In dieser Arbeit untersuchen wir die Produktion von Neutrinos in astrophysikalischen Quellen. Bei der Beschreibung der Wechselwirkung betrachten wir resonante, direkte und Multipion-Produktion. Zusätzlich berücksichtigen wir die Produktion von Neutronen und positiv geladenen Kaonen. Wir beachten explizit die Energieverluste der Sekundärteilchen - Pionen, Myonen und Kaonen - auf Grund von Synchrotronstrahlung derselben und adiabatischer Expansion. In Bezug auf den Neutrinofluss berücksichtigen wir Flavor-Mischungen der Neutrinos auf dem Weg zum Beobachter. Zunächst führen wir eine Analyse basierend auf einem generischen Quellmodell durch, in der wir den Einfluss von Magnetfeld und Größe der Quelle auf die Neutrinospektren und das Verhältnis der verschiedenen Neutrino-Flavor untersuchen. Es stellt sich heraus, dass man im Rahmen dieses generischen Modells verschiedene Regionen im Parameterraum anhand des Flavor-Verhältnisses, das für hohe Magnetfelder von dem zumeist angenommenen Verhältnis (nu_e:nu_mu:nu_tau)=(1:2:0) abweicht, klassifizieren kann. In einer zweiten Analyse bestimmen wir die erwarteten Neutrinospektren von Gammablitzen im Rahmen des Feuerball-Modells aus beobachteten Photonspektren. Es zeigt sich, dass auf Grund grober Abschätzungen in der Literatur, der Neutrinofluss zumeist um etwa eine Größenordnung überschätzt wird. Deshalb berechnen wir den erwarteten Neutrinofluss der Gammablitze neu, die während der 40-Leinen-Konfiguration des IceCube-Detektors gemessen wurden, und folgern, dass entgegen der Behauptung der IceCube-Kollaboration, das Feuerball-Modell noch nicht ausgeschlossen ist. Des Weiteren quantifizieren wir systematische und astrophysikalische Unsicherheiten in dem vorhergesagten Neutrinofluss. / In this work we investigate the photohadronic neutrino production within astrophysical environments. In the description of the photohadronic interactions we consider resonant, direct and multipion production. In addition we include the production of neutrons and positiv charged kaons. For the secondaries - pions, muons, kaons - we take into account the effects of energy losses due to synchrotron radiation and adiabatic expansion. We also consider flavor effects on the neutrino flux. In a first analysis we define a generic model for a neutrino source and investigate the effect of the magnetic field and the size of the source on the neutrino flux and flavor ratio. We find that within the model we can classify different regions in the parameter space by the flavor ratio which for higher magnetic field differs from the often used assumption of (nu_e:nu_mu:nu_tau)=(1:2:0). In a second analysis we recompute the expected neutrino flux expected from gamma-ray bursts in the fireball model and see that the neutrino flux in the literature typically overestimates the flux by one order of magnitude due to rough approximations. We therefore reconsider the expected neutrino flux from the gamma-ray bursts measured during the 40-string-configuration of IceCube. As a result we conclude that against the claim of the IceCube collaboration the fireball model is not excluded yet. Furthermore we quantify the systematical and astrophysical uncertainties on the neutrino flux prediction.

Optical Burst Switching (OBS) is an emerging technology for bearing bursty IP traffic directly over Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM) links. In OBS network, a key challenge is to reduce the data loss rate with efficient scheduling algorithms. In this work, we first propose a novel traffic aggregation algorithm, namely Tree-based Burst Aggregation (TBA), which aggregates bursts that are routed within a common tree topology into a composite burst and switch them as a single unit whenever possible. Then we propose another set of algorithms are batch scheduling using interval graphs in the core nodes. The algorithms effectively consider the strong correlations among the multiple bursts, and employ the proposed interval graphs and min-cost circular flow techniques to achieve optimized network performance in terms of data loss rate in OBS networks.

The Canadian Penning Trap (CPT) mass spectrometer at the Argonne National Laboratory makes precise mass measurements of both stable and unstable nuclides. To date, more than 60 radioactive isotopes having half-lives as short as one second have been measured with the CPT with a mass precision approaching 10 ppb. This thesis will present measurements made of nuclides along the rp-process path, which describes a process resulting from a series of rapid proton-capture reactions in an astrophysical environment. One possible site for the rp-process mechanism is an x-ray burst which results from the rapid accretion of hydrogen and helium from one star onto the surface of its neutron star binary companion. Mass measurements are required as key inputs to network calculations used to describe the rp-process in terms of the abundances of the nuclides produced, the light-curve profile of the x-ray bursts, and the energy produced. This thesis will describe the CPT apparatus, explain the method used to make precise mass measurements, and present the masses of the "waiting-point" nuclides ⁶⁸Se and ⁶⁴Ge. The mass measurement results, when used in x-ray burst models, confirm both ⁶⁸Se and ⁶⁴Ge as waiting-point nuclides which delay the rp-process by approximately 30 s and 7 s respectively. / October 2005

Based on the fast evolution of wireless networks and multimedia compression technologies in recent years, real-time multimedia transmission over wireless networks will be the next step for the implementation of contemporary communication system. Lower bandwidth and higher loss rate make wireless networks hard to transmit multimedia content than its wired counterpart. In addition, the common delay constraint from real-time multimedia transmission raises the challenges for the design of wireless communication system. This dissertation proposes an adaptive unequal error protection (UEP) and packet size assignment scheme for scalable video transmission over a burst error channel. An analytic model is developed to evaluate the impact of channel bit-error-rate on the quality of streaming scalable video. A video transmission scheme, which combines the adaptive assignment of packet size with unequal error protection to increase the end-to-end video quality is proposed. Several distinct scalable video transmission schemes over burst-error channel have been compared, and the simulation results reveal that the proposed transmission schemes can react to varying channel conditions with less and smoother quality degradation. Furthermore, in order to meet the real time need in many video transmission applications, this dissertation has proposed low time-complexity packet size assignment schemes. Meanwhile, from the test result, it can be seen that although this method has sacrificed a little bit video quality as compared to optimized method, yet it can adapt to all kinds of network situations and display smoother quality and performance. Moreover, as compared to optimized method, this strategy greatly reduces the calculation time-complexity.

This study considers the meteor-burst communication (MBC) environment at three levels. At the lowest level, the trails themselves are studied and analysed. Then individual links are studied in order to determine the data throughput and wait time that might be expected at various data rates. Finally, at the top level, MBC networks are studied in order to provide information on the effects of routing strategies, topologies, and connectivity in such networks. A significant amount of theoretical work has been done in the classification of meteor trails, and the analysis of the throughput potential of the channel. At the same time the issues of wait time on MBC links, and MBC network strategies, have been largely ignored. The work presented here is based on data captured on actual monitoring links, and is intended to provide both an observational comparison to theoretical predictions in the well-researched areas, and a source of base information for the others. Chapter 1 of this thesis gives an overview of the field of meteor-burst communications. Prior work in the field is discussed, as are the advantages and disadvantages of the channel, and current application areas. Chapter 2 describes work done on the classification of observed meteor trails into distinctive 'families'. The rule-based system designed for this task is discussed as well as the eventual classification schema produced, which is far more comprehensive and consistent than previously proposed schemas. Chapter 3 deals with the throughput potential of the channel, based on the observed trails. A comparison to predicted results, both as regards fixed and adaptive data-rates, is made with some notable differences between predicted v results and observed results highlighted. The trail families with the largest contribution to the throughput capacity of the channel are identified. Chapter 4 deals with wait time in meteor-burst communications. The data rates at which wait time is minimised in the links used are found, and compared to the rates at which throughput was optimised. These are found to be very different, as indeed are the contributions of the various trail families at these rates. Chapter 5 describes a software system designed to analyse the effect of routing strategies in MBC networks, and presents initial results derived from this system. Certain features of the channel, in particular its sporadic nature, are shown to have significant effects on network performance. Chapter 6 continues the presentation of network results, specifically concentrating on the effect of topologies and connectivity within MBC networks. Chapter 7 concludes the thesis, highlighting suggested areas for further research as well as summarising the more important results presented. / Thesis (Ph.D.)-University of Natal, Durban, 1991.

The Canadian Penning Trap (CPT) mass spectrometer at the Argonne National Laboratory makes precise mass measurements of both stable and unstable nuclides. To date, more than 60 radioactive isotopes having half-lives as short as one second have been measured with the CPT with a mass precision approaching 10 ppb. This thesis will present measurements made of nuclides along the rp-process path, which describes a process resulting from a series of rapid proton-capture reactions in an astrophysical environment. One possible site for the rp-process mechanism is an x-ray burst which results from the rapid accretion of hydrogen and helium from one star onto the surface of its neutron star binary companion. Mass measurements are required as key inputs to network calculations used to describe the rp-process in terms of the abundances of the nuclides produced, the light-curve profile of the x-ray bursts, and the energy produced. This thesis will describe the CPT apparatus, explain the method used to make precise mass measurements, and present the masses of the "waiting-point" nuclides ⁶⁸Se and ⁶⁴Ge. The mass measurement results, when used in x-ray burst models, confirm both ⁶⁸Se and ⁶⁴Ge as waiting-point nuclides which delay the rp-process by approximately 30 s and 7 s respectively.

The Canadian Penning Trap (CPT) mass spectrometer at the Argonne National Laboratory makes precise mass measurements of both stable and unstable nuclides. To date, more than 60 radioactive isotopes having half-lives as short as one second have been measured with the CPT with a mass precision approaching 10 ppb. This thesis will present measurements made of nuclides along the rp-process path, which describes a process resulting from a series of rapid proton-capture reactions in an astrophysical environment. One possible site for the rp-process mechanism is an x-ray burst which results from the rapid accretion of hydrogen and helium from one star onto the surface of its neutron star binary companion. Mass measurements are required as key inputs to network calculations used to describe the rp-process in terms of the abundances of the nuclides produced, the light-curve profile of the x-ray bursts, and the energy produced. This thesis will describe the CPT apparatus, explain the method used to make precise mass measurements, and present the masses of the "waiting-point" nuclides ⁶⁸Se and ⁶⁴Ge. The mass measurement results, when used in x-ray burst models, confirm both ⁶⁸Se and ⁶⁴Ge as waiting-point nuclides which delay the rp-process by approximately 30 s and 7 s respectively.

No description available.

The Radio Ice Cherenkov Experiment(RICE) located at the South Pole, is designed to detect the coherent broad-band radio Cherenkov radiation emitted when a high energy (10¹⁵ to 10¹⁸ eV) neutrino interacts with a nucleon in the ice. Observations have identified that Gamma Ray Bursts(GRBs) are possible sites for high energy neutrino production. We consider here GRBs which occurred in the years 2001 to 2005 inclusive during the operational times of RICE. Using GRB photon spectral data, we calculate the neutrino spectra predicted for these GRBs and the subsequent event number expected in RICE. We re-analyze RICE data in small time windows surrounding the GRB burst start times using a refined method involving by eye analysis of this reduced data set and find no neutrino events in the data set. Using the effective volume of RICE appropriate for each GRB we calculate neutrino flux limits for the GRBs. Although the flux limits are several orders of magnitude weaker than the expected flux, the RICE GRB neutrino limits are the only limits in the PeV to EeV energy range.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Umeå : Univ., 2003. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.