Orientador: Patrícia Aline Boer / Banca: Carlos Alan Candido Dias Junior / Banca: Patricia Simone Leite Vilamaior / Resumo: Introdução. Estudos anteriores mostram que a restrição proteica gestacional é responsável pela redução do número de néfrons e hipertensão arterial. O aumento da pressão arterial leva a uma hiperfiltração glomerular e consequentemente ruptura da barreira de filtração, com início do quadro de glomeruloesclerose. Além disso, evidências destacam as consequências da dieta hiperlipídica sobre a morfologia e distúrbios funcionais renais. O presente estudo tem como objetivo avaliar o efeito da sobrecarga calórica por dieta hiperlipídica sobre a função e morfologia renal em ratos submetidos à restrição proteica gestacional. Método. Após confirmação da prenhez as ratas foram divididos em 2 grupos, sendo grupo NP (normal protein - 17% de caseína na gestação) e grupo LP (low protein - 6% de caseína durante a gestação). Após nascimento a prole de ratos machos foi mantida com ração normal, sendo que da 8ª até a 13ª semana de vida essa prole foi submetida à dieta hiperlipídica (grupos LPH e NPH) ou ração padrão para roedores (grupo LPN e NPN). Foram realizadas análises da função renal, aferição da pressão arterial, imunohistoquímica, microscopia eletrônica de varredura e análise bioquímica do perfil lipídico. Resultados. O índice de adiposidade estava reduzido em LPN e aumentado nos grupos NPH e LPH. Observamos aumento da concentração de colesterol total em NPH e LPH, e aumento de colesterol LDL em LPH. A pressão arterial estava significativamente aumentada nos animais do grupo LPH na 10ª e 12ª semana de vida, comparado aos outros grupos no mesmo período. A menor excreção urinária de sódio foi observada nos grupos tratados, enquanto os animais NPH e LPN apresentaram aumento da acidificação urinária de forma tempo-dependente da dieta hiperlipídica. Os grupos LPN, NPH e LPH mostraram um aumento da expressão de AT1r, fator de transformação do crescimento beta (TGFβ-1), colágeno ... / Abstract: Background. Prior studies show that maternal protein-restricted offspring (LP) have pronounced reduction of nephron number and arterial hypertension associated with unchanged glomerular filtration rate and enhanced glomerular area that may be related with glomerular hyperfiltration/overflow and account for the glomerular filtration barrier breakdown and early glomerulosclerosis. Additionally, evidence is emerging that highlights the far-reaching consequences of high fat diet (HFD) on kidney morphology and function disorders. The present study aims to evaluate the effect of HFD on renal function and morphology in LP rats. Methods. Maternal protein-restricted offspring (LP, 6% casein) and normal protein intake rats (NP, 17% casein) were submitted to ingestion of HFD (LPH and NPH, respectively) or standard chow to rodents (LPN and NPN) from 8th to 13th of age. Renal Function, systemic arterial pressure, immunohistochemistry and scanning electron microscopy were performed and biochemical serum parameters analyzed. Results. The body adiposity and mass were reduced in LPN which in turn, increased in NPH and LPH groups. Striking increased in total cholesterol was observed in NPH and LPH, and increased LDL in LPH. The blood pressure was significant increase in LPH groups from the 10th and 12th week of life compared to the other groups. A reduced urinary excretion of sodium was observed in low-protein treated rats while NPH and LPH animals presented an increased urinary acidification in time-dependent fashion. The LPN, NPH and LPH groups showed an increased expression of AT1r, transforming growth factor (TGFβ-1), collagen and fibronectin. By ultraestructural analysis we found a pronounced enfacement of foot process in treated groups and HFD-treated offspring showed wear-out of podocytes by rupture of cell membranes. In parallel all treated rats present a significant urinary protein excretion. Conclusion. In conclusion, from our present ... / Mestre

Made available in DSpace on 2014-11-10T11:09:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2014-02-25Bitstream added on 2014-11-10T11:58:06Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000789732.pdf: 2864828 bytes, checksum: 411b76b95ee202f65447d9e42d3b9889 (MD5) / Introdução. Estudos anteriores mostram que a restrição proteica gestacional é responsável pela redução do número de néfrons e hipertensão arterial. O aumento da pressão arterial leva a uma hiperfiltração glomerular e consequentemente ruptura da barreira de filtração, com início do quadro de glomeruloesclerose. Além disso, evidências destacam as consequências da dieta hiperlipídica sobre a morfologia e distúrbios funcionais renais. O presente estudo tem como objetivo avaliar o efeito da sobrecarga calórica por dieta hiperlipídica sobre a função e morfologia renal em ratos submetidos à restrição proteica gestacional. Método. Após confirmação da prenhez as ratas foram divididos em 2 grupos, sendo grupo NP (normal protein - 17% de caseína na gestação) e grupo LP (low protein - 6% de caseína durante a gestação). Após nascimento a prole de ratos machos foi mantida com ração normal, sendo que da 8ª até a 13ª semana de vida essa prole foi submetida à dieta hiperlipídica (grupos LPH e NPH) ou ração padrão para roedores (grupo LPN e NPN). Foram realizadas análises da função renal, aferição da pressão arterial, imunohistoquímica, microscopia eletrônica de varredura e análise bioquímica do perfil lipídico. Resultados. O índice de adiposidade estava reduzido em LPN e aumentado nos grupos NPH e LPH. Observamos aumento da concentração de colesterol total em NPH e LPH, e aumento de colesterol LDL em LPH. A pressão arterial estava significativamente aumentada nos animais do grupo LPH na 10ª e 12ª semana de vida, comparado aos outros grupos no mesmo período. A menor excreção urinária de sódio foi observada nos grupos tratados, enquanto os animais NPH e LPN apresentaram aumento da acidificação urinária de forma tempo-dependente da dieta hiperlipídica. Os grupos LPN, NPH e LPH mostraram um aumento da expressão de AT1r, fator de transformação do crescimento beta (TGFβ-1), colágeno ... / Background. Prior studies show that maternal protein-restricted offspring (LP) have pronounced reduction of nephron number and arterial hypertension associated with unchanged glomerular filtration rate and enhanced glomerular area that may be related with glomerular hyperfiltration/overflow and account for the glomerular filtration barrier breakdown and early glomerulosclerosis. Additionally, evidence is emerging that highlights the far-reaching consequences of high fat diet (HFD) on kidney morphology and function disorders. The present study aims to evaluate the effect of HFD on renal function and morphology in LP rats. Methods. Maternal protein-restricted offspring (LP, 6% casein) and normal protein intake rats (NP, 17% casein) were submitted to ingestion of HFD (LPH and NPH, respectively) or standard chow to rodents (LPN and NPN) from 8th to 13th of age. Renal Function, systemic arterial pressure, immunohistochemistry and scanning electron microscopy were performed and biochemical serum parameters analyzed. Results. The body adiposity and mass were reduced in LPN which in turn, increased in NPH and LPH groups. Striking increased in total cholesterol was observed in NPH and LPH, and increased LDL in LPH. The blood pressure was significant increase in LPH groups from the 10th and 12th week of life compared to the other groups. A reduced urinary excretion of sodium was observed in low-protein treated rats while NPH and LPH animals presented an increased urinary acidification in time-dependent fashion. The LPN, NPH and LPH groups showed an increased expression of AT1r, transforming growth factor (TGFβ-1), collagen and fibronectin. By ultraestructural analysis we found a pronounced enfacement of foot process in treated groups and HFD-treated offspring showed wear-out of podocytes by rupture of cell membranes. In parallel all treated rats present a significant urinary protein excretion. Conclusion. In conclusion, from our present ...

The proposed Sustainable Energy Model is based on rice husk and the development of briquettes made from agricultural waste, which will increase efficiency in the domestic sector, and potentially replace conventional polluting fuels such as firewood. Large volumes of rice husks from millers are found scattered in rural agricultural areas of the San Martin region of Peru, where people are exposed daily to the emissions of polluting gases produced by burning these wastes, causing respiratory and lung diseases. Despite present circumstances, this waste has a great energetic potential that is not yet used by society, representing an opportunity to encourage socioenvironmental development and generate added value to the husk. Based on a compaction and drying process, briquettes were obtained with 4,040 kcal / kg of heat power and 80.39% combustion efficiency, allowing the little use of biofuel compared to firewood, and consequently, the utilization of this biofuel would reduce levels of deforestation. In contrast to similar projects, the sustainability of an energetic model of briquette production will be achieved when economic, environmental and social aspects are met, developing clean technologies and an efficient supply chain, from the supply of the husk to the commercialization of briquettes

Les études à long-terme confirment que la combinaison d’un déficit calorique et d’un programme d’exercice est une intervention plus profitable quant à la perte de poids qu’un régime hypocalorique ou un programme d’exercice seul. Toutefois, la perte de poids moyenne de l’approche combinée est en générale inférieure à celle estimée sur la base du déficit calorique et de la dépense énergétique du programme d’exercice. L’objectif principal de cette étude portait sur l’investigation des effets d’un déficit calorique et de l’exercice sur l’apport calorique, la dépense énergétique totale, la thermogenèse d’origine autre que l’exercice et la compensation alimentaire post-exercice chez les jeunes femmes. Huit jeunes femmes de poids normal et inactives ont participé à quatre conditions expérimentales : contrôle; exercice, où une séance d’exercice à intensité modérée a été réalisée; déficit calorique, où un déficit calorique de 25% pour une période de 3 jours consécutifs a été respecté; et exercice/déficit calorique. À la suite de chaque session, un repas ad libitum à l’heure du dîner a été offert aux participantes et des boîtes à lunch contenant des aliments à volonté choisis par l’entremise de menu ont été remises à ces dernières pour couvrir l’apport calorique pour la journée (jour 1) ainsi que la journée subséquente (jour 2). De plus, un accéléromètre a été remis à chaque participante après chaque séance expérimentale pour être en mesure d’estimer la dépense énergétique liée à l’activité physique pour le jour 1 et jour 2. Aucune différence significative n’a été observée entre les différentes conditions expérimentales pour l’apport calorique au repas ad libitum post-exercice, au jour 1 ainsi qu’au jour 2. De plus, aucune différence significative n’a été notée pour la dépense énergétique totale ainsi que la thermogenèse d’origine autre que l’exercice et aucune compensation alimentaire post-exercice n’a été observée en fonction des conditions expérimentales. Ces résultats suggèrent que la combinaison d’un déficit calorique de 3 journées consécutives avant une séance d’exercice d’intensité modérée n’influence pas l’apport calorique post-exercice, la dépense énergétique totale, la thermogenèse d’origine autre que l’exercice et n’engendre pas de compensation alimentaire post-exercice. Un déficit calorique combiné à l’exercice d’une période plus prolongée pourrait être nécessaire afin d’observer une augmentation de la compensation alimentaire post-exercice pendant une intervention qui vise à induire une perte de poids.

L'autophagie est un processus d'auto-digestion durant lequel les cellule dégradent leurs propres composants afin de maintenir l’homéostasie en conditions basales. L'autophagie est donc nécessaire à l’échelle de la cellule et de l’organisme car elle joue un rôle dans l’élimination des organites endommagés et des agrégats de protéines potentiellement nocifs et a la capacité de mobiliser les métabolites essentiels des réserves énergétiques en conditions de stressLa détérioration des fonctions cellulaires et au niveau de l’organisme liée à l'âge est associée à une dérégulation des voies de détection des nutriments ainsi qu’à une autophagie déficiente. La réactivation du flux autophagique peut prévenir ou améliorer ces dysfonctionnements métaboliques liés à l'âge. Les composés non toxiques capables de réduire les taux globaux d'acétylation des protéines et d'induire l'autophagie ont été classés dans la catégorie des agents mimétiques de restriction calorique (CRMs, de l’anglais « caloric restriction mimetic »). Nous montrons ici que l'aspirine et son métabolite actif, le salicylate, induisent une autophagie en raison de leur capacité à inhiber l'activité acétyltransférase de EP300. Alors que le salicylate stimule le flux autophagique dans les cellules « Wild Type », il ne permet pas d’augmenter le niveau d'autophagie dans les cellules déficientes en EP300, ni dans les cellules dans lesquelles EP300 endogène a été remplacé par les mutants EP300 résistants au salicylate. En conséquence, l'activité pro-autophagique de l'aspirine et du salicylate sur le nématode Caenorhabditis elegans est perdue lorsque l'expression de l'orthologue EP300 cpb-1 est réduite. Ces résultats permettent de conclure que l'aspirine est un CRM dont le mécanisme est conservé au cours de l’évolution. / Autophagy is a self-digestion process in which cell degrades its own components in order to maintain homeostasis in basal conditions; autophagy is required for the maintenance of cellular and organismal fitness due to its role in eliminating damaged organelles and potentially harmful protein aggregates, as well as its unique capacity to mobilize essential metabolites from complex energy stores in conditions of stress.The age-associated deterioration in cellular and organismal functions associates with dysregulation of nutrient-sensing pathways and disabled autophagy. The reactivation of autophagic flux may prevent or ameliorate age-related metabolic dysfunctions. Non-toxic compounds endowed with the capacity to reduce the overall levels of protein acetylation and to induce autophagy have been categorized as caloric restriction mimetics (CRMs). Here, we show that aspirin or its active metabolite salicylate induce autophagy by virtue of their capacity to inhibit the acetyltransferase activity of EP300. While salicylate readily stimulates autophagic flux in control cells, it fails to further increase autophagy levels in EP300-deficient cells, as well as in cells in which endogenous EP300 has been replaced by salicylate-resistant EP300 mutants. Accordingly, the pro-autophagic activity of aspirin and salicylate on the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans is lost when the expression of the EP300 ortholog cpb-1 is reduced. Altogether, these findings identify aspirin as an evolutionary conserved CRM.

Energy production, storage and efficient usage are all crucial factors for environmentally sound and sustainable future technologies. One important question concerns the refrigeration industry, where the energy efficiency of the presently used technologies is at best 40% of the theoretical Carnot limit. Magnetic refrigerators offer a modern low-energy demand and environmentally friendly alternative. Iron phosphide based materials have been proposed to be amongst the most promising candidates for working body of magnetic refrigerators. Hydrogen is one of the central elements on the most promising sources of renewable energy. Considerable international research focuses on finding good solid state materials for hydrogen storage. On the other hand, hydrogen gas is obtained from hydrogen containing chemical compounds, which after breaking the chemical bounds usually yield to a mixture of different gases. Palladium-silver alloys are frequently used for hydrogen separation membranes for producing purified hydrogen gas. All these applications need a fundamental understanding of the structural, magnetic, chemical and thermophysical properties of the involved solid state materials. In the present thesis ab initio electronic structure methods are used to study the crystallographic and magnetic properties of Fe2P based magneto-caloric compounds and the thermophysical properties of Pd-Ag binary alloys. Lattice stability of pure Fe2P and the effect of Si doping on the phase stability are presented. In contrast to the observation, for the ferromagnetic state the body centered orthorhombic structure (bco, space group Imm2) is predicted to have lower energy than the hexagonal structure (hex, space group P62m). The zero-point spin fluctuation energy difference is found to be large enough to stabilize the hex phase. For the paramagnetic state, the hex structure is shown to be the stable phase and the computed total energy versus composition indicates a hex to bco crystallographic phase transition with increasing Si content. The magneto-structural effects and the mechanisms responsible for the structural phase transition are discussed in details. The magnetic properties of Fe2P can be subtly tailored by Mn doping. It has been shown experimentally that Mn atoms preferentially occupy one of the two different Fe sites of Fe2P. Theoretical results for the Mn site occupancy in MnFeP1-xSix are presented. The single crystal and polycrystalline elastic constants and the Debye temperature of Pd1-xAgx binary alloys are calculated for the whole range of concentration, 0≤x≤1. It is shown that the variation of the elastic parameters of Pd-Ag alloys with chemical composition strongly deviates from the simple expected trend. The complex electronic origin of these anomalies is demonstrated. Within the present thesis, all relaxed crystal structures are obtained using the Projector AugmentedWave full-potential method. The chemical and magnetic disorder is treated using the Exact Muffin-Tin Orbitals method in combination with the Coherent Potential Approximation. The paramagnetic phase is modeled by the Disordered Local Magnetic Moments approach. / QC 20101101

This study examined the reliability and validity of the SenseWear Armband (SWA, BodyMedia, Inc.) during rest and exercise compared to indirect calorimetry (IC). Energy expenditure (EE) was assessed with SWA and IC in 13 males during two resting and one cycle ergometry (40 min at 60% VO_2peak) sessions. In a second experiment, 20 adults walked on a treadmill for 30 min at 3 intensities while IC and SWA measured EE. At rest, no significant differences were found between EE measurements from the SWA (1.3 ± 0.1 kcal/min) and IC (1.3 ± 0.1 kcal/min), and the methods were significantly correlated (r = 0.76). The SWA EE estimation was reliable when comparing the two resting visits (r = 0.93). For the ergometer protocol, no significant differences were found between the SWA and IC measurements of EE early, mid, or late in exercise or for the total bout, although the measurements were not correlated (r = 0.03-0.12). The SWA EE estimate of walking increased with treadmill speed but not with inclination. The SWA significantly overestimated the EE of walking with no grade (27.4% for 3mph; 12.6% for 4mph) and significantly underestimated EE on the 5% grade (21.9%) (p<0.02). The SWA estimation of EE correlated with IC (r = 0.47-0.69). The SWA provided valid and reliable estimates of EE at rest. The SWA provided similar mean estimates of EE as IC on the ergometer, however the individual error was large. The SWA overestimated the EE of flat walking and underestimated inclined walking EE. / Master of Science

Overweight and obesity has increased in the U.S. Unfortunately, this increases the risk of metabolic dysfunction, such as diabetes. Meal timing has recently shown promise as viable options to minimize the risk of overweight or obesity and metabolic dysfunction. The primary purpose of this study, therefore, was to investigate the effect of timing of energy intake on blood glucose in females with overweight or class one obesity (BMI=27-35 kg/m2). This study utilized crossover design with two conditions counterbalanced in random order. Participants completed two 2-week 1500kcal dietary interventions: 1) a big breakfast diet or BB (50% of energy intake between 7-9am, 35% of energy between 12-2pm, and ~15% of energy between 5-7pm), and 2) a big dinner diet or BD (~15% of energy intake between 7-9am, of energy between 12-2pm, and ~50% of energy between 5-7pm). There was a 2-week wash-out period between each condition. Meals were provided to participants. The primary outcome was differences in glucose over the course of each 2-week period. Glucose was determined using a continuous glucose monitor and analyzed for area under the curve (AUC) using the trapezoidal method. Other exploratory outcomes were assessed, including: fasting glucose, height, weight, body composition using dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry, physical activity and sleep using accelerometry, waist circumference, hunger using visual analog scales, sleep quality using the Pittsburg Sleep Quality Index, depression and anxiety using the Depression Anxiety and Stress Scale, eating behaviors using the Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire, resting heart rate using an oximeter, blood pressure using an aneroid cuff and sphygmomanometer and temperature using a temporal scan thermometer. This study was designed for proof of concept. The primary analysis showed there was no significant difference in total AUC glucose between the BB and BD conditions (F=0.14; p=0.7137). A secondary analysis indicated a significant interaction between dietary condition across the 14-day intervention (F=98.23; p<0.001) and condition x hour interaction for glucose AUC (F=32.62; p<0.0001). As expected, the BB diet had higher AUC glucose from 7am-12pm (F=15.48; p=0.001) and the BD diet has higher AUC glucose from 5pm-10pm (F=11.63; p=0.0031). Both conditions were effective to decrease weight, waist circumference, BMI, and fat free mass (p<0.05); however, the condition x time interaction was significantly more reduced for fat mass during the BB than the BD condition (F=4.37; p=0.0411). This study did not reveal a difference in total AUC glucose between the BB and BD. It was shown that the BB saw a greater rate of fat mass loss then the BD. This indicates that meal timing can provide addition benefits to the outcomes caused by a caloric deficit.

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