A distribuição do tamanho de bolhas é uma importante característica em sistemas bifásicos. A área interfacial de bolhas está fortemente relacionada às taxas de reações químicas e de transferência de massa em aplicações industriais como colunas de destilação e fermentação, sistemas biológicos, oxidação, hidrogenação, tratamento de água, e em processos naturais, como dinâmicas de aerossóis e transferência de gás oceano-atmosfera. Pontas de provas intrusivas são largamente usadas para determinar a distribuição do tamanho de bolhas em colunas de borbulhamento bifásicas. Embora o tamanho de bolhas não possa ser obtido diretamente pelo uso de uma simples ponta de prova porque estas medem somente comprimentos perfurados em bolhas, é possível relacionar distribuições de cordas à distribuição de tamanho de bolhas usando análises estatísticas. Este trabalho apresenta a implementação de um sistema capaz de medir distribuição de tamanho de bolhas em uma coluna de borbulhamento composta por água e ar através de uma ponta de prova condutiva. Imagens obtidas por uma câmera de vídeo CCD (Charge-Coupled Devices) monocromática são usadas para validar e calibrar o sistema. / The distribution of bubble sizes is a critical feature in two–phase systems. The interfacial area of bubbles is strongly related to chemical reaction and mass transfer rates in industrial applications such as distillation and fermentation columns, biological systems, oxidation, hydrogenation, waste water treatment and in natural processes such as aerosol dynamics and air-sea gas transfer. Intrusive probes are widely used to determine bubble size distribution in two-phase bubble columns. Although bubble size cannot be obtained by a simple probe because it measures only the pierced length of the bubbles, it is possible to relate chord distributions to bubble size distribution by the use of statistical analysis. This work proposes a system implementation which is able to determine bubble size distribution in a water-air bubble column using an intrusive conductance probe. Images obtained by a monochromatic video camera CCD (Charge-Coupled Devices) are used to validate and calibrate the system.

Orientador: Milton Mori / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Química / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-19T13:17:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 SilvaJunior_JoaoLameuda_M.pdf: 5288658 bytes, checksum: 05a82477d396e479ec1f137cc2682920 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo avaliar as principais forças interfaciais que atuam no escoamento gás-líquido em uma coluna de bolhas retangular, de dimensões 150cm x 26;4cm x 3;1cm (altura (H) x largura (W) x profundidade (D)), com aeração centralizada, empregando a Fluidodinâmica Computacional (CFD). O caso proposto é baseado em um estudo experimental de um sistema ar-água operando em regime homogêneo, com altura inicial de líquido (Hl) igual a 79;2cm, correspondente a razão de aspecto (Hl /W) de 3. Empregou-se para a fase dispersa, um diâmetro de bolhas de 4;95mm e uma velocidade superficial de 2;9cm/s. Para validação do modelo, comparações com dados experimentais obtidos da literatura foram realizados em seções transversais em quatro níveis axiais (Y/Hl = 0;1; 0;2; 0;4; 0;75). Para o fechamento do modelo matemático foram analisados quatro modelos de turbulência na descrição da fase contínua (k-'épsilon', RNG k-'épsilon', LRR-RSM, SSG-RSM), bem como diferentes correlações para a verificação da influência das forças interfaciais envolvidas neste tipo de escoamento (arraste, sustentação, dispersão turbulenta e massa virtual). As forças de sustentação e dispersão turbulenta em adição à de arraste mostraram influências significativas nos padrões fluidodinâmicos, enquanto que a força de massa virtual pôde ser negligenciada para o caso estudado. O modelo completo final testado, predisse satisfatoriamente o escoamento em regiões onde este se encontra plenamente desenvolvido, concordando com o padrão experimental / Abstract: This study aims to evaluate the main forces which act in gas-liquid flow in a rectangular bubble column of dimensions 150cm x 26;4cm x 3;1cm (height (H) x width (W) x depth (D)), with centralized aeration, using CFD technique. The proposed case is based in a experimental study of an air-water system operating in homogeneous bubbly flow, with initial liquid height (Hl) of 79;2cm, corresponding to aspect ratio (Hl /W) of 3. For dispersed phase it was employed a bubble diameter of 4;95mm and a superficial velocity of 2;9cm/s. To validate the model, comparisons with experimental data provided from literature were carried out in transversal sections at four axial levels (Y/Hl = 0;1; 0;2; 0;4; 0;75). To closure the mathematical model, four distinct turbulence models were analyzed to describe the continuous phase (k--'épsilon', RNG k--'épsilon', LRR-RSM, SSG-RSM), as well different correlations to verify the influence of the interfacial forces involved in this type of flow (drag, lift, turbulent dispersion and virtual mass). The consideration of lift and turbulent dispersion in addition to drag force showed meaningful influences in fluid dynamics pattern, while virtual mass force can be neglected. The final complete model tested predicted properly the flow in fully developed regions, according to the experimental pattern / Mestrado / Processos em Tecnologia Química / Mestre em Engenharia Química

Orientadores: Milton Mori, Marcos Akra D'Ávila / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Química / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-21T08:49:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Mori_ErickDjin_M.pdf: 2359279 bytes, checksum: ee684b815a4962d2a25990de40b76d0a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: Escoamentos gás-líquido-sólido em colunas de bolhas ainda são pouco compreendidos pela comunidade científica. Conhecer melhor a hidrodinâmica em uma coluna de bolhas é condição primordial para o sucesso em seu dimensionamento. Se a natureza do escoamento multifásico por si só é complexa, a tarefa de estudá-lo se torna ainda mais desafiadora, tendo em vista que são poucos os trabalhos consistentes publicados na literatura que abordam a temática. No presente estudo, utiliza-se a técnica da fluidodinâmica computacional (CFD), para conduzir simulações tridimensionais e transientes, a fim de se descrever a hidrodinâmica de um sistema gás-líquido-sólido em uma coluna de bolhas com quantidade intermediária de sólidos. O problema é tratado por meio de uma abordagem Euleriana e a interação interfásica é descrita exclusivamente pelo arraste entre as fases gás-líquido e sólido-líquido. Os resultados numéricos obtidos são confrontados com resultados experimentais da literatura e comprovam a capacidade da ferramenta computacional em descrever o sistema em questão. A análise dos modelos de arraste para a interação sólido-líquido mostrou a relevância da escolha da lei de arraste para descrever corretamente a circulação de sólidos no leito. Para a interação gás-líquido sob as condições analisadas, os modelos que consideram distorções da fase gasosa mostraram melhor desempenho, frente os modelos que consideram apenas bolhas esféricas. A turbulência no meio contínuo foi descrita por modelos de duas equações, os modelos kepsilon e RNG k-epsilon. O último mostrou melhor desempenho em descrever o padrão de escoamento, possivelmente por ter sido concebido para escoamentos vorticiais / Abstract: Gas-liquid-solid flows inside bubble columns are not fully comprehended by scientific community yet. A better knowledge regarding the hidrodynamics of a bubble column is the first step towards reaching its sizing successfully. If the multiphase flow nature by itself presents great complexity, the task of studying it becomes even more challenging, since few are the consistent published work in the literature treating this subject. In the present study, the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) was used to capture the hidrodynamics of a gas-liquid-solid flow inside a bubble column with intermediate solid concentration. The Eulerian approach was used as frame of reference and for the interphase forces only the drag between gas-liquid and solid-liquid phases were considered. The numerical results were compared to experimental data of the literature, showing the ability of CFD in describing the multiphase flow. Furthermore, analysis of drag models for the solid-liquid interaction indicates that the drag law plays an important role in describing the solid circulating in the system. For the gas-liquid interaction under the analyzed conditions, it has been found that the drag laws considering the bubble distortion showed better agreement with experimental data in comparison to the ones that considered bubbles as rigid spheres. The turbulence in the continuous phase was described by a two equation model. Comparison between standard k-epsilon and RNG k-epsilon revealed that in this case, the latter represented better the flow pattern, since it was developed for swirling flows / Mestrado / Desenvolvimento de Processos Químicos / Mestre em Engenharia Química

The effect of surface modification and high intensity electric field (uniform and non – uniform) acting separately or in combination on pool boiling of R-123 is presented in this thesis. The effect of surface modification was investigated on saturated pool boiling of R-123 for five horizontal copper surfaces modified by different treatments, namely: an emery polished surface, a fine sandblasted surface, a rough sandblasted surface, an electron beam (EB) enhanced surface and a sintered surface. Each 40 mm diameter heating surface formed the upper face of an oxygen-free copper block, electrically heated by embedded cartridge heaters. The experiments were performed from the convective heat transfer regime to the critical heat flux, with both increasing and decreasing heat flux, at 1.01 bar, and additionally at 2 bar and 4 bar for the emery polished surface. Significant enhancement of heat transfer with increasing surface modification was demonstrated, particularly for the EB enhanced and sintered surfaces. The emery polished and sandblasted surface results are compared with nucleate boiling correlations and other published data. The effect of uniform and non-uniform electric fields on saturated pool boiling of R-123 at 1.01 bar pressure was also examined. This method of heat transfer enhancement is known as electrohydrodynamic abbreviated as EHD-enhancement. A high voltage potential was applied at the electrode located above the heating surface, which was earthed. The voltage was varied from 0 to 30 kV. The uniform electric field was provided through a 40 mm diameter circular electrode of stainless steel 304 wire mesh having an aperture of 5.1 mm, while the non-uniform electric field was obtained by using a 40 mm diameter circular rod electrode with rods 5 and 8 mm apart. The effect of uniform electric field was investigated using all five modified surfaces, i.e. emery polished, fine sandblasted, rough sandblasted, EB enhanced and sintered surfaces, while non – uniform electric field was tested using the emery polished, fine sandblasted, EB enhanced and sintered surfaces. The effect of pressure on EHD enhancement was also examined using emery polished surface at saturation pressure of 2 and 4 bars while the electric field was fix at 20 kV corresponding to 2 MV/m. Further, the bubble dynamics is presented for the emery polished surface obtained using a high-speed high – resolution camera.

The purpose of this paper is to explore web use and web navigation behavior. This paper presents findings from qualitative research based on interviews and diarie studies. The basis of this study is Eli Parisers work about “the filter bubble”. As personalization systems shape our experience of the web, based on who we are, our bubble of knowledge and information becomes smaller. But it’s not only how technology works to show us a narrow part of reality. Our own choices about websites, content and the activities on the web, lead us into another type of bubble. A behavior bubble. A bubble where all the content we consume is interesting. The conclusion of this paper is that narrow web navigation behavior can be observed among all subjects studied irrespective of age and devices used, whereas monotonous web navigation behavior only can be identified among individuals using a smartphone for web browsing.

Commercial ebullated bed hydroprocessors, such as the LC-Finer, are used for the production of synthetic crude oil by upgrading bitumen extracted from the Canadian oil sands. The objectives of this thesis were to experimentally determine bubble characteristics at industrially relevant operating conditions for the design and optimization of the reactor’s recycle pan, as well as to investigate the impact of a catalyst density distribution on the reactor’s fluidization behaviour. High gas holdups have been reported for this type of industrial unit. As a result, high gas holdup conditions were required to assess the commercial unit fluid dynamics. Industrial conditions for the bubble characteristics in the reactor freeboard were simulated in a high pressure gas-liquid bubble column operating at 6.5 MPa using nitrogen and a 0.5 wt.% aqueous ethanol solution. Local bubble characteristics, including gas holdups, bubble rise velocities, and chord lengths, were investigated under various operating conditions using a novel monofibre optical probe designed for high gas holdup and elevated pressure. High gas holdups were achieved (up to 60%) and relatively narrow chord length distributions were observed, where 90% of the bubbles diameters were 1.0 mm or less. The energy dissipated through the distributor plate was shown to have a significant impact on the initial bubble size generated and high gas holdups were also achieved at atmospheric pressure by varying the open-surface area of the distributor. As a result, the impact of catalyst density distribution on local fluidization behaviour was investigated at atmospheric pressure using the previously designed high energy dissipation gas-liquid distributor plate and a 0.5 wt.% aqueous ethanol solution. Fresh and spent hydroprocessing catalysts having relatively narrow and wide density distributions were compared. The introduction of gas greatly impacted the fluidized bed dynamic by rendering the bed-freeboard interface diffuse at low superficial liquid velocity. Bed interface fluctuations were significantly reduced at elevated liquid flow rate due to average bubble size reduction caused by high shearing through the gas-liquid distributor plate. Solid holdup was most affected by the density distribution where bed expansion/contraction was dependent of the liquid flow rate due to varying particle-bubble dynamics.

Background: In recent years, the rise in prices of real estate and condominiums has been extraordinary. At the same time, household debt levels have increased worryingly. A high level of indebtedness in households makes them more vulnerable to fluctuations in the market and can affect their entire private economy. When the upswing is too strong there is an obvious risk of a residential bubble arising. Problem: If the bubble bursts and a fall in prices on real estate and condominiums occur, the entire real economy is affected negatively. A financial crisis particularly affects one of the most important players in the market, the banks. To avoid falling into this situation, stricter amortization rules have been introduced on mortgages. Issue: How does the introduction of stricter amortization rules affect banks' credit for the acquisition of private housing? Purpose: To describe and analyze the effects of the introduction of stricter amortization rules from banks on acquisition of private housing and to find out the acceptance of this product change. Method: To get an answer to the essay's question, a qualitative method with an abductive approach has been used. The same questionnaires have been used for respondents to get a uniform structure both at the interview before the introduction of stricter amortization rules and after. Empirical evidence has been compared with theory and previous research. Then the answers have been interpreted and placed in their correct context. Conclusion: The respondents of the participating banks agree that the introduction of stricter amortization rules did not affect the credit process, as their respective banks demanded payment ability similar to the new rules already before. Acceptance for higher amortization is growing and without this change, housing prices would have been even stronger. Additional time needs to go before evaluation can be made by the effect of stricter amortization rules they claim.

Abstract : The industrial partner of this project uses a slurry bubble reactor for the production of biogenic methanol. In the latter syngas is dispersed into the slurry continuous phase containing both liquid and solid phases. The rising bubbles containing a wide spectrum of the bubbles sizes, interact with the continuous phase due to the interface momentum transfer. The latter includes the drag, lift, wall lubrication and turbulent dispersion terms that require average bubble size, which needs to be calculated. One way to predict this average bubble size is by using population balance model (PBM), which can be coupled with the Eulerian framework. PBM also needs closure kernels for the bubble coalescence and bubble breakup. In this study, the influence of bubble coalescence and bubble breakup kernels have been studied in two- and three-phase system using eulerian approach, which solves momentum equation for each phase. The influence of the mesh sizes, number of bubble classes, numerical schemes, wall lubrication force and turbulent dispersion force are also included. In the two-phase system, results show that the Luo coalescence model needs to be tuned when used in combination with the Luo breakup kernel. The combination of the Luo coalescence and the Lehr breakup kernels (Luo-Lehr) show promising time-averaged radial profiles of gas holdup and axial liquid velocity as compared to empirical values. In the three-phase system, the combination of the Luo coalescence and the Lehr breakup kernels (Luo-Lehr) and the Luo coalescence and the Luo breakup kernels (Luo-Luo) predict convincing time-averaged radial profile of axial solid velocity as compared to experiments. However, at an elevated superficial gas velocity, a non-realistic behavior was predicted when compared to empirical observations. The sensitivity analysis results show that the 3 mm mesh size depicts a trend similar to the empirical values of the radial profiles of the gas holdup, axial liquid velocity, and solid axial velocity. The number of bubble classes influence the predicted bubble size distribution in the three-phase system while the numerical discretizing schemes have no influence on the results. The bench simulation results show that the inclusion of the turbulent dispersion term using a single porous tubular sparger influences the hydrodynamic behavior of the bubble column. / Le partenaire industriel de ce projet utilise un réacteur à suspension à trois phases pour la production de méthanol biogénique. Dans celui-ci, le gaz de synthèse est diffusé par barbotement dans la phase à suspension qui contient à la fois les phases liquide et solide. Les bulles en ascension présentent un large spectre de tailles et interagissent avec la phase à suspension en échangeant de la quantité de mouvement via leurs surfaces. Cet échange comprend les forces de trainé, de portance, de lubrification en proche parois et de dispersion par turbulence; lesquelles requièrent notamment le calcul de la taille moyenne des bulles. Une façon de prédire numériquement cette taille moyenne est de recourir à un modèle de bilan de population (PBM, de l’anglais Population Balance Model), qui peut être couplé avec un model multiphasique eulérien. Un tel PBM a requière des modèles de fermetures pour la coalescence et la rupture des bulles. Dans la présente étude, l'influence des modèles noyaux de coalescence et de rupture des bulles a été étudiée pour des systèmes à deux et à trois phases en utilisant l’approche eulérienne. L'influence de la taille du maillage, du nombre de classes de bulles, du schéma numérique, de la force de lubrification en proche parois et de la force de dispersion par turbulence sont également incluses. Dans un système bi-phasique, les résultats montrent que le modèle de coalescence Luo doit être ajusté lorsqu'il est utilisé en combinaison avec le noyau de rupture Luo. La combinaison des noyaux de coalescence Luo et de rupture Lehr (Luo-Lehr) montrent des profils radiaux moyennés dans le temps qui sont valides pour la concentration de gaz et la vitesse axiale du liquide par rapport aux mesures expérimentales. Dans le système triphasé, la combinaison des modèles noyaux de coalescence de Luo et de rupture de Lehr (Luo-Lehr) et de la coalescence de Luo et de rupture de Luo (Luo-Luo) prédisent des profils radiaux moyennés dans le temps qui sont valides pour la vitesse axiale moyenné dans le temps par rapport aux expériences. Cependant, à une vitesse de gaz superficielle élevée, ces profils prédisent un comportement non réaliste par rapport aux observations empiriques. Les résultats de l'analyse de sensibilité du maillage montrent qu’avec des cellules de 3 mm, le model prédit une tendance similaire aux valeurs empiriques pour les profils radiaux de concentration du gaz, de vitesse axiale du liquide et de vitesse axiale solide. Le nombre de classes de bulles influe sur les distributions prédites de taille de bulle dans le système triphasé alors que les schémas de discrétisation numériques n'ont aucune influence sur les résultats. Les résultats des simulations d’un banc d’essai avec diffuseur à bulles poreux montrent que tenir compte du terme de dispersion influence le comportement hydrodynamique de la colonne à bulles.

Cette thèse a pour objet l'étude expérimentale de la dynamique d'une bulle de vapeur créée en conditions d'ébullition nucléée dans un milieu sous-refroidi. La section d'essai est chauffée localement par focalisation d'un faisceau laser : les flux thermiques considérés varient entre 1e4 et 1.5e6 W/m2 et la température de l'eau varie entre 100 et 88°C.Trois régimes d'ébullition ont été observés. En conditions de saturation ou de faible sous-refroidissement et avec un faible flux thermique on observe un régime d'ébullition nucléée développée. Pour des sous-refroidissements supérieurs et des flux thermiques pas très élevés on observe un régime d'équilibre entre la masse de liquide évaporée à la base de la bulle et la quantité de vapeur condensée sur sa surface supérieure. Le troisième régime observé correspond à des flux thermiques élevés : sa caractéristique principale est la formation d'une poche de vapeur sur la surface chauffée qui reste attachée à la surface après la phase détachement de la bulle.La phase de condensation commence après le détachement de la bulle. Le rayon de détachement des bulles varie entre 1 et 2.5 mm. La mesure des propriétés des bulles a permis de les caractériser en termes de nombres adimensionnels. L'acquisition d'images à haute fréquence a permis d'observer la propagation d'ondes capillaires à la surface des bulles. Deux effets principaux de la propagation d'ondes capillaires sur la vitesse de condensation de la bulle ont été observés : l'augmentation de la surface d'échange entre les phases liquide et vapeur et la diminution de la vitesse de translation de la bulle, qui serait soumise à une trainée supérieure à cause de sa déformation. / The object of this thesis is an experimental study of vapor bubble dynamics in sub-cooled nucleate boiling. The test section is locally heated by focusing a laser beam: heat fluxes from 1e4 to 1.5e6 W/m2 and water temperature between 100 and 88°C have been considered. Three boiling regimes have been observed. Under saturated conditions and with low heat fluxes a developed nucleate boiling regime has been observed. Under higher sub-cooling and still with low heat fluxes an equilibrium regime has been observed in which the liquid flowrate evaporating at the bubble base is compensated by the vapor condensing flowrate at bubble top. A third regime have been observed at high heat fluxes for all water conditions: it is characterized by the formation of a large dry spot on the heated surface that keeps the nucleation site dry after bubble detachment. The condensation phase starts after bubble detachment. Bubble equivalent radius at detachment varies between 1 and 2.5 mm. Bubble properties have been measured and non-dimensional groups have been used to characterize bubble dynamics. Capillary waves have been observed on the bubble surface thanks to high-speed images acquisition. Two main phenomena have been proposed to explain capillary waves effects on bubble condensation: increasing of the phases interface area and decreasing of vapor bubble translation velocity, because of the increased drag force on the deformed bubble.

This thesis addresses aspects of the transport of bubbles and capsules (a thin elastic membrane enclosing a viscous fluid) by means of a viscous flow in complex vessel geometries. It focusses on two related themes: (i) the trapping of air bubbles in a sudden streamwise tube expansion and (ii) the extreme deformation of bubbles and capsules in a localised tube constriction. Air bubbles of different volumes were trapped in a tube with a square cross-section, which contains a sudden streamwise expansion in tube width. The liquid filling the tube was driven by constant volume-flux flow, and experiments were performed in both millimetric and micrometric tubes to identify the range of flow rates for which bubbles could get trapped. The gradients in surface energy generated by the broadening of the bubble into the expansion depend strongly on bubble volume and the expansion length. It is shown that in order for a trapped bubble to release from the expansion, the work of the pressure forces due to flow past the bubble must exceed the change in surface energy required to squeeze into the narrower channel. This criterion for trapping was verified by direct pressure measurements and a capillary static model, which uses three-dimensional Surface Evolver calculations. The extreme deformation of bubbles and capsules was investigated using a localised constriction of the tube width. Both bubbles and capsules were shown to adopt highly contorted configurations and exhibit broadly similar features over a wide range of flow rates, suggesting that the deformation was primarily imposed by the geometry through viscous shear forces. However, bubbles and capsules also display distinguishing features. Bubbles can breakup and exhibit thinning of the rear of the bubble at a critical flow rate, which is associated with a divergence of the rear tip speed and curvature. In contrast, the capsule membrane can wrinkle and fold, and the membrane thickness imposes the value of the maximum curvature locally available to the capsule.