This study is about the Burns Lake Indian Band's Indian Reserve No. 18 located in northwestern British Columbia. It is a case study that spans the 20th century. Through an analysis of archival documents pertaining to land loss I investigate the long term process that facilitated the alienation of land from this Indian reserve. This thesis is about borders, spatial marginality and social geography and it focuses on power and inequality. Historical records reveal the genesis of growing polarization and deteriorating social relationships evident in the clearly demarcated communities which establish the Indian reserve and the Village of Burns Lake. Theoretical perspectives informing my analysis include social construction, standpoint theory, and the sociology of storytelling. It includes postmodernist concepts of authority and power. The storytelling process sets the stage for contested history.

This study is about the Burns Lake Indian Band's Indian Reserve No. 18 located in northwestern British Columbia. It is a case study that spans the 20th century. Through an analysis of archival documents pertaining to land loss I investigate the long term process that facilitated the alienation of land from this Indian reserve. This thesis is about borders, spatial marginality and social geography and it focuses on power and inequality. Historical records reveal the genesis of growing polarization and deteriorating social relationships evident in the clearly demarcated communities which establish the Indian reserve and the Village of Burns Lake. Theoretical perspectives informing my analysis include social construction, standpoint theory, and the sociology of storytelling. It includes postmodernist concepts of authority and power. The storytelling process sets the stage for contested history. / Arts, Faculty of / Anthropology, Department of / Graduate

INTRODUÇÃO: Sequelas de queimaduras na morfologia e mobilidade das estruturas motoras orais e nas funções orofaciais como mastigação, deglutição e fala não são incomuns em pacientes que sofreram queimaduras graves na região de cabeça e pescoço. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar as características dos movimentos motores orais e da mímica facial em pacientes com queimaduras de cabeça e pescoço. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal descritivo observacional, realizado com pacientes que sofreram queimaduras na cabeça e pescoço e que foram encaminhados para a Divisão de Funções da Face - Queimados de um hospital público brasileiro, entre janeiro de 2013 e dezembro de 2013, para avaliação e reabilitação. Somente pacientes com queimaduras de segundo grau (superficial e profunda) e queimaduras de terceiro grau em face e pescoço foram incluídos no estudo. Os pacientes foram submetidos à avaliação clínica, que incluiu: avaliação motora oral (postura, posição e mobilidade dos órgãos motoras orais e desempenho durante a mastigação e deglutição); avaliação da amplitude mandibular; avaliação da mímica facial. Para fins de caracterização, os pacientes foram divididos em dois grupos: G1 - pacientes com queimaduras de segundo grau superficial; G2 - pacientes com queimaduras de segundo grau profunda e terceiro grau. RESULTADOS: A amostra final do estudo foi composta por 40 pacientes: G1 com 19 indivíduos e G2 com 21 indivíduos. A análise estatística indicou que as contraturas e cicatrizes hipertróficas tem impacto negativo sobre o sistema miofuncional orofacial. A pontuação global obtida para avaliação clínica dos órgãos motores orofaciais indicou que tanto os pacientes de segundo grau como de terceiro grau apresentaram déficits relacionados à postura, posição e mobilidade dos órgãos motores orofaciais. Considerando a mímica facial, os grupos diferiram significativamente ao realizar movimentos faciais voluntários. Os pacientes também apresentaram limitação na medida de abertura oral máxima. Os déficits foram maiores para os indivíduos do G2 em todas as avaliações. CONCLUSÃO: Pacientes com queimaduras de cabeça e pescoço apresentam déficits significativos relacionados à postura, posição e mobilidade das estruturas miofuncionais orais, incluindo os movimentos da mímica facial. Estes pacientes devem ser considerados de risco para o desenvolvimento de futuras desordens temporomandibulares / INTRODUCTION: Burn sequelae on oral motor structures morphology, mobility and functions such as mastication, swallowing and speech are not uncommon in patients who suffered severe burns to the head and neck. The purpose of this study was to analyze the characteristics of the oral-motor movements and facial mimic in patients with head and neck burns. METHODS: An observational descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted with patients who suffered burns to the head and neck and who were referred to the Division of Orofacial Myology of a Brazilian public hospital, between January 2013 and December 2013, for assessment and rehabilitation. Only patients presenting second (i.e. superficial and deep) and third degree burns to areas of the face and neck were included in the study. Patients underwent clinical assessment that included: an oral motor evaluation (i.e. posture, position and mobility of the oral motor organs and performance during mastication and swallowing); assessment of the mandibular range of movement; assessment of the facial mimic. For characterization purposes, patients were divided into two groups: G1 - patients with superficial second degree burns; G2 - patients with deep second and third degree burns. RESULTS: Our final study sample was composed by 40 patients: G1 with 19 individuals and G2 with 21 individuals. Statistical analyzes indicated that contractures and hypertrophic scars have a negative impact on the oral myofunctional system. The overall scores obtained in the clinical assessment of the oral motor organs indicated that both second and third degree patients presented deficits related to posture, position and mobility of the oral motor organs. Considering facial mimic, groups differed significantly when performing voluntary facial movements. Patients also presented limited maximal incisor opening. Deficits were greater for individuals in G2 in all assessments. CONCLUSION: Patients with head and neck burns present significant deficits related to posture, position and mobility of the oral myofunctional structures, including facial movements. These patients should be considered at risk for developing future temporomandibular disorders

INTRODUÇÃO: Sequelas de queimaduras na morfologia e mobilidade das estruturas motoras orais e nas funções orofaciais como mastigação, deglutição e fala não são incomuns em pacientes que sofreram queimaduras graves na região de cabeça e pescoço. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar as características dos movimentos motores orais e da mímica facial em pacientes com queimaduras de cabeça e pescoço. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal descritivo observacional, realizado com pacientes que sofreram queimaduras na cabeça e pescoço e que foram encaminhados para a Divisão de Funções da Face - Queimados de um hospital público brasileiro, entre janeiro de 2013 e dezembro de 2013, para avaliação e reabilitação. Somente pacientes com queimaduras de segundo grau (superficial e profunda) e queimaduras de terceiro grau em face e pescoço foram incluídos no estudo. Os pacientes foram submetidos à avaliação clínica, que incluiu: avaliação motora oral (postura, posição e mobilidade dos órgãos motoras orais e desempenho durante a mastigação e deglutição); avaliação da amplitude mandibular; avaliação da mímica facial. Para fins de caracterização, os pacientes foram divididos em dois grupos: G1 - pacientes com queimaduras de segundo grau superficial; G2 - pacientes com queimaduras de segundo grau profunda e terceiro grau. RESULTADOS: A amostra final do estudo foi composta por 40 pacientes: G1 com 19 indivíduos e G2 com 21 indivíduos. A análise estatística indicou que as contraturas e cicatrizes hipertróficas tem impacto negativo sobre o sistema miofuncional orofacial. A pontuação global obtida para avaliação clínica dos órgãos motores orofaciais indicou que tanto os pacientes de segundo grau como de terceiro grau apresentaram déficits relacionados à postura, posição e mobilidade dos órgãos motores orofaciais. Considerando a mímica facial, os grupos diferiram significativamente ao realizar movimentos faciais voluntários. Os pacientes também apresentaram limitação na medida de abertura oral máxima. Os déficits foram maiores para os indivíduos do G2 em todas as avaliações. CONCLUSÃO: Pacientes com queimaduras de cabeça e pescoço apresentam déficits significativos relacionados à postura, posição e mobilidade das estruturas miofuncionais orais, incluindo os movimentos da mímica facial. Estes pacientes devem ser considerados de risco para o desenvolvimento de futuras desordens temporomandibulares / INTRODUCTION: Burn sequelae on oral motor structures morphology, mobility and functions such as mastication, swallowing and speech are not uncommon in patients who suffered severe burns to the head and neck. The purpose of this study was to analyze the characteristics of the oral-motor movements and facial mimic in patients with head and neck burns. METHODS: An observational descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted with patients who suffered burns to the head and neck and who were referred to the Division of Orofacial Myology of a Brazilian public hospital, between January 2013 and December 2013, for assessment and rehabilitation. Only patients presenting second (i.e. superficial and deep) and third degree burns to areas of the face and neck were included in the study. Patients underwent clinical assessment that included: an oral motor evaluation (i.e. posture, position and mobility of the oral motor organs and performance during mastication and swallowing); assessment of the mandibular range of movement; assessment of the facial mimic. For characterization purposes, patients were divided into two groups: G1 - patients with superficial second degree burns; G2 - patients with deep second and third degree burns. RESULTS: Our final study sample was composed by 40 patients: G1 with 19 individuals and G2 with 21 individuals. Statistical analyzes indicated that contractures and hypertrophic scars have a negative impact on the oral myofunctional system. The overall scores obtained in the clinical assessment of the oral motor organs indicated that both second and third degree patients presented deficits related to posture, position and mobility of the oral motor organs. Considering facial mimic, groups differed significantly when performing voluntary facial movements. Patients also presented limited maximal incisor opening. Deficits were greater for individuals in G2 in all assessments. CONCLUSION: Patients with head and neck burns present significant deficits related to posture, position and mobility of the oral myofunctional structures, including facial movements. These patients should be considered at risk for developing future temporomandibular disorders

This thesis is a critical examination of the poetry of S. M. Bums-Ncamashe. In his poetry Bums-Ncamashe handles poems of different categories; namely praise poetry, elegiac poetry, didactic poetry and protest poetry. He also employs a number of devices that determine amongst others, the form and imagery of his poetry. They are also used to add clarity to the meaning of his poetry. All this is discussed in the chapters numerated below: Chapter one outlines the basic guidelines to be followed in this study. It presents the aim of the study, scope of the work and method of research. A definition of the concept poetry is also provided in this chapter. The biography of Bums-Ncamashe and the influence of his background on his poetry are also part of this first chapter. Chapter two discusses the characteristics of Bums-N camashe' s praise poetry and the functions this poetry fulfils. Chapter three is a discussion ofBums-Ncamashe's elegiac, didactic and protest poetry. Chapter four discusses the devices that determine the form ofBums-Ncamashe's poetry. These include repetition, contrast, compounding, ideophones, and interjectives. Chapter five concentrates on imagery and other aspects of Bums-Ncamashe's poetry. Imagery is discussed from the viewpoint of simile, metaphor, personification and symbolism. Also included in this chapter is euphemism, hyperbole, idiomatic expressions, humour, satire and adaptation. Chapter six is a concluding chapter in which some findings and recommendations from the entire study are reflected upon. / African Languages / D.Litt. et Phil. (African Languages)

Syfte: Syftet med uppsatsen är att beskriva och analysera hur kommunala energibolag resonerar vid val av avskrivningsmetod samt hur kommunala energibolag har förberett sig inför införandet och hur de förhåller sig till implementeringen av komponentavskrivningar. Teorier: De teorier som använts i uppsatsen finner vi vara relevanta och applicerbara utifrån studiens syfte och frågeställningar. Vi har bl.a. använt oss av Burns & Scapens ramverk som ingår i den institutionella teorin, vilket är den teori som studien utgått ifrån. Metod: Studien utgår ifrån den kvalitativa ansatsen med hjälp av semi-strukturerade intervjuer och dokumentgranskning. Empiri: Empirin innefattar intervjuer med 5 kommunala energibolag inkluderande granskning av relevant dokumentation. Slutsatser: Studien har visat att de kommunala energibolagen upplever avskrivningsval som en svårbedömd process som präglas av en inre tröghet på grund av påverkande faktorer och inrotade regler och rutiner. I och med tolkningen och införandet av BFNs regelverk avseende komponentavskrivningar har ett internt motstånd byggts upp på grund av svåra och godtyckliga bedömningar. Detta har bidragit till en spretighet, vilket har påkallat behovet av tydligare rekommendationer och direktiv. Trots det något haltande implementeringsarbetet, ställer sig alla respondenterna positiva till införandet och kan se ett värde i det även om det initialt innebär ett merarbete. / Purpose: The purpose of this study is to describe and analyze how municipal energy companies reason in the choice of depreciation method and how municipal energy companies has prepared for the introduction and implementation of component depreciation. Theory: The theories used in this study, we find to be relevant and applicable to the specific research purpose and research questions. We have among other things, used the Burns & Scapens Framework that is part of the institutional theory, which is the theory that the study assumed. Method: The study is based on the qualitative approach using semi-structured interviews and document review. Empirics: The empirical data includes interviews with five municipal energy companies including review of relevant documentation. Conclusions: The study has shown that municipal energy companies are experiencing depreciation choice as a process that is difficult to estimate, and is characterized by inertia due to influencing factors and ingrained rules and routines. With the interpretation and implementation of BFNs regulation relating to component depreciation has an internal resistance due to difficult and arbitrary assessments, been built up. That has contributed to a wide range of estimations, which has demand the need for clearer recommendations and directives. Despite the halting implementation work, all respondents welcomed the introduction and can see a value in it even if it initially involves extra work.

Leung Ping-chung. / Thesis (D.Sc.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1994. / Includes bibliographical references.

Trata-se de uma pesquisa qualitativa, na linha fenomenológica, realizada com mães de crianças que sofreram queimaduras e foram internadas na Unidade de Queimados, do Hospital das Clínicas, da Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, da Universidade de São Paulo (UQ-HCFMRP – USP). Teve por objetivo compreender e interpretar à luz da psicologia fenomenológica o que é ser-mãe-no-mundo com um filho que sofreu queimaduras. Foram convidadas 10 (dez) mães de crianças que estiveram internadas na UQ-HCFMRP – USP, de janeiro a dezembro de 2004; sendo que destas, apenas oito consentiram em participar da pesquisa. Destas oito mães que participaram da pesquisa, utilizaram-se os seguintes critérios de inclusão: ter um filho queimado internado na Unidade de Queimados; a mãe estar acompanhando o filho, e a criança se encontrar na fase mediata ou de recuperação. Os dados foram obtidos através da entrevista fenomenológica, a partir de uma questão norteadora: "Gostaria que você descrevesse como é ser-mãe-no-mundo com o filho que sofreu queimaduras”. A Análise Fenomenológica foi baseada nas orientações de estudo desta linha. Foram identificadas seis categorias temáticas: Lembranças do momento do acidente (Temporalidade); Procedimentos adotados após o acidente (Temporalidade e Solicitude); Manifestações de sentimentos (Afetividade); A mãe fala de si: preocupações e questionamentos (Preocupações); A mãe fala do comportamento da criança (Ser-com); Refere-se ao hospital, à equipe de saúde, ao relacionamento com o hospital e a equipe (Ser-com) que revelaram sentimentos de medo, tristeza, raiva, angústia, ansiedade, dor, impotência e culpa que permearam todos os discursos das mães. A pesquisa desvelou o apoio das mães a seus filhos, mesmo que algumas vezes, de forma solitária, pois em algumas entrevistas evidenciou-se a ausência da figura paterna, sendo que em sua maioria encontraram apoio e suporte na equipe multidisciplinar. As preocupações e sofrimentos das mães, decorrentes da queimadura e longo tempo de internação, levaram-nas a experienciar situações que as fizeram refletir sobre a sua existência humana e, a partir daí, parece ter ocorrido uma transformação desse ser-mãe-no-mundo com o filho que sofreu queimaduras, transformação esta, importante que parece marcar o seu existir. / This qualitative and phenomenological research was carried out among mothers of children who were victims of burns and were hospitalized at the Burns Nursing Unit of the Hospital das Clínicas at the University of São Paulo at Ribeirão Preto Medical School (BNU-HCFMRP – USP). The aim was to understand and interpret, in the light of phenomenological psychology, what it means to be-a-mother-in-the world with a child who is a burns victim. We invited 10 (ten) mothers of children who were hospitalized at the BNU-HCFMRP – USP between January and December 2004, only 8 of whom agreed to participate. The following inclusion criteria were used for the 8 mothers who participated: having a child victim of burns hospitalized at the Burns Unit; mother accompanying her child, and child in the mediate or recovery phase. Data were obtained through a phenomenological interview with one guiding question: "I would like you to describe to be what it is like to be-a-mother-in-the-world with a child victim of burns." Phenomenological Analysis was based on orientations for this line of study. Six thematic categories were identified: memories of the time of the accident (Temporality); Procedures adopted after the accident (Temporality and Solicitude); Manifestations of feelings (Affection); The mother talks about herself: concerns and inquiries (Preoccupations); The mother talks about the child’s behavior (To be-with); She refers to the hospital, the health team and the relation with hospital and team (To be-with). These showed feelings of fear, sadness, anger, anguish, anxiety, pain, impotence and guilt, which permeated the mothers’ discourse. This study evidenced the mothers’ support to their children, even if solitarily at times, as the absence of the father figure was clear in some interviews. Most mothers found support in the multidisciplinary team. As a result of their concerns and suffering, due to the burn and the long hospitalization, the mothers experienced situations that made them reflect on their human existence and, from this point onwards, a transformation of this being-a-mother-in-the-world with a child victim of burns seems to have happened. This important transformation seems to mark their existence.

Trata-se de uma pesquisa qualitativa, na linha fenomenológica, realizada com mães de crianças que sofreram queimaduras e foram internadas na Unidade de Queimados, do Hospital das Clínicas, da Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, da Universidade de São Paulo (UQ-HCFMRP – USP). Teve por objetivo compreender e interpretar à luz da psicologia fenomenológica o que é ser-mãe-no-mundo com um filho que sofreu queimaduras. Foram convidadas 10 (dez) mães de crianças que estiveram internadas na UQ-HCFMRP – USP, de janeiro a dezembro de 2004; sendo que destas, apenas oito consentiram em participar da pesquisa. Destas oito mães que participaram da pesquisa, utilizaram-se os seguintes critérios de inclusão: ter um filho queimado internado na Unidade de Queimados; a mãe estar acompanhando o filho, e a criança se encontrar na fase mediata ou de recuperação. Os dados foram obtidos através da entrevista fenomenológica, a partir de uma questão norteadora: "Gostaria que você descrevesse como é ser-mãe-no-mundo com o filho que sofreu queimaduras". A Análise Fenomenológica foi baseada nas orientações de estudo desta linha. Foram identificadas seis categorias temáticas: Lembranças do momento do acidente (Temporalidade); Procedimentos adotados após o acidente (Temporalidade e Solicitude); Manifestações de sentimentos (Afetividade); A mãe fala de si: preocupações e questionamentos (Preocupações); A mãe fala do comportamento da criança (Ser-com); Refere-se ao hospital, à equipe de saúde, ao relacionamento com o hospital e a equipe (Ser-com) que revelaram sentimentos de medo, tristeza, raiva, angústia, ansiedade, dor, impotência e culpa que permearam todos os discursos das mães. A pesquisa desvelou o apoio das mães a seus filhos, mesmo que algumas vezes, de forma solitária, pois em algumas entrevistas evidenciou-se a ausência da figura paterna, sendo que em sua maioria encontraram apoio e suporte na equipe multidisciplinar. As preocupações e sofrimentos das mães, decorrentes da queimadura e longo tempo de internação, levaram-nas a experienciar situações que as fizeram refletir sobre a sua existência humana e, a partir daí, parece ter ocorrido uma transformação desse ser-mãe-no-mundo com o filho que sofreu queimaduras, transformação esta, importante que parece marcar o seu existir. / This qualitative and phenomenological research was carried out among mothers of children who were victims of burns and were hospitalized at the Burns Nursing Unit of the Hospital das Clínicas at the University of São Paulo at Ribeirão Preto Medical School (BNU-HCFMRP – USP). The aim was to understand and interpret, in the light of phenomenological psychology, what it means to be-a-mother-in-the world with a child who is a burns victim. We invited 10 (ten) mothers of children who were hospitalized at the BNU-HCFMRP – USP between January and December 2004, only 8 of whom agreed to participate. The following inclusion criteria were used for the 8 mothers who participated: having a child victim of burns hospitalized at the Burns Unit; mother accompanying her child, and child in the mediate or recovery phase. Data were obtained through a phenomenological interview with one guiding question: "I would like you to describe to be what it is like to be-a-mother-in-the-world with a child victim of burns." Phenomenological Analysis was based on orientations for this line of study. Six thematic categories were identified: memories of the time of the accident (Temporality); Procedures adopted after the accident (Temporality and Solicitude); Manifestations of feelings (Affection); The mother talks about herself: concerns and inquiries (Preoccupations); The mother talks about the child’s behavior (To be-with); She refers to the hospital, the health team and the relation with hospital and team (To be-with). These showed feelings of fear, sadness, anger, anguish, anxiety, pain, impotence and guilt, which permeated the mothers’ discourse. This study evidenced the mothers’ support to their children, even if solitarily at times, as the absence of the father figure was clear in some interviews. Most mothers found support in the multidisciplinary team. As a result of their concerns and suffering, due to the burn and the long hospitalization, the mothers experienced situations that made them reflect on their human existence and, from this point onwards, a transformation of this being-a-mother-in-the-world with a child victim of burns seems to have happened. This important transformation seems to mark their existence.

This thesis is a critical examination of the poetry of S. M. Bums-Ncamashe. In his poetry Bums-Ncamashe handles poems of different categories; namely praise poetry, elegiac poetry, didactic poetry and protest poetry. He also employs a number of devices that determine amongst others, the form and imagery of his poetry. They are also used to add clarity to the meaning of his poetry. All this is discussed in the chapters numerated below: Chapter one outlines the basic guidelines to be followed in this study. It presents the aim of the study, scope of the work and method of research. A definition of the concept poetry is also provided in this chapter. The biography of Bums-Ncamashe and the influence of his background on his poetry are also part of this first chapter. Chapter two discusses the characteristics of Bums-N camashe' s praise poetry and the functions this poetry fulfils. Chapter three is a discussion ofBums-Ncamashe's elegiac, didactic and protest poetry. Chapter four discusses the devices that determine the form ofBums-Ncamashe's poetry. These include repetition, contrast, compounding, ideophones, and interjectives. Chapter five concentrates on imagery and other aspects of Bums-Ncamashe's poetry. Imagery is discussed from the viewpoint of simile, metaphor, personification and symbolism. Also included in this chapter is euphemism, hyperbole, idiomatic expressions, humour, satire and adaptation. Chapter six is a concluding chapter in which some findings and recommendations from the entire study are reflected upon. / African Languages / D.Litt. et Phil. (African Languages)