La population canadienne vieillit depuis le début du XXe siècle. La naissance des cohortes nombreuses du baby-boom a d’abord ralenti ce phénomène. Mais le vieillissement de ces générations nombreuses pose plusieurs questions quant à la capacité de la société à supporter le poids de ces individus dans le domaine de la santé et dans le domaine de la viabilité des régimes de retraite. De plus, les projections de Statistique Canada montrent que le rapport de dépendance des personnes âgées va augmenter de 82% entre 2015 et 2061. Cependant, cet indicateur est contestable puisqu’il se base uniquement sur l’âge. De nombreux indicateurs de mesure du vieillissement démographique sont depuis plusieurs années élaborés pour prendre en compte l’évolution du cycle de vie, la santé et la qualité de vie des individus afin de s’approcher au plus près de l’impact réel du vieillissement démographique sur la société. C’est dans ce contexte que nous proposons notre indicateur, appelé « fardeau de la mortalité ». En le comparant au rapport de dépendance classique nous mettrons en évidence l’influence de l’évolution des comportements des populations vis-à-vis du marché du travail et la capacité de la population en emploi de soutenir la population dépendante. Notre indicateur, qui rapporte l’effectif d’individus à qui il reste 15 ans et moins à vivre à la population occupant un emploi, a connu de nombreuses variations depuis 1921. En 1921, 100 individus en emploi soutenaient 48 personnes ayant moins de 15 ans à vivre. Le fardeau de la mortalité a diminué pour atteindre un minimum en 2008 (22%), puis a débuté une période de croissance qui correspond au vieillissement des générations du baby-boom. Cependant, nos projections montrent que le fardeau de la mortalité devrait atteindre un plafond autour de 30% à l’horizon 2047. L’évolution du cycle de vie professionnel des individus, tant chez les hommes que chez les femmes, mais principalement chez ces dernières, tempère l’effet de « fardeau » de la population qui va décéder. / The Canadian population is aging since the early twentieth century. The birth of large cohorts of baby-boom initially slowed the phenomenon. But the aging of these generations raises many questions about the ability of the population to support the weight of these individuals in the purview of health and of the sustainability of pension schemes. In addition, Statistics Canada projections show that the dependency ratio of the elderly will increase by 82% between 2015 and 2061. However, this indicator is debatable since it is based solely on age. Many aging measurement indicators have been developed over the years to take into account the evolution of the life cycle, health and quality of life of individuals in order to get closer to the real impact of aging on society. It is in this context that we offer our indicator, called "burden of mortality”. Comparison with the classical dependency ratio will highlight the influence of changing behaviors regarding labor force participation and the capacity of the employed population to support the dependent population. Our indicator, which reports the number of individuals who have less than 15 years of life remaining to the employed population, has seen many changes since 1921. In 1921, 100 workers supported 48 individuals who have less than 15 years to live. The burden of mortality decreased to a minimum in 2008 (22%), then entered a period of growth which corresponds to the aging of the baby-boom generation. However, our projections show that the burden of mortality should reach a ceiling of around 30% in 2047. The evolution of the professional life cycle of individuals, both men and women, but mainly among women, temper the effect of the “burden” of people who will dying.

Personality characteristics of spousal and adult children and active potential caregivers of persons with Alzheimer's Disease were studied in order to better predict caregiver burden and aspects of well-being. Contrary to prediction, no differences were found between spouse and adult children active caregivers on measures of well-being. Additionally, adult children potential caregivers indicated feeling less control over their lives than spouse potential caregivers. When social desirability was controlled, active caregivers reported greater fluctuations in affect than did potential caregivers. As predicted, personality characteristics of individuals were found to have the biggest role in determining which individuals experience stress or burden.

This thesis deals with the issue of causation in disputes relating to compensation of damage to health. The aim of this work is to give a comprehensive interpretation of this issue. The work presents possible approaches of proving a causality between illegal misconduct during treatment and the damage caused to a patient. In medico-legal disputes patient must carry the burden of proof. It also compares the European legislation in relation to the necessary degree of proof with the main focus on German legislation and institutes created by the case law of German courts. Furthermore it presents the interpretation of causality in terms of the Principles of European Tort Law. The work deals marginally with certain aspects of proceedings concerning compensation of damage to health and expert assessment.

Title: Application of new trends beneath the neurophysiological patterns in sports training footballers. Objectives: The main objective of this work is the application of intervention programs based on the neurophysiological patterns of motion and determine their effectiveness. Methods: It is a methodical work, respecting the individual needs of soccer players in sports training. Players club FK Dukla Praha U16 were chosen on the basis of orthopedic disorders followed by a recommendation intervention programs into the training process. Results: We found that soccer players selected after the application of intervention programs in the training process achieved a significant improvement, especially on the muscles, on which the program was targeted . We have verified that the intervention programs in football practice could be applied. On the basis of subjective feelings footballers can say that the players perceive intervention largely as beneficial. Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)

This thesis focuses on the factors that have influence on tax burden of self-employed in the Czech Republic. Selected factors are: the way of recording income and expenditure, possibilities of achieving business income individually, in cooperation or through participation in unincorporated association and the amount of profit. The main goal of the thesis is to find the combination of the way of recording income and expenditure and the way of achieving business income that results into the lowest tax burden. The analysis of the tax burden is based on six representative self-employed. This sample of self-employed was created upon real data collected in past 5 years. Tax burden was measured by two indicators -- the ratio of contributions to the tax base and the ratio of contributions to the gross profit.

The work defines the basic terms of the tax system in the Czech Republic ans also deals in detail with the description of social benefits. Trying to comprehend the amount of taxes and benefit and their impact on the state budget. Futher work is aimed at examining the share of labour income and social income, depending on the distribution of population in groups according to teir age, employment status and education.

The aim of this study was to investigate factors that influence the burden of caregiving on the caregivers of children with cerebral palsy (CP) in Windhoek, Namibia. Ethical approval was obtained from researcher’s university and Namibia Ministry of Health and Social Services ethics committee. A quantitative, non-experimental, descriptive and cross-sectional design in the form of a survey was used. Total population sampling technique was used to draw 91 respondents drawn from the patient register at the two public hospitals in Windhoek. A questionnaire adapted from the Zarit Burden Interview (ZBI) was used to collect data. Data which was obtained was complete and the researcher paid consistent attention to the data collection process. The results showed the following characteristics to be significantly related to increased burden among caregivers; living in the same household as a child with cerebral palsy, marital status, knowledge and understanding of cerebral palsy, ethnic group and caregiver having previously been treated for a physical ailment. It was recommended that the social grant and housing policies be reviewed, and support groups for caregivers and community awareness on cerebral palsy be introduced. / Health Studies / M. P. H. (Public Health)

Student Number : 0310496H - MPH research report - Faculty of Health Sciences / This study compares pharmaceutical company research on new medicines in South Africa with the country’s burden of disease and describes the process and criteria that companies use to set their research priorities. A quantitative survey of pharmaceutical companies shows that company research conducted from 2000 to 2003 is moderately associated with the country’s burden of disease estimates for 2000. The degree of association is dependent on which measures of company research and burden of disease are compared, and which comparative statistic is used. A qualitative analysis of company interviews reveals that feasibility of clinical trials, market forces, and environmental factors are core criteria for company research priority setting. The burden of disease, although important, is not a sole criterion, and has considerable limitations. Furthermore, this study reveals the complex nature of health priority setting by pharmaceutical companies and thus can assist policy decision makers in identifying practical strategies to encourage research in diseases of need by pharmaceutical companies.

O presente estudo pretende identificar os limites à iniciativa probatória do juiz, partindo da análise de aspectos relacionados à estruturação do processo, cognição, persecução da verdade e provas, para, posteriormente, proceder à indicação dos limites específicos que devem ser observados pelo julgador quando da determinação de produção de provas sem o requerimento da parte. Com isso, pretende-se examinar a iniciativa probatória de ofício sob a perspectiva das restrições impostas pela sistemática processual à atuação do juiz, de modo a se realizar uma classificação dos limites em função de diferentes critérios, dentre os quais se enquadra a possibilidade ou não de serem relativizados, e as consequências advindas do seu desrespeito, por parte do julgador. / This study intends to identify the limits of the judge\'s probative initiative, based on the analysis of certain aspects of proceeding, cognition, pursuit of truth and evidence, in order to point the specific limitations that must be obeyed, whenever he decides to look for evidences that were not required by parties. Thus, the present paper aims at examining the judges\'s probative initiative from the perspective of the restrictions that emerge from the procedural system, so as to sort them, among other criteria, by their aptitude of being or not surpassed by the judge\'s decisions. Finally, this paper tries to analyze the consequences of the disrespect of such limits.

O presente estudo examina a técnica da distribuição dinâmica do ônus da prova e a possibilidade de sua aplicação no direito brasileiro, incluindo a sua disciplina no Projeto do Novo Código de Processo Civil. Abordaremos as bases principiológicas da dinamização dos ônus probatórios, bem como os entendimentos doutrinários e jurisprudenciais que já sustentam a possibilidade da dinamização do ônus da prova com base no ordenamento jurídico atualmente vigente. Sustentaremos, todavia, que a adoção da técnica da dinamização do ônus da prova no ordenamento jurídico brasileiro seria cabível somente de lege ferenda, com a aprovação do Projeto do Novo CPC pelo Congresso Nacional. Por fim, no intuito de estabelecer os melhores critérios para utilização da técnica da distribuição dinâmica do ônus da prova, foram analisados os dispositivos contidos no Projeto do Novo CPC, para vislumbramos que a aplicação da técnica, deverá ser excepcional. Analisamos ainda que o magistrado brasileiro deverá aprimorar a sua função de organizador da fase instrutória do processo. Sustentaremos que a técnica da dinamização do ônus da prova é suplementar aos poderes instrutórios do juiz. Todavia, como existem limites materiais, de cunho prático, ao exercício dos poderes instrutórios do magistrado, a técnica da distribuição dinâmica do ônus da prova se mostra útil e eficaz ao sistema processual brasileiro. Assim, o juiz deverá se valer na sentença da técnica da dinamização do ônus da prova em desfavor da parte que deu causa à dificuldade ou impossibilidade de produção da prova, inviabilizando o acesso a determinado meio de prova. / The following essay examines the theory of dynamic distribution of the burden of proof and the possibility of its application in Brazilian law, including its discipline in the Project of the New Code of Civil Procedure. We will cover the principles related to the dynamic distribution of the burden of proof as well as the doctrinal and caselaw understanding that already support the possibility of the switch of the burden of proof based on the currently prevailing legal system. However, we will argue that the adoption of dynamic distribution of the burden of proof in Brazilian law would be applicable only by lege ferenda, with the approval of the New Code of Civil Procedure by the Congress. Finally, in order to establish the best criteria for use of the dynamic distribution of the burden of proof, the provisions contained in the Project of the New Code of Civil Procedure were analyzed to envision that the application of the technique should be exceptional. We will also analyze that the Brazilian judge should enhance its organizer function of proceedings phase. We will still sustain that the dynamic distribution of the burden of proof is additional in relation to the powers that the judge has in the ex officio proofs production. However, as there are material limits of the exercise of the Judges power in the ex officio proofs production, the technique of the the dynamic distribution of the burden of proof proves to be useful and effective in Brazilian legal system. Thus, the judge must take into consideration the techniques of the switch of the burden of proof, on the judgment, to the detriment of the party that gave rise to the difficulty or impossibility of evidence, preventing access to certain evidence.