de milho e farelo de soja. Foram utilizadas 440 galinhas e 40 galos com 51 semanas de idade. O período experimental foi compreendido entre a 51ª e a 65ª semana de idade do lote. Os parâmetros de produção e qualidade analisados foram: taxa de postura, eclosão de ovos, gravidade especifica, peso de ovos, mortalidade embrionária e qualidade da progênie. Os parâmetros da progênie analisados formam: ganho de peso corporal, conversão e consumo alimentar e mortalidade. As aves foram alojadas em um galpão experimental do Laboratório de Avicultura (LAVIC) da Universidade Federal de Santa Maria que possui 20 boxes de 4,61m2. O delineamento experimental foi o inteiramente casualizado com quatro tratamentos e cinco repetições de 22 fêmeas e 2 machos cada. Para avaliar o desempenho das progênies, foram realizadas duas avaliações de 1 a 21 dias. Em cada uma foi utilizado 320 pintos machos de um dia, provenientes de ovos produzidos nas semanas 55 e 60 de idade do lote. Foi adotado o mesmo delineamento utilizado na avaliação das matrizes, totalizando quatro tratamentos com 10 repetições de 8 aves machos cada. Nas condições e época que os experimentos foram conduzidos, o uso de minerais orgânicos não resultou efeitos significativos (P>0,05), sobre os parâmetros avaliados nas matrizes de corte, tão pouco sobre os parâmetros das duas avaliações realizadas na progênie.

O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar dietas com ou sem adição de farinha de carne e ossos e diferentes fontes de suplementação de ferro (Fe) em dietas para matrizes de corte. Sessenta matrizes de corte Cobb, 22 semanas de idade, foram alojadas individualmente em gaiolas e alimentadas com uma dieta (15,6% PB, 2.840 kcal EM /kg, 3,2% Ca, 0,45% de fósforo disponível) sem suplementação de Fe por 84 dias. As aves foram aleatoriamente divididas em 6 tratamentos em um fatorial de 2 dietas (Vegetal e Animal) e 3 fontes de Fe (Sem, Inorgânico e Complexado). As dietas tiveram mesmo perfil nutricional com exceção do Fe. A dieta Vegetal foi formulada com milho, farelo de trigo e farelo de soja, enquanto que a dieta Animal teve a inclusão de 2,5% de farinha de carne e osso. A dieta Sem não foi suplementada com Fe, enquanto que as dietas Inorgânico e Complexado tiveram 60 mg/kg de Fe suplementados através de sulfato ferroso ou Fe-amino ácido:12% de Fe com vários aminoácidos (Fe-AA), respectivamente. As dietas foram fornecidas por 3 períodos de 4 semanas cada e os ovos foram coletados diariamente para avaliação da produção. Foram pesados os ovos dos 3 últimos dias de cada período, sendo então a gema e albúmen separados e congelados para posterior análise do conteúdo de Fe por espectrometria de absorção atômica. Os dados foram analisados usando Anova com medidas repetidas no tempo. O conteúdo Fe na gema aumentou com o tempo em todos os tratamentos, exceto para a dieta Vegetal sem suplementação de Fe (P<0,01). A concentração média de Fe na gema foi maior para a dieta Animal suplementada com Fe-AA, o menor para a dieta Vegetal não suplementada com Fe, e sem diferenças entre os outros quatro tratamentos. A produção de ovos foi reduzida nas aves que não receberam nenhum tipo de suplementação de Fe comparada as que receberam (P<0,05). Em conclusão, a produção de ovos foi afetada quando as aves não receberam suplementação de Fe e a suplementação de Fe pode afetar o conteúdo na gema e albúmen, dependendo da presença de fontes de proteína animal na dieta. / The objective of this study was to compare diets with or without meat and bone meal by-product and different Fe supplementation in broiler breeder diets. Sixty Cobb 500 females, 22 wks of age, were placed individually in cages and fed a typical breeder diet (15.6% CP, 2,840 kcal ME/kg, 3.2% Ca, 0.45% Av P) without Fe supplementation for 84 d. Starting on the 85 th d birds were randomly allocated to 6 dietary treatments in a factorial of 2 diets (Vegetal and Animal) and 3 Fe sources (None, Inorganic and Complexed). Diets had similar nutrient profile with the exception of Fe. Vegetable diet was formulated with corn, wheat bran and soybean meal, whereas the Animal diet had the inclusion of 2.5% meat and bone meal. The None diet was not supplemented with Fe, whereas 60 mg/kg of Fe was supplemented in the Inorganic (Fe (II) sulfate) or in the Complexed (Fe-amino acid: 12% Fe, with varying percentages of AA). Diets were provided for 3 periods of 4 wks and eggs were collected daily. In the last three days of each week, eggs were weighed, and yolk and albumen were separated. Egg composites were frozen for further analysis of Fe content using atomic absorption spectrometry. Resulting data were analyzed using a two-way Anova with repeated measures. Yolk Fe contents increased with time in all treatments, except for the Vegetable diet without Fe supplementation (P<0.01). Average Fe concentration in yolk was the highest for the Animal diet supplemented with Fe-AA, lowest for the Vegetable diet not supplemented with Fe, and without differences between the other four treatments. Egg production was reduced for birds fed both diets without Fe supplementation when compared to those with any type of Fe supplementation (P<0.05). It is concluded that breeder hens have reduced hen day egg production when not supplemented with Fe and that Fe supplementation can affect yolk and albumen contents depending on the presence of animal protein sources in the diet.

O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar dietas com ou sem adição de farinha de carne e ossos e diferentes fontes de suplementação de ferro (Fe) em dietas para matrizes de corte. Sessenta matrizes de corte Cobb, 22 semanas de idade, foram alojadas individualmente em gaiolas e alimentadas com uma dieta (15,6% PB, 2.840 kcal EM /kg, 3,2% Ca, 0,45% de fósforo disponível) sem suplementação de Fe por 84 dias. As aves foram aleatoriamente divididas em 6 tratamentos em um fatorial de 2 dietas (Vegetal e Animal) e 3 fontes de Fe (Sem, Inorgânico e Complexado). As dietas tiveram mesmo perfil nutricional com exceção do Fe. A dieta Vegetal foi formulada com milho, farelo de trigo e farelo de soja, enquanto que a dieta Animal teve a inclusão de 2,5% de farinha de carne e osso. A dieta Sem não foi suplementada com Fe, enquanto que as dietas Inorgânico e Complexado tiveram 60 mg/kg de Fe suplementados através de sulfato ferroso ou Fe-amino ácido:12% de Fe com vários aminoácidos (Fe-AA), respectivamente. As dietas foram fornecidas por 3 períodos de 4 semanas cada e os ovos foram coletados diariamente para avaliação da produção. Foram pesados os ovos dos 3 últimos dias de cada período, sendo então a gema e albúmen separados e congelados para posterior análise do conteúdo de Fe por espectrometria de absorção atômica. Os dados foram analisados usando Anova com medidas repetidas no tempo. O conteúdo Fe na gema aumentou com o tempo em todos os tratamentos, exceto para a dieta Vegetal sem suplementação de Fe (P<0,01). A concentração média de Fe na gema foi maior para a dieta Animal suplementada com Fe-AA, o menor para a dieta Vegetal não suplementada com Fe, e sem diferenças entre os outros quatro tratamentos. A produção de ovos foi reduzida nas aves que não receberam nenhum tipo de suplementação de Fe comparada as que receberam (P<0,05). Em conclusão, a produção de ovos foi afetada quando as aves não receberam suplementação de Fe e a suplementação de Fe pode afetar o conteúdo na gema e albúmen, dependendo da presença de fontes de proteína animal na dieta. / The objective of this study was to compare diets with or without meat and bone meal by-product and different Fe supplementation in broiler breeder diets. Sixty Cobb 500 females, 22 wks of age, were placed individually in cages and fed a typical breeder diet (15.6% CP, 2,840 kcal ME/kg, 3.2% Ca, 0.45% Av P) without Fe supplementation for 84 d. Starting on the 85 th d birds were randomly allocated to 6 dietary treatments in a factorial of 2 diets (Vegetal and Animal) and 3 Fe sources (None, Inorganic and Complexed). Diets had similar nutrient profile with the exception of Fe. Vegetable diet was formulated with corn, wheat bran and soybean meal, whereas the Animal diet had the inclusion of 2.5% meat and bone meal. The None diet was not supplemented with Fe, whereas 60 mg/kg of Fe was supplemented in the Inorganic (Fe (II) sulfate) or in the Complexed (Fe-amino acid: 12% Fe, with varying percentages of AA). Diets were provided for 3 periods of 4 wks and eggs were collected daily. In the last three days of each week, eggs were weighed, and yolk and albumen were separated. Egg composites were frozen for further analysis of Fe content using atomic absorption spectrometry. Resulting data were analyzed using a two-way Anova with repeated measures. Yolk Fe contents increased with time in all treatments, except for the Vegetable diet without Fe supplementation (P<0.01). Average Fe concentration in yolk was the highest for the Animal diet supplemented with Fe-AA, lowest for the Vegetable diet not supplemented with Fe, and without differences between the other four treatments. Egg production was reduced for birds fed both diets without Fe supplementation when compared to those with any type of Fe supplementation (P<0.05). It is concluded that breeder hens have reduced hen day egg production when not supplemented with Fe and that Fe supplementation can affect yolk and albumen contents depending on the presence of animal protein sources in the diet.

There has long been evidence for increased lipids in the liver of chickens exposed to feed restriction, commonly used for production hens. Lipogenesis is an important part of the metabolism and storing of glucose, a source of energy. Few studies compare the difference of lipids in the liver in chickens between regular feed restriction and skip-a-day diets, despite differences in lipid content found in other organs and in overall carcass. In this study I experimentally investigate if a difference in lipid content can be found in broiler breeders exposed to two different feeding regimes, 65 % feed restriction and 5:2 skip-a-day, along with the difference between days and time points (a.m. and p.m.). I also experimentally investigate the effect on dry weights of the liver. I expected to see a difference in lipids of the liver, with an increase found in skip-a-day birds. However, a difference could only be observed in the dry weights of the livers in birds exposed to skip-a-day feeding. Although there was no significant change in lipids, there is a pattern for increase in lipids in skip-a-day birds. Therefore, the conclusion can be drawn that an increase in lipogenesis caused by skip-a-day diet exists but it was not big enough to cause a significant difference in lipid content. For the dry weights of the livers, we can suspect lipids and glycogen as the reason for the increased weight but to determine exactly how these two components affect the skip-a-day birds’ further inquiry is needed.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-08T16:24:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PGCV07MA048.pdf: 2534646 bytes, checksum: 9ccc6e39362dcc90e7ad0070a0d03f75 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-10-05 / This report describes the occurrence of four natural outbreaks of Infectious Bronchitis (IB) accompanied by nephritis and pectoral myopathy. The objectives are to describe the macro and microscopical injuries of the kidneys and muscle. Three outbreaks affected different flocks of broilers. One case occurred in broiler breeders affecting two houses of a farm. In the broilers, high mortality and high index of discarding was observed and also high condemnation in the abattoir. Respiratory snicks, apathy and ununiformity were observed. In the flock of broiler breeders, decline of production and high mortality were noticed. All the animals where positive for IB serology, and positive results were also obtained on the flock where PCR was carried through. In the necropsy, swollen and renal pallor were observed, pallor and white streaks mainly of the deep pectoral muscles, and in some cases mild edema. In the histopathology examination, the kidney injuries consisted of moderate to intense glomerular hyperplasia, in some cases interstitial multifocal inflammatory infiltrate and tubular degeneration. In the muscle, interstitial edema was found, hyaline degeneration, vacuolation, hypercontraction and myophagia of the muscle fibres. In one case, moderate fibrosis was observed. In other cases, mild to moderate lymphocytic infiltration was observed in the trachea. In the broiler breeders, other than the described lesions, a peribrochial lymphoid hyperplasia and hyaline degeneration was noted in the pulmonary vessels. In all the cases a close relation was observed between renal and muscular injury / Relata-se a ocorrência de quatro surtos espontâneos de Bronquite Infecciosa (BI) cursando com nefrite e miopatia peitoral objetivando descrever as lesões macro e microscópicas do rim e músculo. Três surtos ocorreram em frangos de corte afetando diversos lotes. Um surto ocorreu em matrizes afetando dois núcleos de criação. Nos frangos de corte, foi observado em alguns lotes alta mortalidade, alto índice de descarte e em outros alta condenação no abatedouro. Também observou-se, ronquidão, apatia e desuniformidade. No lote de matriz, foi observada queda de produção e mortalidade elevada. Todos os animais em que foi realizada sorologia foram positivos para BI, o mesmo para o lote em que foi realizada PCR. Na necropsia, observou-se tumefação e palidez renal, palidez e estrias esbranquiçadas principalmente do músculo peitoral profundo, e em alguns casos leve edema. No exame histopatológico, as lesões renais consistiam de hiperplasia glomerular de moderada a intensa, em alguns casos degeneração tubular e infiltrado inflamatório multifocal intersticial. No músculo, foi observado edema intersticial, degeneração hialina, vacuolização, hipercontração e miofagia de fibras musculares. Em um caso observou-se fibrose moderada. Em outros foram observadas infiltração linfocitária de leve a moderada na traquéia. Nas matrizes, além das lesões descritas, observou-se hiperplasia linfóide peribronquial e degeneração hialina nos vasos pulmonares. Em todos os casos foi observada uma estreita relação entre lesão renal e muscular