The fundamental forces of adhesion are responsible for the spreading of fluids such as crude oil/brine on the reservoir rock surface. These physico-chemical interactions determine the surface energetics of a reservoir and thus their wetting phenomena. Inverse Gas Chromatography is introduced to characterize the surface energy of carbonates (calcite and dolomite) and sandstones (Ottawa sand and Berea sandstone). The behavior of the polar and non-polar interaction forces was investigated at varying water coverage and at different temperatures. The results indicated that in general as the water coverage increased, the Lifshitz-van der Waals component of surface energy decreased to nearly that of the bulk water, while the acid-base component also showed a decreasing trend. The Lifshitz-van der Waals component of surface energy always decreased with increase in temperature, while the acid-base properties mostly increased with temperature with the exception of calcite. / text

The distributions of calcite rich horizons within dryland soils are commonly used as paleoclimate proxies. Comprehensive conceptual and mathematical models of calcite accumulation in soils are required to accurately interpret and calibrate these proxies. A conceptual model for calcite accumulation is already well established: As water percolates through a soil, it dissolves minerals, such as calcite, transporting the soluble minerals downward. As soil water is removed by evaporation and transpiration, the water solution becomes supersaturated resulting in precipitation of calcite at depth. The impacts of dynamic plant growth and microbial respiration have not yet been simulated in numerical models for calcite accumulation but are likely important because of their influence on variables governing calcite solubility. The soil hydraulic modeling software, HYDRUS-1D, simulates water and solute transfer through a soil column, accounting for variations in all previously studied variables (temperature, water content, soil pCO₂) while additionally simulating vegetation-soil interactions. Five separate sensitivity studies were conducted to determine the importance for calcite accumulation of 1) soil texture, 2) plant growth, 3) plant phenology, 4) atmospheric CO₂ concentrations, and 5) the proximal variables that control calcite dissolution and precipitation: soil CO₂, soil water content, and soil temperature. In each modeling simulation, calcite was leached from the top several cm and redistributed deeper in the soil after 20 years. Soils with courser texture yield deeper (+20cm), more diffuse calcite horizons, as did simulations with bare soil compared to vegetated soil. The phenology of plant communities (late spring versus late summer growth) resulted in soil calcite accumulation at temperatures differing by at least 10°C. Changes in atmospheric CO₂ concentrations do not affect the soil calcite distribution. Variations in concentration of soil CO₂, rather than soil water content, have the greatest direct effect on calcite solubility. The most significant time periods of annual accumulation also corresponded with positive water fluxes resulting from high matric potential at the surface. Transpiration and evaporation moisture sinks caused solution to travel upward from higher to lower soil CO₂ concentrations, causing CO₂ de-gassing and calcite accumulation. This pathway describes a new qualitative mechanism for soil calcite formation and should be included in the conceptual model. / text

In this project we studied the formation of nanoripples in calcite and InP single crystals by continuous scanning using the nanoindenter in the ambient environment and by Argon ion irradiation under ultra high vacuum conditions, respectively. Formation of tip induced nanowear ripples is studied on a freshly cleaved calcite single crystal as a function of scanning frequency and contact load of the diamond tip. At lower loads, initiation of the ripples takes place at the bottom of the surface slope at 3 Hz scanning frequency, which continue to propagate as scanning progresses. The orientation of these ripple structures is perpendicular to the scan direction. As the number of scans increases, ripples fully develop, and their height and periodicity increase with the number of scans by merging ripples together. At 6 mu N normal load, tip induced wear occurred as the tip started removing the ripple structures with increased number of scan cycles. As the contact load increased further, a ripple structure was not initiated and only tip induced wear occurred on the surface. At 1 Hz frequency material removal takes place as the tip moves back and forth and material slides towards the scan edges. Material removal rate increased with contact load and it is observed that the number of scans required to create a new surface is inversely proportional to the contact load. Possible mechanisms responsible for the formation of ripples at higher frequencies are attributed to the slope of the surface, piezo hysteresis,system dynamics or a combination of effects. Single crystal calcite hardness of 2.8 GPa and elastic modulus of 80 GPa were measured using nanoindentation. Evolution of nanostructures on the InP surface due to ion bombardment has been studied with scanning tunneling microscopy in UHV environment. InP crystal surfaces were irradiated by Argon ion incident beam with 3 KeV energy at an incident angle of 75 degrees. Self-organization of the surface was studied by varying the ion fluence from 7.7E13 to 4.6E17 ions per square centimeter. The observed nanoripple morphologies have been explained based on the concept of interplay between roughening and smoothing processes. Wavelength of the nanostructures linearly increases with the logarithm of the fluence. The rms roughness is approximately linear with the logarithm of the fluence. Nanoindentation experiments were performed on InP surface before and after ion bombardment to determine variation in hardness and elastic modulus. Surface of irradiated InP has higher H and E values as the surface become amorphized after Ar+ ion bombardment.

Scale deposition, either in the formation or inside the tubing, is a serious problem that can affect the productivity of oil fields. Production sustainability depends on the successful implementation of scale management strategies prior to developing new fields. Such strategies should involve tools capable of addressing the risks of developing scales during the production stage as well as determining the outcomes of possible remediation jobs in the future. UTCHEM, a multi-compositional flow model, was used in this work to present a comprehensive study that includes both precipitation and remediation scenarios. Although there are different mechanisms prompting the deposition of mineral scales, barite and calcite were selected primarily to simulate the effect of mixing incompatible water compositions; an issue that is usually associated with seawater injection. Equilibrium state calculations were carried out using a geochemical model (EQBATCH) to verify the incompatibility of the injection water with the formation water. In this work, we show the evolution, distribution, and remediation of solids over time for several hypothetical cases. The quantity of deposits in the near-wellbore region was found to be less at a highly heterogeneous reservoir model in contrast to the amount precipitated in homogenous reservoirs. This could be critical to wells productivity in the long-run since much of the drop in reservoir pressure occurs near the wellbore. The predictive ability of UTCHEM was extended to include simulating the removal of carbonate scales using a chelating chemical. The optimization of the injected treatment can be achieved mechanically through adjusting the well spacing (during the initial stages of field development) or through adjusting the concentrations of active components in the remediation fluids. The model provides a valuable tool that helps planners to predict scaling-related issues ahead of time, and subsequently to determine the economic viability of the project. This work serves as an opportunity to re-assess this simulator and allows for further work to enhance its capabilities. / text

Στην διάρκεια της παρούσας εργασίας μελετήθηκε η ικανότητα ρόφησης CΟ2 καθώς και η απομείωση (attrition) δώδεκα υλικών (8 ασβεστίτες και 4 δολομίτες) τόσο πριν όσο και αφού είχαν υποστεί θερμική διάσπαση-ενανθράκωση. Σύμφωνα με τα αποτελέσματα τα μη θερμικά κατεργασμένα υλικά επέδειξαν μικρότερα ποσοστά απομείωσης συγκριτικά με τα θερμικά κατεργασμένα. Το ποσοστό απομείωσης των υλικών χωρίς θερμική κατεργασία δεν αποτελεί μέτρο πρόβλεψης του ποσοστού απομείωσης του υλικού μετά από θερμική κατεργασία. Στην συνέχεια μελετήθηκε η επίδραση των συνθηκών θερμικής διάσπασης (θερμοκρασία και διάρκεια) του υλικού Α1 με αρχικό μέγεθος κόκκων 0.71mm<d<1.4mm τόσο στην ικανότητα ρόφησης διοξειδίου του άνθρακα όσο και στον ποσοστό απομείωσης (attrition). Τα αποτελέσματα έδειξαν ότι όταν τα υλικά διασπόνται έντονα θερμικά (Τ>900οC και t>2h) παρουσιάζουν μειωμένη ικανότητα ρόφησης CΟ2 . Αναφορικά με την απομείωση, θερμική κατεργασία σε υψηλή θερμοκρασία και για παρατεταμένη χρονική περίοδο, οδηγεί σε υψηλά ποσοστά λεπτόκοκκου υλικού μετά την ενανθράκωση. Πιθανοί λόγοι είναι η θραύση των κόκκων λόγω της ανισότροπης δομής των υλικών η ή πυροσυσσωμάτωση (sintering). Τέλος μελετήθηκε η επίδραση υλικών επικάλυψης όπως η αλούμινα και η σίλικα στην ικανότητα ρόφησης CΟ2 καθώς και στο ποσοστό απομείωσης του υλικού Α1 για αρχικό μέγεθος κόκκων 0.5mm<d<0.6mm και 0.71mm<d<1.4mm. Τα αποτελέσματα έδειξαν ότι και στις δύο μελετηθείσες κοκκομετρίες η διεργασία της επικάλυψης δεν έδωσε θετικά αποτελέσματα στο ποσοστό απομείωσης του υλικού. Μικρότερο ποσοστό απομείωσης παρουσίασε το υλικό Α1 όταν επικαλύφθηκε με 0,5% Al2O3 . Κανένα θετικό αποτέλεσμα σχετικά με το ποσοστό απομείωσης του υλικού Α1 και στις δύο κοκκομετρίες δεν επιτεύχθηκε ούτε όταν την διεργασία της επικάλυψης ακολουθούσε και διεργασία έντονης θερμικής κατεργασίας. Η ικανότητα ρόφησης διοξειδίου του άνθρακα του υλικού δεν επηρεάζεται από την διεργασία της επικάλυψης ούτε και από τον συνδυασμό επικάλυψης έντονης θερμικής κατεργασίας. / Testing of the attrition resistance and CO2 absorption capacity were done for twelve raw and calcined/recarbonated materials. Attrition performance was tested with a simple method employing a small scale fluidized bed at room temperature. Eight materials were characterized as calcites and four as dolomites with XRD technique. Calcined-recarbonated materials showed higher attrition than raw ones. Excellent attrition performance of a raw material does not mean same performance after calcination and recarbonation. Investigation of the effect of calcination condition (temperature, time) on the absorptive and mechanical properties of materials A1, A7, A8, Δ1, Δ2, Δ3 and Δ4 was carried out. It was found that the conditions of calcination do not have an important effect on attrition behavior. On the other hand the severity of calcination has a clear negative effect on CO2 absorption capacity for all materials tested. This is a direct consequence of the sintering and densification that takes place at high temperatures and long calcination times. In order to improve attrition performance some coating experiments were performed with A1 material for initial particle size fraction of 0.5mm<d<0.6mm and 0.71mm<d<1.4mm. Commercially available silica (two types) and alumina (one type) in the form of aqueous colloidal solutions with neutral/basic pH in the case of silica and acidic in the case of alumina were used in coating experiments. Coating with silica (two types) did not prove to have either positive or negative effect on both CO2 absorption capacity and attrition performance for A1 material with initial particle size fraction of either 0.5mm<d<0.6mm or 0.71mm<d<1.4mm. A small positive effect on attrition performance for A1 material was noticed when it was coated with 0.5% alumina. Combination of coating with intense calcination conditions (950οC for 6h) did not have any positive effect on attrition performance for A1 material with initial particle size fraction of either 0.5mm<d<0.6mm or 0.71mm<d<1.4mm.

In this MSc thesis I determine if wind-generated bubbles elevated measurements of above-water normalized water-leaving radiance (nLw) and subsequent remote sensing estimates of particulate inorganic carbon (PIC) in a coccolithophore bloom on the Patagonian Shelf. Although no measurements were made of bubbles, shipboard wind speed was used as a proxy for bubble backscattering. An empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis was performed on nLw. The first EOF accounted for 95% of the variance, and was attributed to changes in spectral amplitude. Scores of the first EOF were positively correlated with flow-through PIC backscattering (bb′) > 5x10-4 m-1, indicating that above this threshold PIC was an optically active seawater constituent. There was only evidence for a bubble elevation of nLw at values of bb′ < 5x10-4 m-1 and wind speeds > 12.5 m s-1. There was no evidence for a bubble elevation of PIC estimated using the two-band PIC algorithm.

This thesis attempts to interpret the metamorphic condition and fluid composition experienced by metacarbonates on Utö, located in the south-eastern parts of the Stockholm archipelago. Utö is a part of the Svecofennian domain, and the area Bergslagen, that has hosted several mines over the last millennia. The bedrock in this area has been dated by the U-Pb technique to 1.90-1.87 Ga, placing it in the Paleoproterozoic era (Allen et al. 1996, Lundström et al. 1998). The rocks, of the studied area on the island of Utö, are mainly metacarbonates with a varying purity and thin layers of volcanic ash. These rocks become more felsic towards the north-western coast as the layers of felsic ash become more dominant. To determine the P-T-XCO2 of metamorphism, metacarbonates were examined, in the field, in thin sections and mineral chemistry was determined by SEM analysis. Three samples were collected along a 1km transect, along which the assemblage calcite + dolomite + quartz + tremolite + diopside was observed. Petrographic and SEM analysis were performed to gather chemical data from coexisting calcite and dolomite in order to calculate temperature using the calcite-dolomite geothermometer. Chemical data from the SEM analysis were also run with AX and THERMOCALC together with pressure data received from a study by Engström (2011) of the adjacent island, Persholmen, to generate a T- XCO2 diagram. Pressure was estimated to 3.1 +/- 1.3 kbars, temperature calculated to 442°C 30°C and XCO2 to range from 0,00067-0,0038 with the standard deviation taken in to account. These results record equilibration with a CO2-bearing hydrous fluid at greenschist facies conditions. / Metamorphic map of Sweden

[Truncated abstract] Characterising the behaviour of calcareous sediments that possess some degree of bonding between their constituents has attracted worldwide research interest in recent years. Although many recent studies have made significant contributions in delineating the behaviour of these sediments, there is still paucity of information particularly on the cyclic behaviour of cemented calcareous soils. This thesis describes in detail the characteristic features of cemented calcareous soils and proposes methods for characterising their cyclic behaviour. Two different calcareous soils Goodwyn (GW) and Ledge Point (LP) soils representing extreme depositional environments were examined in this study. Artificially cemented sample were created using the CIPS (Calcite Insitu Precipitation Systems) technique, considering its superiority over other most commonly available cementation techniques in replicating the natural pattern of cementation, and the behaviour of natural calcarenite under monotonic loading conditions. The experimental program involved triaxial testing of both uncemented and calcite-cemented calcareous soils under different loading conditions, i.e. isotropic compression tests to high-pressure (16 MPa), monotonic shearing tests, undrained cyclic shearing tests and undrained monotonic post-cyclic shearing tests. Significant emphasis has been placed on the cyclic behaviour of these soils. Internal submersible LDVTs were used for the accurate and continuous measurement of strain down to about 10-5

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Memorial University of Newfoundland. / Typescript. Restricted until November 1996. Bibliography: leaves 253-274. Also available online.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:07:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 RobertoALS_TESE1.pdf: 2084680 bytes, checksum: 363c20f74fc941226fbec8734689dfb7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-05-24 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / Piau? state is a major producer of traditional red ceramic burning as bricks, tiles and ceramic tiles, with its main production center located in the city of Teresina. The state has large reserves of raw materials that can be used in the ceramic coating as clays, quartz, talc and carbonates. However, in the preparation of ceramic bodies using only a mixture of clays with different characteristics. The study aims to evaluate the effect of adding two types of carbonates in the ceramic semiporous mass coating produced in Piau? and then to verify the potential use of these carbonates as supplementary raw material product manufactured or the feasibility of obtaining a ceramic plate that meets the specifications for the porous coating. For this, were characterized the ceramic Piau? coating mass, a calcitic carbonate and a dolomitic, were made in the levels of 2, 4, 8, 16, and 32%. The masses were formed by pressing and burneds in two environments: a laboratory furnace (1080?C, 1120?C, 1140?C, and 1160?C) and an industrial furnace (1140?C). Then, following tests of linear shrinkage water absorption, apparent porosity, bulk density and flexural strength. Furthermore, the fired specimens were tested for their macrostructure and microstructure. The results showed the possibility of using the carbonate in ceramic mass flooring produced in Piau?, as added in small proportions improved dimensional stability and increased mechanical strength of ceramics pieces. It also proved itself possible to produce porous coating when added in higher levels / O Estado do Piau? ? um grande produtor de cer?micas tradicionais de queima vermelha como tijolos, telhas e revestimentos cer?micos, com seu principal p?lo produtivo localizado no munic?pio de Teresina. O Estado possui grandes reservas de mat?rias-primas que podem ser utilizadas no setor cer?mico de revestimento como argilas, quartzo, talco e carbonatos. Por?m, na elabora??o das massas cer?micas se utiliza uma mistura de argilas com caracter?sticas diferentes. O presente trabalho tem como objetivo avaliar o efeito da adi??o de dois tipos de carbonatos em uma massa cer?mica de revestimento semiporoso produzido no Piau?, e assim verificar a potencialidade da utiliza??o destes carbonatos como mat?ria-prima complementar do produto fabricado ou a viabilidade de se obter uma placa cer?mica que atenda as especifica??es para o revestimento poroso. Para isso, foram caracterizadas a massa cer?mica de revestimento piauiense, um carbonato calc?tico e outro dolom?tico, ambos oriundos de jazidas localizadas pr?ximas a Teresina - PI. As adi??es na massa cer?mica de cada carbonato foram feitas nos teores de 2, 4, 8, 16 e 32%. As massas foram conformadas por prensagem e queimadas em dois ambientes: forno de laborat?rio (1080?C, 1120?C, 1140?C e 1160?C) e forno industrial (1140?C). Em seguida, realizados ensaios tecnol?gicos de perda ao fogo, retra??o linear, absor??o de ?gua, porosidade aparente, massa espec?fica aparente e resist?ncia mec?nica ? flex?o. Al?m disso, as amostras queimadas foram avaliadas em sua macroestrutura e microestrutura. Os resultados mostraram a possibilidade de se utilizar os carbonatos na massa cer?mica do revestimento produzido no Piau?, pois adicionado em pequenas propor??es melhorou a estabilidade dimensional e aumentou a resist?ncia mec?nica das pe?as cer?micas. Tamb?m se mostrou vi?vel para produ??o de revestimento poroso quando adicionado em teores mais elevados