The need for brushing before the first thinning has increased during the last few years. This brushing involves taking away small trees and bushes making it able for the harvester operator to see better and choose the correct trees to be harvested. In today’s silviculture the brushing is often neglected which means that the undergrowth becomes dense and leads to less efficiency for harvesters and a rise in costs. A well brushed first thinning will make the harvesting costs low and time efficient.   In brushing before the 1st thinning all stems below 9 cm d bh are traditionally taken down. This has a tendency to become stereotyped; i.e. brushes are also taken away in areas where  stronger nature conservation should be applied, as in wetlands, edge zones, etc. The harvester operator then gets stuck in these zones which threaten the biodiversity.    This study aims at examining two different types of brushing methods before the thinning, the traditional one and another (new) method where environmental and nature protection aspects were taken into account to a greater degree; i.e. where more stems and undergrowth have been left over and edge zones were not brushed. The study results show that the latter one is to prefer as the more cost efficient one. It also protects the harvester to drive out into the edge zones. This method is also beneficial for the wildlife.   Most harvester operators were positive to a new brushing manual.

The airway epithelium demonstates the ability to quickly repair following physical injury. The morphologic features of this dynamic repair process have been well characterised at the anatomic and cellular level using a number of animal model systems and these studies have provided a solid foundation upon which our understanding of normal repair is build. With the advent of molecular and bioinformatic tools and resources the opportunity exists to extend the value of these models in defining the molecular pathways and interactions that underlay the normal repair process. This thesis represents a realisation of this opportunity. A large animal model was developed in which selected areas of airway epithelium were subjected to bronchial brush biopsy as part of routine bronchoscopic examination prcedures in anaethetised sheep. The process resulted in a physical perturbation of the normal pseudostratified structure of the sheep airwway epithelium at specific locations. By careful experimental design it was possible, within the same animals. to identify and sample from sites undergoing repair at different intervals subsequent in injury. To supplement the histological evaluation of the repair process and align findings with extablished small animal models of airway epithelial repair proliferative cell labelling strategies were implemented in order to study the location and extent of cellular proliferation occurring duringthe repair process. Molecular approaches towards defining the transcriptional response to physical injury comprised application of microarray technology using a commercially sources array platform. Such approach demanted preliminary effort directed towards optimising RNA integrity and yield from airway samples. Following preliminary studies directed towards optimising the model conditions patterns of airway epithelial repair following bronchial brush biopsy were studies in eight sheep at degined time points (6 hours, 1,3, & 7 days) post-injury. Bronchial brush biopsy resulted in the acute removal of the epithelial cell layer and components of the underlying structures. repair processes were rapidly implemented through initial epithelial dedifferentiation, proliferatino and migration at the wound margins and subsequent time-depentend changes in the proportion of subepithelial structures, including smooth muscle and blood vessels, as the epithelial surface moved towards repair. Transcriptional analysis revewaled that over 13,000 probes showed evidence of differential expession at some point during the repair process (p<0.05), whilst of these, 1491 probes had in excess of a two-fold change in expression. array results were validated against conventional semi-quantitative RT-PCR for selected genes. Differentially expressed genes with previously characterised roles in epithelial migration, prolifereation and differentiation were identified during the repair process. The relative emphasis of gene products with particular functional roles varied during the course of repair. Indeed gene ontology (GO) terms identified included those associated with the inflammatory response, cellular migration, extracellular matrix activities, differentiation, proliferation, cellular development, cell cycle activities, cellular adhesion, apoptosis and mitosis. In addition the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Gneomes (KEGG) databases were queried and such process indicated the involvement of cell communication, 053 and complement and coagulation cascade pathways throughout the repair process, initial (6h) Toll-like receptor and cytokine-cytoine receptor interaction pathways, and the progressive involement of cell cycle, focal adhesion and extracellulaar matrix (ECM)-receptor, and cytokine interaction pathways as the epithelium repaired. The model of airway epithelial injury developed in this thesis generated features broadly consistent with those previosly described in relation to various small animal model systems. Importantly, and in addition, this thesis defines the molecular features associated with repair in this model system and provides a useful resource with which to assess the comparative fetures of the airway transcriptional response to physical injury, It is through such comparison, using analogous methodology, that the fundamental pathways and interactions that underlay normal repair and regeneration can be identified and therafter extended towards inderstanding the basis for variation associated with natural and experimental disease.

This study aims to compare the physical properties of denture base resin after staining by beverages, treatment by four cleaning methods, and selecting the optimal cleaning method. Two hundred and ninety square Lucitone dental acrylic specimens were fabricated. Three relevant experiences are performed. Part I will compare cleaning methods effects on physical properties of denture resin. The purpose of this part is to test the effects of different cleaning methods on the physical properties of the denture resin on ideal condition (without stain). Part II will compare the staining effects on denture resin. The purpose of this part is to find the impact of different dyes on the physical properties of the denture resin without cleaning. Part III will compare staining and cleaning effects on denture resin. The purpose of this part is to select the best cleaning methods with less defect and more efficient for denture cleaning. Significance differences are found between different cleaning methods and stains. For all stain, denture cleanser combined brushing is more efficient to remove the stain than other cleaning methods. However, this method causes significate damage to denture base resin. Meanwhile, ultrasonic combine denture cleanser showed lower changes in surface roughness, weight and thickness, and higher surface hardness. In red wine staining, cleaning denture with ultrasound only showed lower differences and higher surface hardness. Within the scope of this study, the optimal selections of denture base cleaning methods for different stains are suggested. For coffee and tea stains, ultrasonication after cleanser application causes fewer effects on physical properties and better efficiency for stain removal than other cleaning methods. For red wine stains, cleaning dentures with ultrasound only cause a fewer impact on material properties and more efficient stain removal. In the clinic, home-care and cleaning protocol should explain to denture patient at the delivery appointment. Instead of giving the universal instruction, customization cleaning protocols are preferred to individual patients. Social hobbies especially the diet of the patient should be analyzed individually. According to the present study, a customized combined cleaning protocol can recommend to the individual patient and the improvement of denture longevity can be predicted. / 2020-08-06T00:00:00Z

Maintaining an awareness of collaborators' actions is critical during collaborative work, including during collaborative visualization activities. Particularly when collaborators are located at a distance, it is important to know what everyone is working on in order to avoid duplication of effort, share relevant results in a timely manner and build upon each other's results. Can a person's brushing actions provide an indication of their queries and interests in a data set? Can these actions be revealed to a collaborator without substantially disrupting their own independent work? I designed a study to answer these questions in the context of distributed collaborative visualization of tabular data. Participants in my study worked independently to answer questions about a tabular data set, while simultaneously viewing brushing actions of a fictitious collaborator, shown directly within a shared workspace. I compared three methods of presenting the collaborator's actions: brushing & linking (i.e. highlighting exactly what the collaborator would see), selection (i.e. showing only a selected item), and persistent selection (i.e. showing only selected items but having them persist for some time). My results demonstrated that persistent selection enabled some awareness of the collaborator's activities while causing minimal interference with independent work. Other techniques were less effective at providing awareness, and brushing & linking caused substantial interference. These findings suggest promise for the idea of exploiting natural brushing actions to provide awareness in collaborative work. / Graduate / 0984 / amirhos.hajiz@gmail.com

El texto completo de este trabajo no está disponible en el Repositorio Académico UPC por restricciones de la casa editorial donde ha sido publicado. / This work describes the design of an external cleaning system for fire hoses with an external polyester or rubber jacket. This device is intended as a tool for simple and effective external cleaning. Within the capabilities of the equipment is the washing and winding of a hose. This is made up of a washing chamber, which contains a group of sprinklers inside with a brushing system and a winding mechanism with a platform designed to carry out the type of winding snail or single donut. Cleaning can be applied to both types of coatings with the action of a selector switch, the variables involved are adjusted accordingly. The system aims to perform its functions without damaging the composition of the hose lining material, in addition to reducing the space required during cleaning.

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Sweden has a complete public oral hygiene system while there are still problems existing on young people which are caused by their individual habits. In the research, the main reason was found having connections with lack of daily tooth brushing. With the development design for behavior change, this research was trying to find how design can change when it was related to young people’s oral care behavior at home. As a result, a service design concluding a reward system was put forward to motivate young people to maintain a good tooth brushing habit.

Objetivo: Este estudo avaliou a influência de bebidas e escovação na estabilidade de cor, rugosidade superficial e microdureza em profundidade de uma resina composta. Materiais e Método: 120 discos (10mm de diâmetro X 2mm de espessura) de resina composta (Filtek- Z250) foram preparados e polidos após 24 horas. A cor inicial e a rugosidade superficial inicial foram mensuradas e os espécimes foram divididos aleatoriamente em quatro grupos (vinho tinto, refrigerante, aguardente, ou saliva artificial controle) e três subgrupos (sem escovação; escovação com Colgate, ou escovação com Close Up Whitening). Os espécimes foram imersos na sua respectiva solução, 5x ao dia, por 5 minutos, durante 30 dias, sendo dois subgrupos escovados ao final de cada dia (120 movimentos/dia). A cor foi mensurada no 15º e no 30º dia de imersão; a rugosidade superficial final foi medida no 30º dia. Após o período de imersão, os espécimes foram armazenados em saliva artificial por 7 dias, quando a superfície dos mesmos foi polida e imediatamente realizou-se uma mensuração de cor. A alteração de cor foi mensurada com um espectrocolorímetro e analisada pelos valores de &Delta;E, &Delta;L, &Delta;a, e &Delta;b. Os valores de rugosidade (Ra-&mu;m) foram medidos com um rugosímetro. Com relação à microdureza, os espécimes primeiramente foram incluídos em resina de poliéster e seccionados no sentido transversal. Após o polimento destas superfícies, foram realizadas mensurações nas profundidades de 30&mu;m, 60&mu;m, 90&mu;m, 120&mu;m e 250&mu;m, empregando os parâmetros 25gf/40s de microdureza Knoop. Os dados foram submetidos à ANOVA e teste de Fisher\'s (&alpha;=5%). Resultados: Os valores de alteração de cor foram estatisticamente diferentes após a imersão nas bebidas; o vinho tinto promoveu a maior alteração, seguido pelo refrigerante e aguardente, que foram similares entre si e diferentes da saliva artificial. Nenhuma diferença foi observada com ou sem escovação, independentemente do dentifrício utilizado. Ao 30º dia, os espécimes apresentaram uma mudança de cor mais intensa do que ao 15º dia, após o repolimento, a cor dos espécimes foi similar à cor do 15º dia. As bebidas e a escovação influenciaram negativamente na rugosidade da superfície. Em relação à microdureza, não houve diferença significativa entre os grupos, independentemente da profundidade analisada. Conclusões: A mudança de cor da resina composta foi influenciada apenas pelas bebidas; a escovação não afetou a propriedade analisada. O repolimento não foi suficiente para promover o retorno da cor dos espécimes aos valores iniciais. A rugosidade superficial foi influenciada negativamente tanto pelas bebidas quanto pela escovação. Para a microdureza, a resina composta apresentou resultados similares independentemente das bebidas utilizadas e da presença ou ausência de escovação nos espécimes avaliados. / Objective: This study evaluated the influence of beverages and brushing on the color change, surface roughness and microhardness in depth of a composite resin. Methods: 120 composite resin disks (10mm-øX2mm-thickness; Filtek-Z250) were prepared and polished after 24h. Initials color and surface roughness were measured and specimens were randomly assigned into four groups (red wine, soft drink, sugar cane spirit, or artificial saliva control) and three subgroups (without brushing; brushing with Colgate, or brushing with Close Up Xtra Whitening). Specimens were immersed in the beverage 5x/day, for 5 minutes, over 30 days, being two subgroups brushed at the end of every day (120 moving/day). Color was measured at the 15th and 30th days of immersion; final surface roughness was measured at the 30th day. After the immersion period, specimens were stored in artificial saliva for 7 days, when their surfaces were repolished and immediately assessed by color. Color change was measured with a spectrocolorimeter and analyzed by &Delta;E, &Delta;L, &Delta;a, and &Delta;b values. The values of roughness (Ra - &mu;m) were measured with a rugosimeter. As regard microhardness, the specimens were firstly included in polyester resin and sectioned in the transverse direction. After polishing these surfaces, measurements were realized at depths of 30&mu;m, 60&mu;m, 90&mu;m, 120&mu;m and 250&mu;m, employing the parameters 25gf/40s of microhardness Knoop. Data were submitted to ANOVA and Fisher\'s tests (&alpha;=5%). Results: Color change values were statistically different after immersion in the beverages; red wine promoted the highest alteration, followed by soft drink and sugar cane spirit, which presented similar results among them and different from saliva. No difference was observed with or without brushing independently of the toothpaste used. At 30th day, specimens exhibited a color change higher than 15th day; after repolishing, the color of the specimens was similar to 15th day. Beverages and brushing negatively influenced the surface roughness. In relation to microhardness, there was no significant difference among groups, regardless of the depth examined. Conclusions: Color change of the composite resin was influenced only by the beverages and brushing did not affect the analyzed property. The repolishing was not sufficient to promote the return of the specimens color to their initial values. The surface roughness was negatively influenced both by the beverage as brushing. For microhardness, the composite resin showed similar results regardless of the beverages used and the presence or absence of brushing in the specimens tested.

Estudos epidemiológicos dos últimos anos mostraram que os estados inflamatórios do periodonto marginal iniciam-se na infância. Foi demonstrado que as condições periodontais são marcantemente influenciadas pela higiene da boca. Neste estudo foram examinados 127 escolares com 10 anos de idade. As condições gengivais foram analisadas pelos critérios clínicos do Índice Gengival proposto por LOE e SILNESS. Inicialmente os escolares foram divididos em 2 grupos: experimental e controle. Durante o período escolar, por 3 meses e meio, o grupo experimental dividido em \"unidades de escovação\", escovou os dentes diariamente sob a supervisão de professores devidamente treinados. Os componentes do grupo controle não receberam nenhuma atenção dos professores. Após três meses de escovação supervisionada, o grupo experimental apresentou uma redução no Índice Gengival de 50 por cento . Terminada esta fase, o grupo experimental foi subdividido em dois, com as mesmas características (pareamento). Na segunda fase, apenas o sub-grupo E1 realizou escovação supervisionada por quatro meses mais. O treinamento mais prolongado demonstrou uma redução de 68 por cento na incidência de gengivite. / Epidemiological research during the last years, has shown that inflamatory changes in the marginal periodontium originate in early childhood. It has been shown that periodontal conditions are markedly influenced by oral hygiene. This investigation was performed on 127 school children aged 10. The patient\'s gingival condition was scored according to the criteria of a Gingival Index System proposed by LOE and SILNESS. The students were divided into three groups: two experimental groups and a control group. During the schoolterms, for three months, the experimental groups were divided into \"brushing units\" and brushed their teeth once daily under the supervision of trained teachers. Subjects in the control group received no attention fron the trained teachers. After three months of supervised toothbrushing the experimental groups El and E2 were paired and showed a reduction in Gingival Index scores of 50 per cent . The toothbrushing of the experimental group E1 was supervised during four more months and this lengthening of the training period resulted in a reduction of 68 per cent in the incidence of gingivitis.

O uso de ligas metálicas na odontologia continua tendo aplicação em grande número de situações clínicas de próteses convencionais ou sobre implantes. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a corrosão superficial do Ti cp, submetido a processo de escovação. Foram confeccionados espécimes, com 15,0 mm de diâmetro e 2,5 mm de espessura, obtidos pelo método de fundição por cera perdida. Em seguida, divididos em 4 grupos (n=6). Ensaios eletroquímicos e escovação mecânica (abrasão) foram realizados. Para a análise de Potencial em Circuito Aberto (OCP), o período de mensuração foi de 1 hora, com leitura do potencial da amostra a cada 0,6 segundos. No Grupo G1 foi realizada a análise de Pontecial em Circuito Aberto (OCP), em seguida, aplicado um Potencial Anódico a -250 mV por 1 hora e logo após, realizada a Espectroscopia de Impedância Eletroquímica (EIS) à -250mV. Para o Grupo G2 foi realizada a análise de OCP, em seguida, aplicado um Potencial Catódico a +1000 mV por 1 hora e logo após, realizada a EIS à +1000 mV. Os Grupos G1 e G2 não foram submetidos ao teste de escovação mecânica. O Grupo G3 foi submetido, primeiramente, ao ensaio de escovação mecânica, sendo a máquina acionada até atingir 14.600 ciclos, que representa 1 ano de escovação por um indivíduo saudável52 e corresponde a 41 minutos de funcionamento do equipamento. Posteriormente, foi realizada a mesma sequência do ensaio corrosivo do Grupo G1, ou seja: OCP + Aplicação de Potencial anódico à -250mV + EIS à -250 mV. Para o Grupo G4 primeiro foi realizado o ensaio de escovação mecânica, (14.600 ciclos). Em seguida, foi realizado a mesma sequência do ensaio corrosivo do Grupo G2 , ou seja: OCP + Aplicação de Potencial Catódico à +1000 mV + EIS a +1000 mV. Os resultados obtidos mostram não haver alteração estatisticamente significante na rugosidade superficial dos corpos-de-prova entre os grupos testados. No entanto, as imagens obtidas através dos testes de Interferometria Digital 3D e Microscopia eletrônica de varredura, sugerem a formação de superfícies com menos irregularidades, para os grupos 3 e 4, os quais foram submetidos a escovação mecânica antes dos ensaios eletroquímicos. Os valores da resistência do óxido (Róxido) observada após a EIS á -250 mV (grupos 1 e 3) e á + 1000 mV (grupos 2 e 4) foram estaticamente diferentes entre si (p&le;0,05), sendo que os grupos 1 e 2 , submetidos somente ao teste eletroquímico, demonstraram menor resistência do óxido, quando comparados com os grupos 3 e 4, escovados mecanicamente antes do teste eletroquímico. Concluiu-se que a escovação interfere positivamente na resistência a corrosão do Ti cp. / The use of metal alloys in dentistry continues to have application in many clinical situations of conventional prosthesis and implants. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of brushing and corrosion on the cp Ti surface. Specimens were prepared with 15.0 mm diameter and 2.5 mm thickness, obtained by the method of lost wax casting. Then divided into 4 groups (n=6). Electrochemical tests and mechanical brushing (abrasion) were performed. For the analysis of Open Circuit Potential (OCP), the measurement period was 1 hour, with the potential of sample reading every 0.6 seconds. For Group G1 Pontecial Open Circuit (OCP) analysis was performed, then applying a Anode potential at -250 mV for 1 hour and soon after, performed the Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) at -250mV. For the Group G2 OCP analysis was performed, then applying a Cathodic Potential at +1000 mV for 1 hour and soon after, performed the EIS at +1000 mV. The Groups G1 and G2 were not subjected to mechanical brushing test. The Group G3was submitted, first, the mechanical brushing, and the machine was thrown up to 14,600 cycles, which represents 1 year of brushing for a healthy individual [52] and corresponds to 41 minutes of operation of the equipment. Subsequently, the same sequence of G1 Group corrosive test was performed (OCP + Potential Application of anodic at - 250mV + EIS at -250 mV). For the group G4, first mechanical brushing (14,600 cycles) was performed. Then was performed the same sequence of Group G2 corrosive test, (OCP + Application of Cathodic Potential at +1000 mV + EIS at +1000 mV). The results showed no statistical significance change of surface roughness between the tested groups. However, the images obtained through the 3D Digital interferometry and scanning electron microscopy tests , suggest the formation of surfaces with less irregularities, for groups 3 and 4, which were subjected to mechanical brushing before the electrochemical tests. The oxide resistance values (Róxido) observed after the EIS at -250 mV (groups 1 and 3) and at +1000 mV (groups 2 and 4) were statistically different ( p &le; 0.05 ), and the groups 1 and 2 ,subjected only to the electrochemical test showed less oxide resistance when compared with groups 3 and 4, mechanically brushed before the electrochemical testing. It was concluded that brushing positively interferes at the corrosion resistance of cp Ti.