Neste trabalho, a formulação linear do método dos elementos de contorno - MEC, baseada nas hipóteses de Kirchhoff, é adaptada à análise de estruturas de pavimentos de edifícios, considerando-se as interações entre elementos lineares e de superfície. Leva-se em conta, além da flexão, o comportamento dos elementos como membrana. A representação integral deduzida contempla todos os elementos estruturais envolvidos, portanto garantido a monoliticidade do conjunto sem a necessidade de impor compatibilizações de deslocamentos e equilíbrio das forças generalizadas de superfícies ao longo das interfaces. A formulação integral é deduzida a partir da primeira identidade de Betti, onde a placa é considerada com variação de espessura, quer seja contínua ou abrupta. Porém, nesse trabalho apenas o caso de placas e vigas com rigidez constante são tratados. A partir dessa formulação, a fim de reduzir o número de graus de liberdade do problema, apresenta-se um modelo alternativo, onde as vigas são representadas por seus eixos médios. Estende-se essa formulação à análise não-linear, através da inclusão de campos de esforços iniciais, onde as integrais de domínio são calculadas aproximando-se o campo de esforços iniciais em células internas. A solução não-linear é obtida a partir da formulação implícita, na qual as correções que devem ser dadas aos estados de curvatura e das deformações de chapa em uma determinada iteração, são obtidas através do operador tangente consistente, que é atualizado a cada iteração, e da correção dos esforços nos pontos da placa. O critério elasto-plástico utilizado é o de Von Mises e a distribuição das tensões é aproximada, em uma seção qualquer da placa, por pontos discretos, que seguindo um esquema gaussiano, permite a integração numérica para o cálculo dos esforços. / In this work, the plate bending linear formulation of the boundary element method - BEM, based on the Kirchhoff\'s hypothesis, is extended to incorporate beam elements. The final objective of the work is to obtain a numerical model to analyse building floor structures, in which stiffness is further increased by the presence of membrane effects. From the boundary integral representations of the bending and the stretching problems a particular integral equation to represent the equilibrium of the whole body is obtained. Using this integral equation, no approximation of the generalized forces along the interface is required. Moreover, compatibility and equilibrium conditions along the interface are automatically imposed by the integral equation. An alternative formulation where the number of degrees of freedom is further reduced is also investigated. In this case, the kinematics Navier-Bernoulli hypothesis is assumed to simplify the strain field for the thin sub-regions (beams). Then, the formulation is extended to perform non-linear analysis by incorporating initial effort fields. Then non-linear solution is obtained using the concept of the local consistent tangent operator. The domain integral required, to evaluate the initial effort influences, are performed by using the well-known cell sub-division. The non-linear behaviour is evaluated by the Von Mises criterion, that is verified at points along the plate thickness, appropriately placed to allow performing numerical integration to approach moments and normal forces using Gauss point schemes.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:25:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2008-05-15Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:53:17Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 konda_dh_me_ilha.pdf: 2260135 bytes, checksum: 7b50e08a2458da851841fed8236b0b31 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Esse trabalho trata da análise linear de flexão de pavimentos de edifícios utilizando o Método dos Elementos de Contorno. A formulação de placas baseada nas hipóteses de Reissner, que possibilita a análise de placas finas e moderadamente espessas, é estendida a fim de se modelar pavimentos de edifícios. Nesse modelo, o pavimento é representado por uma placa composta de sub-regiões, sendo cada subregião a representação de uma placa ou viga. Assim, a viga é modelada por uma subregião de pequena largura e maior rigidez. As equações integrais dos deslocamentos são deduzidas utilizando-se o Método dos Resíduos Ponderados. Inicialmente as variáveis são definidas ao longo das interfaces e contorno externo da placa. Então, a fim de reduzir o número de graus de liberdade do problema, apresenta-se um modelo alternativo onde as variáveis ao longo das interfaces são escritas em função dos valores nos eixos das vigas. A validação da formulação proposta é feita através de exemplos, cujos resultados numéricos são comparados com valores previstos analiticamente ou com valores obtidos numericamente a partir de um software comercial baseado no Método dos Elementos Finitos. / This work deals with linear bending analysis of building floor structures by the Boundary Element Method. The plate formulation based on Reissner’s hypothesis, which can be used either for thin or thick plates, is extended to model building floor structures which is represented by a zoned plate, where each sub-region defines a slab or a beam. The beams are modelled as narrow sub-regions with larger thickness. The integral equations are derived by applying the weighted residual method to each subregion and summing them to obtain the equation for the whole body. Initially the values are defined on the interfaces and external boundary. Then, in order to reduce further the degrees of freedom, the interfaces values are translated to the the beam axis. The accuracy of the proposed model is confirmed by several numerical examples whose results are compared with the analytical solution if it exists or with a wellknown finite element code.

Resumo: Esse trabalho trata da análise linear de flexão de pavimentos de edifícios utilizando o Método dos Elementos de Contorno. A formulação de placas baseada nas hipóteses de Reissner, que possibilita a análise de placas finas e moderadamente espessas, é estendida a fim de se modelar pavimentos de edifícios. Nesse modelo, o pavimento é representado por uma placa composta de sub-regiões, sendo cada subregião a representação de uma placa ou viga. Assim, a viga é modelada por uma subregião de pequena largura e maior rigidez. As equações integrais dos deslocamentos são deduzidas utilizando-se o Método dos Resíduos Ponderados. Inicialmente as variáveis são definidas ao longo das interfaces e contorno externo da placa. Então, a fim de reduzir o número de graus de liberdade do problema, apresenta-se um modelo alternativo onde as variáveis ao longo das interfaces são escritas em função dos valores nos eixos das vigas. A validação da formulação proposta é feita através de exemplos, cujos resultados numéricos são comparados com valores previstos analiticamente ou com valores obtidos numericamente a partir de um software comercial baseado no Método dos Elementos Finitos. / Abstract: This work deals with linear bending analysis of building floor structures by the Boundary Element Method. The plate formulation based on Reissner's hypothesis, which can be used either for thin or thick plates, is extended to model building floor structures which is represented by a zoned plate, where each sub-region defines a slab or a beam. The beams are modelled as narrow sub-regions with larger thickness. The integral equations are derived by applying the weighted residual method to each subregion and summing them to obtain the equation for the whole body. Initially the values are defined on the interfaces and external boundary. Then, in order to reduce further the degrees of freedom, the interfaces values are translated to the the beam axis. The accuracy of the proposed model is confirmed by several numerical examples whose results are compared with the analytical solution if it exists or with a wellknown finite element code. / Orientador: Gabriela Rezende Fernandes / Coorientador: Luiz Carlos Facundo Sanches / Banca: Renato Bertolino Júnior / Banca: Leandro Palermo Júnior / Mestre

Neste trabalho, a formulação linear do método dos elementos de contorno - MEC, baseada nas hipóteses de Kirchhoff, é adaptada à análise de estruturas de pavimentos de edifícios, considerando-se as interações entre elementos lineares e de superfície. Leva-se em conta, além da flexão, o comportamento dos elementos como membrana. A representação integral deduzida contempla todos os elementos estruturais envolvidos, portanto garantido a monoliticidade do conjunto sem a necessidade de impor compatibilizações de deslocamentos e equilíbrio das forças generalizadas de superfícies ao longo das interfaces. A formulação integral é deduzida a partir da primeira identidade de Betti, onde a placa é considerada com variação de espessura, quer seja contínua ou abrupta. Porém, nesse trabalho apenas o caso de placas e vigas com rigidez constante são tratados. A partir dessa formulação, a fim de reduzir o número de graus de liberdade do problema, apresenta-se um modelo alternativo, onde as vigas são representadas por seus eixos médios. Estende-se essa formulação à análise não-linear, através da inclusão de campos de esforços iniciais, onde as integrais de domínio são calculadas aproximando-se o campo de esforços iniciais em células internas. A solução não-linear é obtida a partir da formulação implícita, na qual as correções que devem ser dadas aos estados de curvatura e das deformações de chapa em uma determinada iteração, são obtidas através do operador tangente consistente, que é atualizado a cada iteração, e da correção dos esforços nos pontos da placa. O critério elasto-plástico utilizado é o de Von Mises e a distribuição das tensões é aproximada, em uma seção qualquer da placa, por pontos discretos, que seguindo um esquema gaussiano, permite a integração numérica para o cálculo dos esforços. / In this work, the plate bending linear formulation of the boundary element method - BEM, based on the Kirchhoff\'s hypothesis, is extended to incorporate beam elements. The final objective of the work is to obtain a numerical model to analyse building floor structures, in which stiffness is further increased by the presence of membrane effects. From the boundary integral representations of the bending and the stretching problems a particular integral equation to represent the equilibrium of the whole body is obtained. Using this integral equation, no approximation of the generalized forces along the interface is required. Moreover, compatibility and equilibrium conditions along the interface are automatically imposed by the integral equation. An alternative formulation where the number of degrees of freedom is further reduced is also investigated. In this case, the kinematics Navier-Bernoulli hypothesis is assumed to simplify the strain field for the thin sub-regions (beams). Then, the formulation is extended to perform non-linear analysis by incorporating initial effort fields. Then non-linear solution is obtained using the concept of the local consistent tangent operator. The domain integral required, to evaluate the initial effort influences, are performed by using the well-known cell sub-division. The non-linear behaviour is evaluated by the Von Mises criterion, that is verified at points along the plate thickness, appropriately placed to allow performing numerical integration to approach moments and normal forces using Gauss point schemes.

This work deals with description and design of application for generating 3D building models from floor plans and their publication on the Internet. First chapter describes methods used for floor plans creation. Next part describes how are foor plans transformed into three-dimensional model. Following chapters describes implementation details concerning application used for creation of building floor plan and three-dimensional model generation. Work also covers implementation of web based application for viewing models in web browser. Final chapters sums up results and limitations of described solution. There are also discussed possible extensions of current project.

This thesis solves the new building of commercial building with flats in vacant space in Prague street in Hořovice. This building is with the cellar in a part of object and it has four floors. Commercial building has rectangular ground plan and it is covered with flat roof. The facade will be furnished with contact thermally insulated system with improved plaster and cladding tape. The object is proposed to be made with brick from block. Ceiling is made from iron-concrete ceiling panels. In the basement there are cellar boxes for the each apartments, store room and boiler room. In the ground floor there are four shops which are directly approachable from the outside. Every shops have own store room, office and restroom. There are also situated pram room for apartments and two stores for household rubbish. The first floor is constructed for offices where two companies can be located. In the second floor there are six apartments. Two of them can be adapted for the person with reduced mobility. The third floor is identical with the second floor.

The proposed apartment building including a fixed level pavement, parking spaces and a driveway is situated on land number 723/213 and 723/184 (farm land) which is located in the southeastern part of the town Horní Stropnice along the main road towards Trhove Sviny. The apartment block has been designed as a four storey building for small and larger families in 14 seperate apartments (4 apartments each on the first, second and third floors and 2 apartments, hair salon and office on the ground floor) without any basement. The key construction feature is a wall system based on basic bands of simple concrete with a concrete mounted ceiling and a roof truss with gable roof tiles at an angle of 35°. There will be 14 apartments in total (14x 3+kitchen unit). The apartment windows will have sufficient sunlight and silencing. The main entrance, covered with a concrete porch roof, will be west facing. Each apartment will be constructed around the entrance foyer, which connects the main living quarters consisting of a combined kitchen dining room, living room , toilet, bathroom, (including bath, sink, washing machine), bedroom and one or two children's room, (depending on the size of the apartment). Ground floor terraces and 1st to 3rd floor balconies will be accesed via the living rooms. There will be a technical room on the ground floor which will have two gas boilers, a hot water cylinder, central heating distribution, sewer and some individual storage space for each apartment. The space under the staircase will serve as storage for prams or bicycles. The hair salon and building office will be built in the entrance foyer, which will include a public convenience for visitors and an entrance to the visitor's waiting room, guest rooms, individual work rooms all of which will be ready for use. A new asphalt road will enable access to the new apartment block and the neighbouring apartment block on land number 723/13.

Vid gjutning av bostadsbjälklag är formbyggnad och stämprivning ett viktigt moment. Inombyggbranschen råder vissa tveksamheter angående när och hur stämpen skall rivas. Instruktioner förhur det skall gå till finns att tillgå men de är ofta svårtolkade och i viss mån utdaterade. Det leder tillatt de i många fall inte följs. Hjälpmedel som mätinstrument och simuleringsprogram för detta finnsmen används sparsamt. För att undvika olyckor och säkerställa att betongens hållfasthet är tillräckligutan hjälpmedel används överdrivna tidsmarginaler och detta leder sannolikt till att stämp blirståendes längre än vad som krävs.Under arbetets gång studeras stämp och gjutningsprocessen i detalj för att kunna skapa en tydligbild över hur de ingående faktorerna vid valvgjutningar påverkar varandra. Syftet är att föreslå enlämplig tidpunkt för stämprivning vid valvkonstruktioner. Detta utförs för att kunna avgöra ifall detfinns någon större förbättringspotential, dels när det gäller att motverka slösaktighet av resurser ochförbättra arbetsmiljön men även för att se över instruktionerna för tillvägagångssättet vidformrivning.De metoder som används för att nå resultatet är:● Litteraturstudie av de dokument som beskriver tillvägagångssättet vid stämprivning.● Mätningar med instrument som beräknar hållfasthet vid gjutningar av bostadsbjälklag.● Simuleringar av hållfasthet i programmet Hett 11.● Intervjuer av sakkunniga inom branschen.Resultatet av studien visar på stora skillnader mellan hur länge stämpen står i praktiken och hurlänge de enligt teorin behöver stå. En anledning till detta är att uttorkningstiderna är styrande underproduktionen. Detta medför att högre betongkvaliteter och snabbare härdningstider än de somprojekterades används i byggandet, speciellt vid låga temperaturer. Slutsatsen är att det finnsförbättringspotential inom området. Säkerhetsstämpning kan utföras endast ett par dagar eftergjutning vid goda förhållanden. Fördelarna med detta är att antalet stämp kan minskas, vilket ledertill minskade hyror, samt att framkomligheten för kommande yrkesgrupper och arbetsmoment kanförbättras. / When casting a residential floor, formwork and shore removal is an important element. There aresome doubts in the industry about when and how to remove the shores. There are instructionsavailable but they are often outdated and difficult to interpret. As a result, they are often notfollowed. Appliances such as measuring equipment and simulation software are available but areused sparingly. To avoid accidents and to ensure that the strength of the concrete is sufficientwithout appliances, excessive time margins are used. This will most likely result in unnecessarily longshoring times.During the course of the work, the subject will be studied in detail to create a clear picture of howthe many different factors of the casted floor influence each other. The purpose is to propose asuitable time to remove the shores. This is done in order to determine if there is improvementpotential, partly to improve the working environment, but also to review the instructions of theapproach.The methods used to reach the result are:• Study of the documents describing the procedure of shoring and reshoring• Calculate the compressive strength of the concrete with the device “BI Distant”• Simulate the compressive strength of the concrete in the program Hett 11.• Interviews by experts in the industry.The results show that the shores could theoretically be removed earlier compared to when they areusually removed in practice. One reason for this is that drying times are governing during theproduction. This means that increased concrete qualities and faster curing times than those thatwere planned, were used in construction, particularly at low temperatures. The conclusion is thatthere is an improvement potential in this area. Reshoring can be done only a few days after castingunder good conditions. The advantages of this are that the number of shores can be reduced. Thisleads to reduced rents, and the accessibility for the subsequent professionals and operations can beimproved.

Diploma thesis Multifunctional building is compiled in the form of project documentation. The building is located in Brno, Vinařská street. It´s a building with four overground floors designed primarily to housing and one underground floor, which is mainly used as collective garage. The building will be made from POROTHERM blocks with the mineral heat insulation. The ceilings will be made of reinforced concrete. The building has a single-layer flat roof.