Under de senaste åren har det blivit allt vanligare för konsumenter att använda sig av sociala medier, främst inom turismindustrin. Det är vanligt för konsumenter att idag stöta på nya destinationer och att viljan av att resa uppstår genom sociala medier. Denna studie handlar om att få en djupare förståelse av hur destinationsmarknadsföring tolkas av konsumenter. För att uppnå syfte har dessa två frågeställningar formulerats, Hur möts konsumenterna av destinationsmarknadsföring på sociala medier? och Vilket inflytande påstår konsumenterna att destinationsmarknadsföring inom sociala medier har på deras köpbeslut av destination?. Den empiriska materialinsamlingen har tagits fram genom att genomföra 20 kvalitativa intervjuer på konsumenter. Valet av att genomföra intervjuerna på konsumenter var för att få konsumenternas perspektiv av det valda forskningsområdet. För att analysera den empiriska materialinsamlingen har studien utgått ifrån fem teorier, Social media marketing, Konsumentens beslutsprocess, WOM och eWOM, Personliga egenskapers påverkan på konsumenternas köpbeteende och Push- och Pull faktorer. Studien har kommit fram till att konsumenter ofta möts av destinationsmarknadsföring i sin vardag på sociala medier. Samt att mötet även har ett stort inflytande på konsumenternas köpbeslut, då viljan av att resa uppkommer och beslutet av destination tas. / Over recent years it has become increasingly common for the general populous to use social media, especially for companies and consumers in the tourism industry. This affects the way potential consumers learn about new destinations and also influences their opinions on said places. The aim of this study is to gain a deeper understanding of how destination marketing is interpreted by consumers. In order to achieve this, two questions needed to be answered: How do consumers come across destination marketing on social media? and In what way do consumers feel destination marketing impacts their purchasing decisions? Interviews were conducted with 20 consumers to obtain qualitative data in order to gain an insight on the consumers perspective. Empirical data was analyzed using five different theories: Social Media Marketing, The Buyer Decision Process, WOM and eWOM, Personal Characteristics Affecting Consumers Behavior and Push- and Pull Factors. This study shows that consumers encounter destination marketing on social media often and also that destination marketing has a significant influence on consumers purchasing decisions as it encourages travel and allows selection of destination.

To regulate and facilitate are the main functions of legal rules. These purposes are achieved by a harmonised legal system by which the law becomes identical in numerous jurisdictions. The process to unify the law of sale internationally started in the 1920s and culminated, in 1988, in the implementation of the CISG. This Convention intends to provide clarity for most international sales transactions by regulating the formation of contracts, and the rights and obligations of the seller and the buyer resulting from the contract. The CISG has these days enjoyed much ratification and influenced a number of legislation reforms worldwide. Despite the role it played during the drafting process of the CISG, the DRC has not yet ratified it. Instead, the country continued to rely, until recently, on colonial legislations which had become out-dated, and inadequate to meet modern international sales contracts requirements. The situation appears to have been improved a year ago as the effect of the adoption of OHADA law whose Commercial Act is largely inspired by the CISG. Because the introduction of OHADA law in the DRC is very recent, this study intends to assess the current state of Congolese sales law by comparing it with the CISG and South African law, which is non-CISG but modernised. The comparative study aims at establishing whether current Congolese law, as amended by OHADA law, is sufficient or has shortcomings; if it has some, it aims to identify those shortcomings, and make suggestions for their improvements. After discussion, it has been discovered that the ratification of OHADA law has significantly improved Congolese domestic sales law. Given that there remain certain unresolved shortcomings in Congolese international sales law, however, the study ends by a proposal for the accession of the DRC to the CISG in order to fill them. / Mercantile Law / LL. D.

The New Zealand Wool Industry (NZWI) contributes over a billion dollars a year to NZ gross output. However, this industry is at a crossroads and the incumbent practitioners are looking for ways to increase the value of the New Zealand wool clip. The value of the industry to the economy is directly related to the price which buyers are prepared to pay for wool, primarily as a result of the marketing approaches used, physical parameters of wool as well as intra and inter-fibre competition. The inflation adjusted price has steadily decreased over recent years and understanding of its dynamics is a fundamental problem for the stakeholders. Among the stakeholders, buyers / exporters, heavily involved in the process of price formation currently face a real time problem of sourcing strong wool from two parallel but different marketing systems operated simultaneously – auction and direct supply. The underlying mathematics which governs the decision making of buyers on the price dynamics in these sourcing options is poorly understood. This study developed system models for price formation in both auction and direct supply sourcing and an associated optimization model for the buyer / exporter of the New Zealand wool clip. All three of these models were original and none appear to have been described previously. It is hoped that these three models will be of quite general utility and also be useful therefore for other agricultural commodities that are traded simultaneously via auction and direct supply. The average price for a given wool type, which is the output from this new modelling exercise is precisely what is required as input data for solving the minimization problem in wool blending models.

我國主機板業在短短不到二十年的時間內迅速竄起並獨霸全球，但由於市場的飽和、產品的規格化，主機板業邁向產業集中化及強者恒強、弱者恒弱的趨勢日趨明顯。因此，各廠商經營效率的改善及提升，及同業間生產規模擴展之競爭，乃至於對未來市場變化之因應便成為一重要研究之探究課題。 本研究採用問卷調查的方式，從主機板產業中選擇中國大陸大學二年級學生為研究對象，發現入學後購買電腦的學生比例達到71％。從各個時段的購買相對值來看，假期結束後回校的前兩個月是購買高峰。按購買電腦類型，DIY的整體份額在29％，筆記型電腦最高在62％；按計劃購買的性別來看，不論是男性或女性，皆是以筆記型電腦為主，其次是DIY；沒有計劃購買電腦的同學中，目前沒有需求是主要原因，而受限於價格是其次。質量可靠、知名品牌與朋友推薦是同學們選擇主板的主要因素。 產品規格及性價比，事先搜尋相關產品資訊確認主板產品的確能提供其廠商所強調的功能或價值，同學多會通過 「詢問朋友」、「媒體推薦」、「網上搜索」等來獲取相關信息，因此相關之「外顯單位效益成本」、「買者資訊搜尋成本」、「買者道德危機成本」等預算，應當維持相當水準， 對於「買者專屬陷入成本」的行銷預算，可以酌情減少， 當廠商了解客戶在面臨的問題及顧慮後，即可透過4C策略行銷的分析，設計出能夠解除客戶疑慮的方案，建立共識，降低雙方的交易成本及風險，以確保合作有個好的開始。本論文從廠商的角度以4C架構進行行銷策略分析，以協助廠商隨著專案進展也可以很方便地檢視各種策略組合，故即使是在多專案併行時，依然能有效掌握各種策略的執行。 / The motherboard industry has developed soon within 20 years and now become the top in the world. In 2000 the market share reached to 84.7%. However, due to the saturation of the whole market and the standardization of the products, it is obvious that the industry has stepped to centralization. The trend of “The stronger will be stronger; the weaker will be weaker” can be seen in the industry. Therefore, the improvement of efficiency, the competition within the industry, and the ways to cope with the market changes in the future are critical topics to research. This research adopted the method of questionnaire survey and took sophomore from universities in China as research objects. We could found in this research that the time students bought their computers concentrated on 2008 and 2009；That is, the frequency which students bought their computers peaked when they were freshmen and sophomore. Also, according to this research, we could found, in the type of computers students bought, that students who bought DIY computers account for 29% and who bought note books account for 62%, the highest percentage. Furthermore, we could found, in the gender who bought computers, that the percentage of boys who bought DIY computers is obviously greater than the percentage of girls and that the percentage of girls who bought note books is obviously greater than the percentage of boys. The primary factors influenced the decision that students bought motherboards are the quality, famous brand, and friends’ recommendation.

The reason, why I had chosen for my diploma work topic The Relationship between seller and customer, is this time, when powerful competition press upon the firms to improve quality of their products or services, the top management is aiming at the quality of communication with customers, too. They are aware of that good or bad relationship with customer may determine if the firm will be successful or not. For it is necessary to train and motivate employee who communicate with customer, but first-rate direction by management too and to created positive firm cultural which will motivate the employees to longtime and high-quality work and affect at customers, too. In my diploma work I had aimed at factors which motivate customers but employees and management too. The employees and top management, they are links of firm which have influence to work and results of enterprise. In the first part of my work I had aimed at these factors general. I had analysed them and my result is that this factors really influence the relationship between seller and customer. In the second part of my work I had analysed these factors in elected enterprises. For synthesis and comparison of results of firms I had chosen the form of many-criterion rate.

The aim of this diploma thesis is to analyze a buyer decision process of consumers in travel industry with a focus on outgoing tourism. The diploma thesis is divided in six parts. The first part focuses on theory of consumer behavior followed by marketing of services with an emphasis on tourism. Next part covers buyer decision process of consumers in travel industry based on results from analysis of a questionnaire. These results are integrated with agency data. A summary of acquired results is compared to all phases of buyer decision process at the end of this thesis.

This thesis deals with the support of export and export financing, with a focus on international regulation of this area, namely the Consesus OECD, i.e. the Arrangement on Officially Supported Export Credits. The paper describes the general background of this Arrangement and its requirements on the financial terms of provided export credits. The above mentioned is demonstrated on the concrete practice in the Czech Republic. The paper includes a detailed overview of the institutional framework of official support of export credits and the most important export credits parameters are illustrated by concise indicative offer of export financing. This thesis also summarizes the process and possible outcomes of current negotiations concerning the Consensus OECD and possible future cooperation with non-participant countries.

The purpose of this study is to generate an understanding of first-time buyers of high involvement products, by examine how they search for information and evaluate alternatives. Three research questions were formulated to achieve the purpose of the study. Two of them concern first-time buyers’ behavior and the third one aims to answer if any possible explanations to their behavior could be identified. The study is based on theories within the research field of consumer behavior regarding purchase behavior, the consumer decision process, decision making style, involvement and knowledge along with uncertainty. In order to answer the purpose and the associated research questions, data was collected with a qualitative approach through semi structured interviews. The empirical data was analyzed by a thematic analysis, derived from a model based on the theoretical framework. The results of the study indicate that first-time buyers do not consider their internal information search adequate, and therefore search for further information externally. Their external information search tends to involve several sources. The sources credibility seems to be based on previous experiences from other situations. How they evaluate alternatives also seems to be influenced by previous use of cut-offs and decision rules, to simplify their decision making. Further the results argue that the stages search for information and evaluation of alternatives is rather integrated and iterative than detached. However, it appears that the decision-making style of first-time buyers of high involvement products differ in their degree of involvement, levels of knowledge and experienced uncertainty. Both the complex and the dissonance reducing buying behavior is occurring in first-time buyers of high involvement products. Additionally, the results indicate that tendencies of both a complex and dissonance reducing buying behavior could be identified in one individual.This study is written in Swedish. / Syftet med den här studien är att skapa en förståelse för förstagångsköpare av högengagemangsprodukter genom att undersöka hur de söker information och utvärderar alternativ. Tre forskningsfrågor formulerades utifrån studiens syfte, varav två rör förstagångsköpares beteende och den tredje ämnar ge svar på eventuella förklaringar till deras agerande. Studien utgår från teorier inom forskningsfältet för konsumentbeteende som berör köpbeteende, köpbeslutsprocessen, beslutsfattarstil, engagemang samt kunskap och osäkerhet. Med ett kvalitativt angreppssätt samlades data in genom semistrukturerade intervjuer för att ge svar på syftet med tillhörande forskningsfrågor. En modell togs fram baserat på den teoretiska referensramen som sedan låg till grund för en tematisk analys av empirin. Studiens resultat visar att förstagångsköpares interna informationssökning inte är tillräcklig vid högengagemangsköp, vilket resulterar i att ytterligare information söks externt. I den externa sökningen tenderar de att söka information från flera källor. Källornas trovärdighet verkar bedömas utifrån deras tidigare erfarenheter från andra sammanhang. Även utvärderingen influeras av tidigare tillämpning av brytpunkter och beslutsregler som underlättar beslutsfattandet. Det framgår också att stadierna informationssökning och utvärdering av alternativ snarare sker integrerat, i en iterativ process, än var för sig. Studiens resultat bekräftar att beslutsfattarstil, engagemang samt kunskaps- och osäkerhetsnivå influerar informationssöknings- och utvärderingsprocessen hos förstagångsköpare av högengagemangsprodukter. Däremot framgår det att förstagångsköpare av högengagemangsprodukter har olika beslutsfattarstil, grad av engagemang samt besitter olika nivåer av kunskap och upplever varierad grad av osäkerhet. Både ett komplext och dissonansreducerande köpbeteende förekommer hos förstagångsköpare av högengagemangsprodukter. Dessutom visar resultatet att det kan identifieras tendenser som tyder på både ett komplext och dissonansreducerande köpbeteende hos en och samma individ. Studien är skriven på svenska.

The thesis is focused on the simulation of the tax burden in the real estate business. The first part is devoted to the theory that describes the various taxes associated with this trade and their evolution. In the second part is simulated evolution of the tax burden and the tax burden is calculated for the year 2013 from the perspective of the seller, the buyer or tenant. This calculation is then divided according to whether the seller, buyer or lessor natural person, legal person or self-employed. At the end of the work are given further opportunities to acquire property and related taxes.

This thesis is focused on tax issue, witch relates to real property trading. In the theoretical part of the thesis I describe the basic terms and deal with individual tax, which is related to the mentioned tax. In the context of the thesis will be compared to the tax burden for selected model situations that may arise in the sale, purchase or lease of real property. This load will be examined from the point of view of physical persons, to self-employed persons and also legal persons.