O presente trabalho objetivou avaliar comparativamente a susceptibilidade dos bufalinos e bovinos à intoxicação cúprica acumulativa, por meio do fornecimento de quantidades crescentes de cobre, analisando variáveis clínicas, sangüíneas e os teores de cobre hepático. Com tal objetivo, foram utilizados 20 ruminantes, 10 bovinos (mestiços) e 10 búfalos (raça Murrah) jovens, aleatoriamente distribuídos em seis animais de cada espécie nos grupos que receberam cobre (BOV Cu e BUF Cu) e quatro animais nos grupos controle (BOV e BUF). Diariamente, os grupos BOV Cu e BUF Cu receberam por meio de fistula ruminal 2 mg Cu /kg/PV (CuSO4.5H2O) sendo esta dose acrescida de mais 2 mg/kg/PV a cada semana, até o término do experimento (105 dias). Foram realizadas três biópsias hepáticas (Dia 0 - dia 45 - dia 105) em todos os animais para determinação da concentração de Cu e Zn neste órgão. Quinzenalmente, foi realizado exame clínico, pesagem dos animais e coleta de amostras de sangue. Três bovinos e dois búfalos dos grupos BOV Cu e BUF Cu manifestaram quadro laboratorial e/ou clínico sugestivo de intoxicação cúprica acumulativa (ICA), vindo a sucumbir em seguida. Não existiu diferença entre a freqüência de mortalidade entre os bovinos e búfalos (P > 0,87). Destaca-se a presença de dois quadros clínicos diferentes, o clássico (um bovino e um búfalo) e um atípico (dois bovinos e um búfalo), caracterizado pelo destacado acúmulo de cobre hepático, hiporexia progressiva seguida de anorexia, desidratação, redução dos movimentos de ruminais, oligúria, acentuada apatia e morte, mas sem apresentar hemoglobinúria. Parte dos bovinos e bufalinos se mostraram resistentes à ICA a despeito da administração de altas quantidades cobre. Os teores de cobre hepático nos bovinos com ICA foram superiores, em mais de 100%, aos encontrados nos bufalinos (4389 e 2052 ppm respectivamente). Bovinos com ICA aumentaram a concentração de zinco hepático nas fases finais da intoxicação. A presença de altas atividades séricas de gamaglutamil transferase (GGT) (> 24,6 U/L) e de aspartato aminotransferase (AST) (> 90 U/L) para bovinos e GGT (> 20 U/L) para bufalinos indicaram de maneira efetiva a presença de destacado acúmulo de cobre nos tecidos hepáticos (1000 ppm). Com exceção de um búfalo com o quadro atípico nenhum outro animal apresentou quadro de insuficiência renal. / The main aim of this project is to carry out a comparative study of the susceptibility of cattle (crossbreed) and buffalo (Murrah) to accumulative copper poisoning, by infusion of increasing doses of copper, and studying some clinical and blood variables and the liver Cu concentration. Ten cattle and 10 buffalo yearling steers were randomly distributed into two copper supplemented groups (BOV Cu; BUF Cu; n = 6) and two control groups (BOV; BUF; n = 4). The two former groups received initially 2 mg Cu/kg/BW (as CuSO4..5H2O) daily for a week; every following week, up to the end of the experiment (105th d), this initial dose was increased of 2 mg Cu/kg/BW. For three times during the experiment (day zero, 45thand 105th d) a liver biopsy was carried out to evaluate the degree of copper accumulation in this organ; the body weight and clinical examination was followed weekly, as far as blood samples were withdrawn. Three cattle and two buffaloes supplemented with copper presented clinical picture and/or laboratory findings indicative of accumulative copper poisoning (ACP), and died thereafter. There was no difference in the frequency of mortality between cattle and buffalo (P > 0.87) Two different clinical picture were seen, the classical (one cattle and one buffalo) and one atypical (two cattle and one buffalo) characterized by remarkable high levels of liver copper, progressive hyporexia followed by anorexia, dehydration, severe apathy, decreased rumen movements, oliguria and death. Some of animals were resistant to ACP in spite of high accumulative levels of copper. The liver copper concentration were higher in cattle than buffalo (4.389 and 2.052 ppm, respectively). Cattle with ACP increased their zinc liver concentration at the final stages of the poisoning. The presence of high serum activity of gamma glutamyltransferase (GGT) (> 24.6 U/L) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) (>90 U/L) for cattle and GGT (> 20 U/L) for buffalo indicated effectively the high accumulation of copper in liver (> 1000 ppm). No poisoned animals developed renal insufficiency, but one buffalo with atypical picture.

Com o objetivo de se aperfeiçoar a PCR para detecção de Brucella spp. em leite bubalino, foram estudados diferentes protocolos de extração de DNA em leite bubalino experimentalmente contaminado com Brucella abortus amostra 1119-3. Esses protocolos basearam-se na utilização de isotiocianato de guanidina, fervura e proteinase K, com algumas variações. O critério de avaliação utilizado foi a sensibilidade analítica. O protocolo utilizando fervura com filtração inicial da amostra em colchão de sacarose a 40% apresentou sensibilidade analítica de 103 UFC/ml. Os protocolos utilizando proteinase K para extração de DNA apresentaram sensibilidade analítica de 104 UFC/ml. A maior sensibilidade analítica (10 UFC/ml) e a melhor visualização do produto amplificado foram obtidos com a utilização de isotiocianato de guanidina com precipitação imediata em álcool sem adição de Tween 20 na lavagem inicial da amostra. / To improve the PCR performance for detection of Brucella spp. in buffalo milk, different DNA extraction protocols were carried out in buffalo milk spiked with Brucella abortus strain 1119-3. These protocols were based on utilization of guanidine isothiocyanate, boil and proteinase K, with some variations. The analytical sensitivity was the evaluation criteria. Boiling with initial filtration of the sample through a solution of sacarosis 40% presented analytical sensitivity of 103 CFU/ml. The protocols based on proteinase K presented analytical sensitivity of 104 CFU/ml. The highest analytical sensitivity (10 CFU/ml) and best visualization of the amplified product were verified for the protocol using guanidine isothyocianate with immediate precipitation in alcohol without addition of Tween 20 in the initial sample wash.

Foram avaliados os efeitos do intervalo entre aspirações foliculares (IEA; OPU) e do tratamento com somatrotopina bovina recombinante (bST) na produção in vitro de embriões bubalinos. Dezesseis fêmeas foram distribuídas aleatoriamente em quatro grupos (fatorial 2x2): (1) G-Cont7: sessões de OPU uma vez por semana; (2) G-bST7: sessões de OPU uma vez por semana + 500mg de bST a cada 14 dias; (3) G-Cont14: sessões de OPU a cada 14 dias e (4) G-bST14: sessões de OPU + 500mg de bST a cada 14 dias. Os animais do G-Cont7 e G-bST7 foram submetidos a 16 sessões de OPU, e os animais do G-Cont14 e G-bST14 a oito sessões de OPU. Nas sessões realizadas uma vez por semana (G-s/bST) reduziu-se o número de folículos aspirados, de oócitos totais recuperados e de oócitos viáveis (P0,004). O tratamento com bST aumentou o número de folículos aspirados (P<0,0001), o total de oócitos recuperados e a taxa de recuperação (P=0,07). No entanto, nem o IEA e nem o tratamento com bST aumentaram a produção in vitro de embriões bubalinos. / It was evaluated the effect of OPU interval and bST treatment on embryo production in buffalo. Sixteen females were randomly assigned in 4 groups, in a 2x2 factorial experimental design: (1) G-Cont7: OPU session each seven days; (2) G-bST7: OPU session each seven days plus 500mg of bST each 14 days; (3) G-Cont14: OPU session each 14 days and (4) G-bST14: OPU session plus 500mg of bST each 14 days. Animals of G-Cont7 and G-bST7 were submitted to 16 OPU sessions, and those of G-Cont14 and G-bST14 to 8 OPU sessions. The OPU session performed every week (G-s/bST) decreased the number of aspirated follicles, and the number of total and viable recovery oocytes (P0.004). The treatment with bST increased the number of aspirated follicles (P<0.0001), the number of recovery oocytes and the oocyte recovery rate (P=0.07). However, neither OPU interval nor bST treatment increased the in vitro embryo production in buffalo.

O presente estudo teve por objetivo avaliar quantitativa e qualitativamente os fagócitos presentes no leite de búfalas (Bubalus bubalis) hígidas criadas nos Estado de São Paulo. Para tal, o experimento foi subdividido em três etapas, designadas capítulos, conforme os objetivos: (1) determinar e estudar a celularidade do leite de búfalas hígidas; (2) estabelecer metodologia adequada para a recuperação das células somáticas do leite de búfalas, possibilitando a avaliação in vitro; (3) descrever e avaliar as provas de atividade fagocítica das células presentes no leite de búfalas hígidas, através de testes de mensuração direta (espraiamento e fagocitose de partículas de Zymosan) e por testes indiretos, que mensuram os metabólitos de oxigênio gerados na “explosão respiratória". Foram colhidas 132 amostras de leite de 35 búfalas hígidas (sem alterações ao exame físico da glândula mamária, bem como resultado da prova de CMT e exame microbiológico negativos). Após as avaliações do CMT, da CCS, da contagem diferencial, da viabilidade celular, do exame bacteriológico, dos testes de fagocitose, de espraiamento e da liberação de peróxido de hidrogênio, concluiu-se que: (1) os resultados das contagens de células somáticas, microscópica e automática, foram semelhantes, mas a predominância celular diferiu conforme a técnica empregada, sendo identificadas percentualmente mais células mononucleares na lâmina de suspensão celular citocentrifugada, e mais polimorfonucleares no leite submetido à técnica de Prescott e Breed; o leite diluído e citocentrifugado permitiu melhor avaliação da morfologia celular sendo identificados: 61,1% de monócitos e macrófagos; 32,9% de neutrófilos; 5,3% de linfócitos e 0,7% de eosinófilos; os fagócitos mononucleares apresentaram uma acentuada plasticidade na estrutura, com variados padrões morfológicos; (2) a baixa celularidade do leite necessitou maiores volumes da amostra mas, o aumento do volume da amostra aumenta a concentração celular obtida, mas não de forma ilimitada pois pode passar a comprometer a viabilidade das mesmas pelo excesso de manipulação e tempo exigidos pelas amostras mais volumosas; não foi necessária a elicitação, sendo possível a recuperação de 2 x 106 células viáveis/mL de leite de búfalas hígidas com 500 mL de leite, no mínimo; (3) os macrófagos aderidos espraiaram significativamente, além de apresentarem correlação com outro marcador de ativação celular, no caso, a liberação de peróxido de hidrogênio; mais da metade dos macrófagos aderidos fagocitaram partículas de Zymosan; os fagócitos mantêm sua capacidade de liberar peróxido de hidrogênio, espontaneamente ou não, em grau máximo, com uma significativa variação entre amostras / The aim of this study was to make a quantitative and a qualitative evaluation of phagocytes from healthy buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) milk bred in Sao Paulo state. For this purpose, the experiment was divided in three parts, called chapters, as specific objectives: (1) establish and study the cellularity of healthy buffaloes milk; (2) establish an adequate method for the recuperation of somatic cells from buffaloes milk, making possible an in vitro evaluation; (3) standardize and evaluate the phagocytic activity tests of cells from healthy buffaloes milk, through direct measurement methods (spreading and phagocytosis of Zymosan particles) and indirect methods, which measure the oxygen metabolites from the respiratory burst. Milk samples (n=132) of healthy 35 buffaloes (without alterations on the physical examination of the mammary gland, and also negative results on CMT and microbiologic exams) were obtained. After the evaluations of CMT, SCC, differential cells count, cellular viability, bacteriologic exam, phagocytic tests, spreading and hydrogen peroxide liberation, the conclusions were: (1) the results of somatic cells count, microscopic and automatic, were similar but the cellular predominance differed with the utilized method, being percentually identified more mononuclear cells on slide of cytocentrifugation cellular suspension and more polymorphonuclear on milk submitted to the Prescott and Breed methods; the diluted and cytology by cytocentrifugation of milk permitted a best evaluation of the cellular morphology, being identified: 61.1% of monocytes and macrophages; 32.9% of neutrophils; 5.3% of lymphocytes and 0.7% of eosinophils; mononuclear phagocytes showed a high plasticity on structure with many morphological patterns; (2) a lower cellularity on milk requires higher quantities of the samples but an increase on sample volume increases cellular concentrations obtained, not on an unlimited way because it can compromise the cells viability with the excess of manipulation and time required by the biggest samples; it was not necessary the elicitation, being possible the recuperation of 2 x 106 viable cells/mL on milk of healthy buffaloes with 500 mL of milk minimum (3) adherent macrophages spreaded and were correlated with hydrogen peroxide release; majority of adherent macrophages phagocyted Zymosan particles; milk phagocytes showered a high oxidative metabolism, undependably of PMA stimulation, but with a great individual variation.

Weather – cold, wet, hot and windy – pervades life, material and social. So present and obvious as to provide a challenge for research, material though ephemeral too, weather breaks boundaries and refuses categorisation. While night becomes day, the cold season warms up over weeks and annual patterns are changing on a scale of years, practices in the face of weather transitions are themselves shifting. Based on ten months of fieldwork in the small village of Gau in the Pahari Indian Himalayas this thesis interrogates the saliencies and permeations of weather in people’s lives. It investigates how people intra-act (Barad 2007) with the weather, though practices, infrastructures and relationships with others. My approach argues for the validity of weather as a means by which to learn about socio-material lives. Pahari villagers live and act within the weather that moves around them. They are subject to, but also modify, their thermal environment. Through housing, clothing and tools such as the fire and the fan they affect the impact of the weather as it meets their bodies, but also daily patterns of movement are coloured by weather considerations. This work views weather in relation to health practices (such as refraining from working during the rain so as not to fall ill), for care of others (such as domestic bovines), for house-building and hospitable relationship-building among neighbours, for negotiation of landslide-fraught access roads to elsewhere and for understandings of pollution in the air. This focus on weather is intended to connect dots for people working on climate change, both within and beyond anthropology, and to contribute to discussions in areas including human-animal relations, health and illness and housing.

Orientador: Wilma Aparecida Starke Buzetti / Banca: Solange Maria Gennari / Banca: Rosangela Zacarias Machado / Banca: Maria Conceição Zocoller Seno / Banca: Gilson Pereira de Oliveira / Resumo: O objetivo do presente estudo foi analisar a resposta imune humoral, pelo monitoramento dos anticorpos anti-Babesia bovis, anti-Babesia bigemina e anti-Anaplasma marginale, em búfalos (Bubalus bubalis) naturalmente infectados. Para esta pesquisa, utilizaram-se amostras de soro e de colostro/leite de búfalas adultas do periparto aos 11 meses após, e de soros dos seus bezerros, durante o primeiro ano de vida nos anos de 1999/2000 e 2005. Para determinar o perfil da resposta imune humoral destes animais, utilizou-se o método ELISA indireto e os dados foram apresentados e analisados como a média de um grupo de animais, em diferentes faixas etárias e, individualmente. Após a leitura e interpretação dos dados, os resultados dos animais analisados em grupos apresentaram baixa concentração de anticorpos, ou seja, abaixo do ponto de corte (D.O. = 0,265 e NE=3) de anticorpos anti-A. marginale nos soros, durante os primeiros 90 e 105 dias após o parto e nascimento, respectivamente, para búfalas e seus bezerros. Em seguida, a concentração de anticorpos anti-A. marginale no soro dos bezerros búfalos aumentou ligeiramente acima do ponto de corte e manteve-se assim até atingirem aproximadamente um ano de idade, indicando uma imunidade adquirida, após o contato com a bactéria. Nas búfalas ocorreu soroconversão (NE acima de 3) para Babesia de ambas as espécies, por quase todo o período analisado, com uma elevação acentuada (NE=4 a NE=6) entre os dias 91 e 335 dias após o parto, fato não verificado para os bezerros, no mesmo período. No colostro/leite, os anticorpos anti-B. bovis e anti-B. bigemina foram detectados nos primeiros sete dias pós-parto, mas não foram observados no teste anti-A. marginale. Quando os animais foram analisados individualmente (duas búfalas e seus bezerros), observou-se em um dos bezerros, uma forte imunidade humoral... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The aim of the present study was to analyze the humoral-immune response of water buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) naturally infected with Babesia bovis, B. bigemina and Anaplasma marginale. For this work, colostrums/milk and blood samples were weekly, fortnightly and monthly harvested prior and after partum (buffalo cows) and from birth to 365 days after birth (buffalo calves). The antibodies in the colostrums/milk and serum samples from these animals were determined using an ELISA indirect method and the data were analyzed as a mean of a group of animals with matched ages during the period of 1999/2000 or individually during the year of 2005. The data from animals analyzed in group showed that the antibodies against A. marginale were in low concentration (below the cut off point, D.O. = 0.265 and ELISA levels, EL = 3), in the sera of buffalo, during the first 90 and 105 days, respectively for cows and calves. Then, the concentration of anti-A. marginale in the serum samples of buffalo calves, slightly raised to above the cut off point and kept in higher levels up to approximately 365 days after birth, indicating acquired immunity. Serum conversion for Babesia occurred in high levels and above the cut off point only for buffalo cows for all period of experimentation. The antibody levels against Babesia for both species and Anaplasma increased in the sera of buffalo cows between the days 91 and 335 after partum. In the colostrums, anti-B. bovis and anti-B. bigemina antibodies were detected in high levels during the first seven days after partum, but then abruptly declined to zero. Anti-A. marginale, on the other hand were not detected in the colostrums of these animals. When four animals (two buffalo cows and their calves) were individually analyzed it was observed an individual variation in the immune response: in one buffalo calf there was a strong passive... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

Com o objetivo de se aperfeiçoar a PCR para detecção de Brucella spp. em leite bubalino, foram estudados diferentes protocolos de extração de DNA em leite bubalino experimentalmente contaminado com Brucella abortus amostra 1119-3. Esses protocolos basearam-se na utilização de isotiocianato de guanidina, fervura e proteinase K, com algumas variações. O critério de avaliação utilizado foi a sensibilidade analítica. O protocolo utilizando fervura com filtração inicial da amostra em colchão de sacarose a 40% apresentou sensibilidade analítica de 103 UFC/ml. Os protocolos utilizando proteinase K para extração de DNA apresentaram sensibilidade analítica de 104 UFC/ml. A maior sensibilidade analítica (10 UFC/ml) e a melhor visualização do produto amplificado foram obtidos com a utilização de isotiocianato de guanidina com precipitação imediata em álcool sem adição de Tween 20 na lavagem inicial da amostra. / To improve the PCR performance for detection of Brucella spp. in buffalo milk, different DNA extraction protocols were carried out in buffalo milk spiked with Brucella abortus strain 1119-3. These protocols were based on utilization of guanidine isothiocyanate, boil and proteinase K, with some variations. The analytical sensitivity was the evaluation criteria. Boiling with initial filtration of the sample through a solution of sacarosis 40% presented analytical sensitivity of 103 CFU/ml. The protocols based on proteinase K presented analytical sensitivity of 104 CFU/ml. The highest analytical sensitivity (10 CFU/ml) and best visualization of the amplified product were verified for the protocol using guanidine isothyocianate with immediate precipitation in alcohol without addition of Tween 20 in the initial sample wash.

(1) Aerial survey methods for estimating population size of feral water buffalo in northern Australia were examined. (2) Line transect models underestimated population size. Of six models tested the most accurate underestimated by nearly half. The models give biased estimates most probably because not all animals on the survey line were sighted . (3) Aerial strip transect surveys were also negatively biased. The extent of this bias was estimated in index-removal experiments. Experiments were carried out on two populations in areas of differing obstructive canopy cover. (4) In woodland habitat with a canopy cover of 30- 60%, a correction factor of 3.2 was required to take account of animals not seen. In forest habitat with a canopy cover of 60-100%, a correction factor of 4.9 was required. (5) Using these results, the population size of feral buffalo, cattle and horses in Kakadu National Park was estimated by aerial survey at the end of each year over 6 years. Annual rates of increase for three regions of the Park were estimated, taking into account known removals from the population. The effects of dry season rainfall and population density in the preceding year on rate of increase were examined for each species. (6) The mean annual exponential rate of increase for each species was 0.10 yr-1 for buffalo, 0.23 yr-1 for cattle and -0.14 yr-1 for horses. (7) The annual rates of increase varied greatly between years within all species and were highly correlated with dry season rainfall in the year of survey for buffalo and cattle but not for horses. (8) No significant effect of preceding density on rate of increase was found for any species. A large reduction in buffalo populations did not correspond with an increase in unharvested populations of horses, suggesting the two species do not compete for food or other resources. (9) A campaign to control populations of feral water buffalo in Kakadu National Park was assessed. Between 1979 and 1988, approximately 79,000 animals were removed, 54% by commercial live-capture, 35% by shooting from helicopters and 10% by shooting from the ground. (10) In the period 1983-1988 when population estimates from aerial survey are available, mean buffalo population density was reduced from 5.60 km-2 to 1.17 km-2 over the surveyed area of the Park. (11) The costs of removal by shooting from helicopters, capturing animals alive and shooting from the ground were compared. The mean costs per animal in 1988 were $24.13, $74.53, and $86.02 respectively. (12) The effects of initial density and time spent shooting on number of animals removed by shooting from helicopters were examined. One linear and two curvilinear models were fitted to data from four different removal exercises. The relationship between time spent shooting and number removed was best described by a curvilinear (Ivlev) function. This model was used to estimate costs of control to a specified density. (13) Model regression coefficients differed between removal exercises, suggesting that the number removed may be affected by variables other than time spent shooting and initial density. Data from the range of conditions encountered during removal is thus likely to be required for robust estimation of removal costs.

Buffalo Boys 100 years of wearing his heart on his sleeve is the sum of my experience at the University of Saskatchewan. It is an exploration of or coming to know my worldview. I have come to know that history is a construction, fragments of memory told through the bias of time, place and privilege. <p>Bison in the Bowl: This is Indian Land is a site of resistance. A layering of energy over matter through image projection over a colonizing space, the college building. I will place my family tipi in the bowl to honour the bison; the projected images will be of bison, buffalo boy and other contemporary aboriginal experiences. Through projection, I enlighten matter, a union of disparate histories that can be healed through the presence of an aboriginal healing device, the tipi. Happenings dependent on weather will occur September 21, 22 and 23. <p>Crow Chief Plenty Coups refused to speak of the years after the last wild bison herds were gone, saying, when the buffalo went away the hearts of my people fell to the ground, and they could not lift them again. After this nothing happened. <p>Nothing Happened: Old Sun represents the reconstruction of cultural icons through bison fragments, manufactured steel and a light from the Old Sun Residential School on the Blackfoot Reserve. Shadows of the past interrogate traditional and contemporary ideas. I believe that objects hold energy; this light that once shone above the heads of many children within the school is a witness to cultural genocide. Illumination of our histories can bring us out of the shadows and enlighten our being. Time is the Western paradox; it is to be played with. It is a container, a crypt that fragments real time image. It is a space of introspection and the cosmic dance. Bison Heart connects me to the heart of my art practice. In the context of my aboriginal experience, this painting can be romantic, iconic and political. I invite the viewer to move between the values to uncover their own meaning and relationship with the subject and self. <p>Gambling the Prairie Winnings is the construction of time through narrative, image and artifact. It is a serious and humorous view of how the west was dumb, it parodies the Western Development Museums centennial theme Winning the Prairie Gamble. The reinforcement of the colonial project occurs primarily through media, my intent is to subvert this medium. <p>Mission Impossible: Buffalo Boys Wild West Peep Show is an altar and a stage based on the first Blackfoot Mission church. It is a video projection where Buffalo Boy can dream of missions past, play in the present and vision the future. <p>This exhibition includes but is not limited to ideas within indigenous knowledge, meta/ quantum physics role in creating unity, the re-immergence of two-spirit peoples history, colonial or post -colonial critique, ecology, spirituality and healing modalities within the creative process. Through my art making I transcend the constructions of history, I heal myself for others to see, it is a new place from which to view the world.

Buffalo Boys 100 years of wearing his heart on his sleeve is the sum of my experience at the University of Saskatchewan. It is an exploration of or coming to know my worldview. I have come to know that history is a construction, fragments of memory told through the bias of time, place and privilege. <p>Bison in the Bowl: This is Indian Land is a site of resistance. A layering of energy over matter through image projection over a colonizing space, the college building. I will place my family tipi in the bowl to honour the bison; the projected images will be of bison, buffalo boy and other contemporary aboriginal experiences. Through projection, I enlighten matter, a union of disparate histories that can be healed through the presence of an aboriginal healing device, the tipi. Happenings dependent on weather will occur September 21, 22 and 23. <p>Crow Chief Plenty Coups refused to speak of the years after the last wild bison herds were gone, saying, when the buffalo went away the hearts of my people fell to the ground, and they could not lift them again. After this nothing happened. <p>Nothing Happened: Old Sun represents the reconstruction of cultural icons through bison fragments, manufactured steel and a light from the Old Sun Residential School on the Blackfoot Reserve. Shadows of the past interrogate traditional and contemporary ideas. I believe that objects hold energy; this light that once shone above the heads of many children within the school is a witness to cultural genocide. Illumination of our histories can bring us out of the shadows and enlighten our being. Time is the Western paradox; it is to be played with. It is a container, a crypt that fragments real time image. It is a space of introspection and the cosmic dance. Bison Heart connects me to the heart of my art practice. In the context of my aboriginal experience, this painting can be romantic, iconic and political. I invite the viewer to move between the values to uncover their own meaning and relationship with the subject and self. <p>Gambling the Prairie Winnings is the construction of time through narrative, image and artifact. It is a serious and humorous view of how the west was dumb, it parodies the Western Development Museums centennial theme Winning the Prairie Gamble. The reinforcement of the colonial project occurs primarily through media, my intent is to subvert this medium. <p>Mission Impossible: Buffalo Boys Wild West Peep Show is an altar and a stage based on the first Blackfoot Mission church. It is a video projection where Buffalo Boy can dream of missions past, play in the present and vision the future. <p>This exhibition includes but is not limited to ideas within indigenous knowledge, meta/ quantum physics role in creating unity, the re-immergence of two-spirit peoples history, colonial or post -colonial critique, ecology, spirituality and healing modalities within the creative process. Through my art making I transcend the constructions of history, I heal myself for others to see, it is a new place from which to view the world.