Tottering and leaner mutant mice carry mutations in the pore-forming subunit (1A) of P/Q-type (CaV 2.1) voltage-gated calcium ion (Ca2+) channels that result in reduced Ca2+ current density. Since Ca2+ influx via voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels regulates important Ca2+-dependent neuronal processes including neurotransmitter release and synaptogenesis, we assessed effects of these mutations on hippocampus volume, neuronal density, neuronal morphology of hippocampal pyramidal cells in adult (six-month-old) mice, and adult neurogenesis in three-week-old and six-month-old mice. Hippocampal volume and neuronal density were assessed using hematoxylin and eosin stained serial sections. Neuronal morphology was assessed using Golgi-Cox staining as well as ultrastructural assessment using transmission electron microscopy. Adult hippocampal neurogenesis was assessed using standard 5-bromo-2’-deoxyuridine (BrdU) labeling with fluorescent immunohistochemistry (IHC) and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) with diaminobenzidine IHC. To determine neuron and astrocyte survival, we used fluorescent double labeling for neurons with BrdU-neuronal nuclei IHC or astrocytes using BrdU-glial fibrillary acidic protein, respectively. Fluoro-Jade histochemistry was used to assess numbers of degenerating cells in the dentate gyrus subgranular zone. Decreased hippocampus volume was observed in tottering female mice and increased dentate hilar and CA1 cell density in mutant mice compared to wild type mice. Cell proliferation was increased in the hilus and combined CA3, CA2 and CA1 regions of mutant mice compared to wild type mice. Decreased total dendritic length and decreased number of dendritic intersections was observed in tottering mice compared to wild type mice. The decrease in dendritic arborization of tottering mice occurred at the concentric circles close to the neuronal cell body indicating that basal dendrites of CA1 pyramidal neurons are reduced. Taken together, P/Q-type voltage gated calcium channel mutation has age variable influence on adult hippocampal cell proliferation, and it altered neuronal morphology in terms of dendritic complexity in tottering mice, while the leaner mutation reduced mitochondrial density.

Thesis (doctoral)--Lund University, 1994. / Added t.p. with thesis statement inserted.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:25:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-06-23Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:53:14Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 kiguti_lra_me_botib.pdf: 1147680 bytes, checksum: 2af4ebdd84a8cedf1deef8d15145e30a (MD5) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / A ejaculação precoce é a disfunção sexual masculina com maiores taxas de incidência e prevalência. De etiologia complexa, as principais abordagens farmacológicas desta condição têm sido a utilização de anestésicos locais, inibidores seletivos da recaptura de serotonina e mais recentemente, inibidores da fosfodiesterase tipo 5. O reflexo ejaculatório é um processo altamente organizado com a interação de áreas centrais encefálicas e espinhais, centros autonômicos simpáticos e parasimpáticos além de reflexos somáticos. O sistema nervoso autônomo simpático, através da ativação de adrenoceptores 1 ( 1-ARs), particularmente o subtipo 1A, desempenha papel fundamental na fase de emissão do reflexo ejaculatório através da modulação da contratilidade de órgãos como o ducto deferente, vesícula seminal e próstata. Além disso, a participação do influxo de cálcio extracelular via canais de cálcio dependentes de voltagem tipo L (canais de cálcio tipo L) na atividade contrátil destes órgãos é bem caracterizada. Devido à importância dos 1-ARs e canais tipo L no reflexo ejaculatório, este trabalho avaliou a eficácia do antagonista de 1-ARs Tamsulosin e das diidropiridinas bloqueadoras de canais de cálcio Nifedipina e (S)-(+)-Niguldipina no retardo da ejaculação em ratos. Os resultados obtidos demonstram que a atividade contrátil do ducto deferente e vesícula seminal ao estímulo adrenérgico via ativação de 1-ARs in vitro é fortemente inibida pelo antagonista de 1-ARs Tamsulosin e pelas bloqueadoras de canais de cálcio Nifedipina e (S)-(+)-Niguldipina. Entretanto, embora a contração destes órgãos e, portanto, a fase de emissão do reflexo ejaculatório tenha sido afetada, a latência ejaculatória dos animais não foi alterada. Estes resultados indicam que o bloqueio de canais de cálcio tipo L ou o antagonismo de 1-ARs no ducto deferente... / Premature ejaculation is one of the most common male sexual dysfunctions. With complex aetiology, the main pharmacological approaches involve local anesthetics, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and, more recently, phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitors. The sympathetic nervous system plays a crucial role in the ejaculation, controlling vasa deferentia, seminal vesicles and prostate contraction through 1- adrenoceptor ( 1-AR) activation. In addition, the contractions of these organs are dependent on influx of extracellular calcium through L-type voltage-dependent calcium channels (L-type calcium channels). Due to the involvement of 1-ARs and L-type calcium channels in the ejaculatory reflex, this dissertation evaluated the efficacy of the 1-AR antagonist Tamsulosin and of dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers Nifedipine and (S)-(+)-Niguldipine in the delay of ejaculation in rats. The results showed that the vas deferens and seminal vesicle contraction in response to 1-AR activation is potently inhibited by Tamsulosin, Nifedipine and (S)-(+)- Niguldipine. However, although vas deferens and seminal vesicles contractions have been inhibited, the ejaculatory latency in vivo was not affected. These results show that although L-type calcium channel blockade and 1-ARs antagonism in the vas deferens and seminal vesicle are effective in the inhibition of events related to the seminal emission phase of ejaculation, they are not able to delay the ejaculation. The present results indicate that modulation of contractions of organs involved in seminal emission is not a suitable strategy to retard of ejaculation

Synaptic transmission occurs as a result of either a spontaneous release of presynaptic vesicles or a batch release of presynaptic vesicles driven by action potentials. The physiological consequence of synaptic transmission driven by different patterns and frequencies of presynaptic stimulation has been extensively investigated. However, the physiological nature, mechanism as well as relevance of prolonged presynaptic stimulation have been poorly characterized. In this dissertation, I present three projects in which prolonged stimulation of synaptic transmission in different forms and different brain regions was studied for its effect on synaptic transmission, mechanisms and physiological relevance. In the first project, prolonged electrical stimulation (100 sec) at high frequency induced a deep synaptic depression in acute hippocampal slices, followed by a recovery of synaptic transmission after ~15 min. The deep synaptic depression was attributed to a complete depletion of presynaptic vesicle pools. In the second project, attempts were made to characterize the mechanism of nuclear activation of gene transcription induced by prolonged electrical stimulation (100 sec). Our results demonstrated that reduced inactivation of non-L-type calcium channels failed to provide calcium required for gene transcription, leaving the activation of gene transcription a selective function for L-type calcium channels. In the third project, we sought to study the physiological relevance of enhanced miniature events of inhibitory synapses induced by prolonged chemical stimulation. We showed that prolonged application (2 min) of nicotine to the striatal slice enhanced the frequency of miniature inhibitory currents that was accompanied with a reduction in the amplitude of evoked response. This reduction in the amplitude of evoked responses was ascribed to a compromised action potential invasion of presynaptic terminals possibly due to inactivation of sodium channels resulting from nicotine-induced depolarization. To summarize, prolonged stimulation of presynaptic vesicle release imposes significant influence upon neuron-to-neuron communication, with distinct mechanisms in different brain regions. / Medicine, Faculty of / Graduate

Le paracétamol est l'antalgique le plus consommé au monde et pourtant son mécanisme d'action n'est toujours pas élucidé. Longtemps reconnu comme un produit proche des anti-inflammatoires non stéroïdiens (AINS) son profil est aujourd'hui reconsidéré grâce aux travaux effectués depuis une dizaine d'années. Il est désormais admis que le paracétamol est un antalgique d'action prioritairement cérébrale et l'impact sur les cyclo-oxygénases, cibles traditionnelles des AINS, ne représente plus la base de son mécanisme d'action. Nos travaux de thèse montrent que l'action antalgique du paracétamol est perdue chez des animaux dont le canal Cav3.2 a été invalidé, ceci dans divers contextes expérimentaux. Ainsi ces canaux semblent être indispensables à l'effet antalgique du paracétamol. Nous avons également démontré le site de cette implication. En effet, seuls les canaux Cav3.2 cérébraux sont impliqués dans l'effet du paracétamol, ce qui rejoint les résultats précédents qui présentent le paracétamol comme un antalgique d'action centrale. Au niveau cérébral nous avons aussi démontré que les canaux Cav3.2 agissaient de concert avec deux acteurs primordiaux pour l'effet du paracétamol : l'AM404, son métabolite actif et les récepteurs TRPV1. La finalité de cette relation est l'inhibition des canaux Cav3.2 qui induit l'effet antalgique du paracétamol. Parallèlement, nous avons démontré pour la première fois que l'inhibition des canaux Cav3.2 cérébraux induisait une antalgie. Ceci confirme l'implication tonique de ces canaux supra-spinaux dans la perception douloureuse. Enfin, nous avons également démontré que les canaux Cav3.2 étaient fortement impliqués dans la douleur de type inflammatoire et, de manière plus surprenante et intéressante, dans les processus inflammatoires associés (développement oedémateux et production des médiateurs pro-inflammatoires). En conformité avec ces résultats, nous avons démontré que l'éthosuximide (un bloqueur des canaux Cav3.2) était efficace dans le traitement des douleurs inflammatoires et de l'inflammation ainsi que sur leurs comorbidités associées (anxiété et dépression). En conclusion, la confirmation de l'implication des canaux Cav3.2 dans l'effet du paracétamol et dans la douleur inflammatoire ouvre une voie nouvelle dans la compréhension du mécanisme d'action de cet antalgique et dans la conception et le développement de nouveaux antalgiques, ciblant ces canaux. Cette perspective est renforcée par les démonstrations déjà faites du rôle de ces canaux dans la physiopathologie des douleurs neuropathiques. De plus et de façon intéressante, l'éthosuximide, un antiépileptique utilisé chez l'homme et inhibiteur des canaux Cav3, permet d'envisager la réalisation d'une étude clinique pilote sur l'évaluation de son effet antalgique. Nous proposons le protocole de cette étude, preuve de concept, réalisée dans un premier temps chez des patients atteints de douleurs neuropathiques. / Acetaminophen is the most analgesic consumed worldwide, but its mechanism of action is still not understood. Long recognized as non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), its profile is now reconsidered thanks to the work done over the last ten years. It is now accepted that acetaminophen is an analgesic with a central action and the impact on cyclooxygenase, traditional targets of NSAIDs, is no longer the basis of its mechanism of action. This work show that the analgesic effect of acetaminophen is lost in animals whose Cav3.2 channel has been invalidated, this in various experimental contexts. Thus, these channels appear to be essential for the analgesic effect of acetaminophen. We also demonstrated the nature of that involvement. Indeed, only the brain Cav3.2 channels are involved in the effect of acetaminophen, which joined the previous results showing that acetaminophen is a centrally acting analgesic. In the brain, we also demonstrated that Cav3.2 channels acting in concert with two crucial actors to the effect of acetaminophen: AM404, its active metabolite, and TRPV1 receptors. The purpose of this relationship is the inhibition of Cav3.2 channels that induces analgesic effect of acetaminophen. In parallel, we have demonstrated for the first time that inhibition of brain Cav3.2 channels induced analgesia. This confirms the tonic involvement of these channels in supraspinal pain perception. Finally, we also demonstrated that Cav3.2 channels were heavily involved in the inflammatory pain and, more surprising and interesting, in inflammatory processes associated (edema development and production of pro-inflammatory mediators). Related to these results, we demonstrated that ethosuximide (a Cav3.2 channel blocker) was effective in the treatment of inflammatory pain and inflammation as well as their associated comorbidities (anxiety and depression). In conclusion, the confirmation of the interaction of Cav3.2 channels in the effect of acetaminophen and pain perception opens a new path in understanding the mechanism of action of acetaminophen and in the design and development of new analgesics targeting Cav3.2 channels. This perspective is reinforced by the demonstrations previously done of the role of these channels in the pathophysiology of neuropathic pain. More and interestingly, ethosuximide, an antiepileptic drug used in humans and Cav3 channels inhibitor, allows to consider the realization of a pilot clinical study on the evaluation its antalgic effect. We propose the protocol of this study, proof of concept, performed in a first time in patients of neuropathic pain.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第18233号 / 工博第3825号 / 新制||工||1586(附属図書館) / 31091 / 京都大学大学院工学研究科合成・生物化学専攻 / (主査)教授 森 泰生, 教授 濵地 格, 教授 梅田 眞郷 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Philosophy (Engineering) / Kyoto University / DGAM

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Yes / Induction of the antioxidant enzyme heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) affords cellular protection and suppresses proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) associated with a variety of pathological cardiovascular conditions including myocardial infarction and vascular injury. However, the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. Over-expression of Cav3.2 T-type Ca2+ channels in HEK293 cells raised basal [Ca2+]i and increased proliferation as compared with non-transfected cells. Proliferation and [Ca2+]i levels were reduced to levels seen in non-transfected cells either by induction of HO-1 or exposure of cells to the HO-1 product, carbon monoxide (CO) (applied as the CO releasing molecule, CORM-3). In the aortic VSMC line A7r5, proliferation was also inhibited by induction of HO-1 or by exposure of cells to CO, and patch-clamp recordings indicated that CO inhibited T-type (as well as L-type) Ca2+ currents in these cells. Finally, in human saphenous vein smooth muscle cells, proliferation was reduced by T-type channel inhibition or by HO-1 induction or CO exposure. The effects of T-type channel blockade and HO-1 induction were non-additive. Collectively, these data indicate that HO-1 regulates proliferation via CO-mediated inhibition of T-type Ca2+ channels. This signalling pathway provides a novel means by which proliferation of VSMCs (and other cells) may be regulated therapeutically. / This work was supported by the British Heart Foundation.