O estudo das condições de operação de um motor de indução em um ambiente industrial é indispensável, tendo em vista que eventuais problemas podem contribuir para um prejuízo na produção, ou ainda para custos adicionais relacionados à falta de manutenção dos equipamentos. Uma das principais falhas que podem ocorrer em um motor de indução do tipo gaiola de esquilo durante sua operação é o rompimento de uma ou mais barras que compõem o seu rotor. Apresenta-se neste trabalho um novo método para auxiliar na detecção de barras quebradas em um rotor tipo gaiola de esquilo, para um motor de grande porte, durante sua operação em regime permanente. A partir de um modelo matemático foi possível avaliar o rompimento de barras do rotor, detectando em uma posição específica, a variação da densidade de fluxo magnético resultante, produzida pela contribuição do fluxo de dispersão de cada barra do rotor, bem como pelo fluxo criado pelas correntes do estator. Um sensor de efeito Hall é instalado entre duas bobinas do estator, a fim de representar a posição onde é realizado o cálculo da densidade de fluxo magnético resultante pela modelagem matemática proposta. O sinal gerado pelo sensor a partir de uma falha é comparado com aquele obtido a partir do rotor saudável, para posterior análise. O trabalho sugere ainda a aplicação do método de detecção da falha em conjunto com uma técnica de inteligência artificial baseada nas redes neurais artificiais, a fim de contribuir para o diagnóstico da falha e estimativa do número de barras rompidas. Os resultados obtidos da simulação, bem como os dados obtidos durante o ensaio são apresentados e usados na validação do modelo matemático desenvolvido. / The study of operational conditions of an induction motor in an industrial environment is indispensable, once eventual problems can contribute for production losses, or still for additional costs related to the lack of equipments maintenance. Among the principal faults, in a squirrel cage induction motor can occur the breaking of one or more rotor bars. This work presents a new method in aid of detection of broken bars in a large squirrel cage induction motor during its operation in steady-state. A mathematical model is used to evaluate the broken rotor bars, detecting in a specific point, the resulting magnetic flux density produced by the leakage flux created by the rotor and stator currents. The Hall effect sensor is installed between two stator coils, in order to represent the position where the resulting magnetic flux density is calculated by the proposed mathematical model. The signal detected in the sensor during a fault, is compared to the obtained result of the magnetic flux density from a healthy rotor for analysis. The work still suggests the application of the artificial intelligence technique, based on artificial neural networks in the mathematical model, in order to aid on the fault detection and estimate of the number of broken bars. The simulation and experimental results are presented in order to validate the developed mathematical model.

O Brasil é um grande produtor de commodities alimentícias, e hoje o desenvolvimento da indústria de ingredientes para a geração de insumos de maior valor agregado a partir destas matérias-primas é uma área pouco explorada pelas indústrias brasileiras. O arroz se destaca no agronegócio brasileiro, já que o país figura como o nono maior produtor mundial. O arroz quebrado é um coproduto do beneficiamento do arroz branco polido. Este estudo teve como objetivo propor e avaliar um processo de obtenção de concentrados e hidrolisados proteicos de arroz, contribuindo na oferta de estratégias para o desenvolvimento tecnológico do setor no Brasil. Adicionalmente, deseja-se auxiliar na valoração do coproduto arroz quebrado, alimento de baixo valor comercial, base para a geração de matérias-primas já encontradas internacionalmente, e que apresentam grande potencial de desenvolvimento no mercado brasileiro. Dentro deste contexto, buscou-se estudar a aplicação da tecnologia de membranas neste processo, por ser uma tecnologia limpa, de baixo consumo energético, já bem estabelecida e com aplicações crescentes na indústria de alimentos. O estudo iniciou com a avaliação da eficácia de um método rápido de extração alcalina de amido e proteína de arroz, no qual foi utilizada farinha de arroz derivada de arroz quebrado como matéria-prima, ao invés dos grãos quebrados, como no método tradicional. Nesse estudo, a partir do uso de uma razão substrato:solvente de 1:15, a etapa de extração foi realizada em estágio único a 30 oC em apenas 30 minutos – um curto tempo de extração se comparado ao método alcalino tradicional (24-48h). O rendimento da extração proteica com estas condições foi bastante elevado, atingiu 81,4 %. Observou-se ser possível realizar uma extração eficiente, com a minimização das reações indesejadas causadas pelo meio alcalino. Na segunda etapa foram avaliadas as propriedades funcionais do concentrado proteico obtido a partir do método rápido de extração alcalina. Além disso, suas propriedades foram comparadas com as de dois concentrados proteicos comerciais produzidos por extração enzimática. Foi observado que todos os concentrados proteicos avaliados apresentaram pobres propriedades funcionais, devido sobretudo a suas baixas solubilidades em condições de pH próximas à neutralidade e levemente ácidas, concluindo-se ser necessário estudos que visem a melhoria da solubilidade destas proteínas quando se busca uma aplicação mais abrangente das mesmas como ingredientes. Os resultados obtidos na primeira etapa deste estudo motivaram inicialmente o emprego da microfiltração na separação das correntes de amido e proteína do extrato alcalino, analisando a possibilidade de se obter um amido com elevada pureza e uma corrente de permeado contendo a proteína extraída. A análise global dos resultados obtidos nesse trabalho permite que seja destacado que a escolha da microfiltração para o processo de separação do amido e da proteína de arroz deve ser avaliada com cautela. Na quarta etapa deste estudo avaliou-se a aplicação da hidrólise enzimática parcial do concentrado proteico na solubilização da proteína de endosperma de arroz. A hidrólise parcial, realizada com Alcalase®, permitiu a solubilização de 40 % da proteína originalmente presente na suspensão de proteína extraída pelo método alcalino. Os peptídeos solúveis gerados apresentaram massa molar média de 1,18 ± 0,33 kDa, solubilidade proteica superior a 88,5 % na faixa de pH de 3 a 7 e boa capacidade de formação de espuma, apesar de formarem uma espuma de baixa estabilidade. Neste estudo o hidrolisado proteico foi concentrado e purificado por ultrafiltração, o que permitiu a redução de 68 % do conteúdo de sódio do produto. Concluiu-se que neste estudo foi possível propor um processo produtivo que permitiu a obtenção de ingredientes com adequadas propriedades nutricionais e funcionais a partir do coproduto arroz quebrado. / The Brazil is a large producer of food commodities, and today the development of the industry of ingredients to add value to these raw materials is an area little explored by the Brazilian industries. Rice stands out in the Brazilian agribusiness, as the country is the ninth largest producer. The broken rice is a byproduct derived from the processing of polished rice. This study aimed to propose and evaluate a process of obtaining rice protein concentrates and hydrolysates contributing to offer strategies for the technological development of the sector in Brazil. Additionally, it aims to assist in the valuation of the byproduct broken rice, a low commercial value food which is the basis for the generation of raw materials already found internationally, and which have great potential in the Brazilian market. Within this context, it sought to study the application of membrane technology in this process, because it is a clean, low-energy, well-established technology, with growing applications in the food industry. The study began with the evaluation of the effectiveness of a fast alkaline extraction method for obtaining rice starch and protein, using rice flour derived from broken rice as raw material, instead of broken grains, as in the traditional method. In this study, with the use of a substrate:solvent ratio of 1:15, the extraction step was performed in a single stage at 30 °C in 30 minutes - a short extraction time compared to traditional alkaline method (24-48h). The yield of protein extraction with these conditions was very high, reached 81.4%. It was possible to perform an efficient extraction, with the minimization of undesired reactions caused by the alkaline medium. In the second stage of this study were evaluated the functional properties of the protein concentrate obtained by the fast alkaline extraction method. In addition, their properties were compared with two commercial concentrated protein produced by enzymatic extraction. It was observed that all the evaluated protein concentrates showed poor functional properties, mainly due to their low solubility at pH conditions close to neutrality and slightly acidic, concluding that it is necessary studies aimed to improve the solubility of these proteins in order to seek more applications of this ingredient. The results obtained in the first step of this study initially motivated the use of microfiltration to separate the starch and protein chains of the alkali extract, analyzing the possibility of obtaining a starch with high purity and a permeate stream containing the extracted protein. The global analysis of the results obtained in this work allows it to be noted that the choice of microfiltration for the separation process of starch and rice protein should be evaluated with caution. In the fourth stage of this study was evaluated the application of the partial enzymatic hydrolysis in solubilization of rice endosperm protein. The partial hydrolysis performed with Alcalase allowed solubilization of 40% of the protein originally present in the protein suspension extracted by the alkaline method. The generated soluble peptides had molecular weight average of 1.18 ± 0.33 kDa, protein solubility higher than 88.5 % in the pH range 3 to 7, and good foaming ability, while forming a low stable foam. In this study, the protein hydrolyzate was concentrated and purified by ultrafiltration, allowing 68 % reduction in the sodium content of the product. It is concluded that in this study was proposed a production process allowing obtaining ingredients with suitable nutritional and functional properties from the byproduct broken rice.

O estudo das condições de operação de um motor de indução em um ambiente industrial é indispensável, tendo em vista que eventuais problemas podem contribuir para um prejuízo na produção, ou ainda para custos adicionais relacionados à falta de manutenção dos equipamentos. Uma das principais falhas que podem ocorrer em um motor de indução do tipo gaiola de esquilo durante sua operação é o rompimento de uma ou mais barras que compõem o seu rotor. Apresenta-se neste trabalho um novo método para auxiliar na detecção de barras quebradas em um rotor tipo gaiola de esquilo, para um motor de grande porte, durante sua operação em regime permanente. A partir de um modelo matemático foi possível avaliar o rompimento de barras do rotor, detectando em uma posição específica, a variação da densidade de fluxo magnético resultante, produzida pela contribuição do fluxo de dispersão de cada barra do rotor, bem como pelo fluxo criado pelas correntes do estator. Um sensor de efeito Hall é instalado entre duas bobinas do estator, a fim de representar a posição onde é realizado o cálculo da densidade de fluxo magnético resultante pela modelagem matemática proposta. O sinal gerado pelo sensor a partir de uma falha é comparado com aquele obtido a partir do rotor saudável, para posterior análise. O trabalho sugere ainda a aplicação do método de detecção da falha em conjunto com uma técnica de inteligência artificial baseada nas redes neurais artificiais, a fim de contribuir para o diagnóstico da falha e estimativa do número de barras rompidas. Os resultados obtidos da simulação, bem como os dados obtidos durante o ensaio são apresentados e usados na validação do modelo matemático desenvolvido. / The study of operational conditions of an induction motor in an industrial environment is indispensable, once eventual problems can contribute for production losses, or still for additional costs related to the lack of equipments maintenance. Among the principal faults, in a squirrel cage induction motor can occur the breaking of one or more rotor bars. This work presents a new method in aid of detection of broken bars in a large squirrel cage induction motor during its operation in steady-state. A mathematical model is used to evaluate the broken rotor bars, detecting in a specific point, the resulting magnetic flux density produced by the leakage flux created by the rotor and stator currents. The Hall effect sensor is installed between two stator coils, in order to represent the position where the resulting magnetic flux density is calculated by the proposed mathematical model. The signal detected in the sensor during a fault, is compared to the obtained result of the magnetic flux density from a healthy rotor for analysis. The work still suggests the application of the artificial intelligence technique, based on artificial neural networks in the mathematical model, in order to aid on the fault detection and estimate of the number of broken bars. The simulation and experimental results are presented in order to validate the developed mathematical model.

<p>U disertaciji je predložena metoda za pouzdano otkrivanje kvara rotora<br />trofaznog kaveznog asinhronog motora. Metoda je zasnovana na<br />identifikaciji obeležja kvara rotora iz signala terminalnih veličina<br />jednofazno napojenog trofaznog kaveznog motora u stacionarnom stanju<br />pogona. Predložena metoda eliminiše potrebu za postojanja opterećenja<br />motora, što je osnovna prednost u odnosu na rešenja iz literature. Sva<br />teorijska razmatranja su praćena odgovarajućim rezultatima računarskih<br />simulacija, da bi se potom sprovela eksperimentalna verifikacija i<br />potvrdila efikasnost predložene metode. Takođe, predstavljen je<br />postupak za kvantitativnu procenu oštećenja štapnih provodnika rotora.</p> / <p>In this Doctoral dissertation, a novel method for broken rotor bar fault detection<br />in a three-phase squirrel-cage induction motor (IM) is introduced. The proposed<br />method is non-invasive and it is based on the analysis of the IM terminal<br />quantities in a single-phase steady-state operating condition. Compared to<br />conventional fault detection techniques, the developed method does not require<br />any loading on the motor, which is the main benefit of the method. The faulty<br />condition of broken rotor bars was investigated analytically, while the<br />effectiveness of the proposed method was proven by the variety of computer<br />simulations and experimental results. Based on these results, a methodology for<br />the quantification of broken rotor bars in the IM has been presented.</p>

"Two independent geochronological techniques specifically targeting post-kinematic or late-stage growth of kyanite, staurolite and late-stage garnet in the southern Curnamona Province has found that these minerals grew during the Delamerian Orogeny (~530-500 Ma). Prograde metamorphism during the Delamerian Orogeny attained kyanite-staurolite-garnet grade (amphibolite-facies). Previous interpretations of an anticlockwise P-T path for the Olarian Orogeny need revising, as these interpretations have been shown in this study to be based on textural relationships spanning ~1100 million years. This highlights the importance of in situ geochronological techniques in defining robust P-T-t paths for a region." --p. 121 of source document. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, 2006.

<p>This thesis investigates aspects of field theories and soliton solutions with nontrivial topology. In particular we explore the following effective models: a limited sector of the scalar Electroweak theory called extended Abelian Higgs model, and a classical mechanics model derived from the low energy SU(2) Yang-Mills theory.</p><p>The extended Abelian Higgs model applied on two-component plasma of charged particles is studied numerically. We find evidence that the model admits straight twisted line vortices. The result is described by an energy function that acquires a minimum value for a non-trivial twist. In addition to the twisted line vortices the result also suggests that stable torus shaped solitons are solutions of the theory. </p><p>Furthermore we construct a classical mechanics model exhibiting some of the key properties of the low-energy Yang-Mills theory. The dynamics of the model is studied numerically. We find that its classical equations of motion support stable periodic orbits. In a three dimensional projection these trajectories are self-linked in a topologically non-trivial manner suggesting the existence of knotted configurations in low energy SU(2) Yang-Mills theory. </p><p>We calculate the one-loop effective action for the Abelian Higgs model with extended Higgs sector. The resulting first order quantum corrected model shows close resemblance to a modified model where texture stabilizing term has been added to the system. In the limit where the gauge field can be entirely expressed by the scalar fields, the both models become identical suggesting that the theories are closely connected. This implies that quantum corrections have stabilising effect on the soliton solutions. </p><p>These studies have contributed to a better understanding of the dynamics of non-linear low energy systems, and brought us a step closer to exploring full scale physically realistic models.</p>

<p>In 2005 a public housing company in Uppsala, Sweden introduced the service quarter host. The focus on comfort (life quality in American programmes) is similar to the non-tolerance programmes. The idea of non-tolerance derived from the theory of Broken windows. The purpose is to examine how the service works according to the theories of Broken windows and social control. The aim is also to examine if the manifest and the latent functions are the same in different areas. Hosts from four different areas have been interviewed in a comparative case study. The result tells that the hosts practice according to the Broken windows model when they prevent damage to, or around the buildings by checking them. And to the non-tolerance when they are taking care of minor problems, defined by them. The manifest functions of the service are the same in all four areas. The latent functions are different related to the host’s apprehension of the people in the areas. How the manifest services are carried out influences the latent function. Social control cannot be excluded as a latent function. The resemblances with the more social administration in Gothenburg points out public housing in the direction of being social housing.</p>

This thesis investigates aspects of field theories and soliton solutions with nontrivial topology. In particular we explore the following effective models: a limited sector of the scalar Electroweak theory called extended Abelian Higgs model, and a classical mechanics model derived from the low energy SU(2) Yang-Mills theory. The extended Abelian Higgs model applied on two-component plasma of charged particles is studied numerically. We find evidence that the model admits straight twisted line vortices. The result is described by an energy function that acquires a minimum value for a non-trivial twist. In addition to the twisted line vortices the result also suggests that stable torus shaped solitons are solutions of the theory. Furthermore we construct a classical mechanics model exhibiting some of the key properties of the low-energy Yang-Mills theory. The dynamics of the model is studied numerically. We find that its classical equations of motion support stable periodic orbits. In a three dimensional projection these trajectories are self-linked in a topologically non-trivial manner suggesting the existence of knotted configurations in low energy SU(2) Yang-Mills theory. We calculate the one-loop effective action for the Abelian Higgs model with extended Higgs sector. The resulting first order quantum corrected model shows close resemblance to a modified model where texture stabilizing term has been added to the system. In the limit where the gauge field can be entirely expressed by the scalar fields, the both models become identical suggesting that the theories are closely connected. This implies that quantum corrections have stabilising effect on the soliton solutions. These studies have contributed to a better understanding of the dynamics of non-linear low energy systems, and brought us a step closer to exploring full scale physically realistic models.

In 2005 a public housing company in Uppsala, Sweden introduced the service quarter host. The focus on comfort (life quality in American programmes) is similar to the non-tolerance programmes. The idea of non-tolerance derived from the theory of Broken windows. The purpose is to examine how the service works according to the theories of Broken windows and social control. The aim is also to examine if the manifest and the latent functions are the same in different areas. Hosts from four different areas have been interviewed in a comparative case study. The result tells that the hosts practice according to the Broken windows model when they prevent damage to, or around the buildings by checking them. And to the non-tolerance when they are taking care of minor problems, defined by them. The manifest functions of the service are the same in all four areas. The latent functions are different related to the host’s apprehension of the people in the areas. How the manifest services are carried out influences the latent function. Social control cannot be excluded as a latent function. The resemblances with the more social administration in Gothenburg points out public housing in the direction of being social housing.

Two graphene layers placed in close proximity offer a unique system to investigate interacting electron physics as well as to test novel electronic device concepts. In this system, the interlayer spacing can be reduced to value much smaller than that achievable in semiconductor heterostructures, and the zero energy band-gap allows the realization of coupled hole-hole, electron-hole, and electron-electron two-dimensional systems in the same sample. Leveraging the fabrication technique and electron transport study in dual-gated graphene field-effect transistors, we realize independently contacted graphene double layers separated by an ultra-thin dielectric. We probe the resistance and density of each layer, and quantitatively explain their dependence on the backgate and interlayer bias. We experimentally measure the Coulomb drag between the two graphene layers for the first time, by flowing current in one layer and measuring the voltage drop in the opposite layer. The drag resistivity gauges the momentum transfer between the two layers, which, in turn, probes the interlayer electron-electron scattering rate. The temperature dependence of the Coulomb drag above temperatures of 50 K reveals that the ground state in each layer is a Fermi liquid. Below 50 K we observe mesoscopic fluctuations of the drag resistivity, as a result of the interplay between coherent intralayer transport and interlayer interaction. In addition, we develop a technique to directly measure the Fermi energy in an electron system as a function of carrier density using double layer structure. We demonstrate this method in the double layer graphene structure and probe the Fermi energy in graphene both at zero and in high magnetic fields. Last, we realize dual-gated bilayer graphene devices, where we investigate quantum Hall effects at zero energy as a function of transverse electric field and perpendicular magnetic field. Here we observe a development of v = 0 quantum Hall state at large electric fields and in high magnetic fields, which is explained by broken spin and valley spin symmetry in the zero energy Landau levels. / text