京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(医学) / 甲第18646号 / 医博第3945号 / 新制||医||1006(附属図書館) / 31560 / 京都大学大学院医学研究科医学専攻 / (主査)教授 川上 浩司, 教授 横出 正之, 教授 千葉 勉 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Medical Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

Acetyl-CoA is a metabolite at the crossroads of central metabolism and the substrate of histone acetyltransferases regulating gene expression. In many tissues fasting or lifespan extending calorie restriction (CR) decreases glucose-derived metabolic flux through ATP-citrate lyase (ACLY) to reduce cytoplasmic acetyl-CoA levels to decrease activity of the p300 histone acetyltransferase (HAT) stimulating pro-longevity autophagy. Because of this, compounds that decrease cytoplasmic acetyl-CoA have been described as CR mimetics. But few authors have highlighted the potential longevity promoting roles of nuclear acetyl-CoA. For example, increasing nuclear acetyl-CoA levels increases histone acetylation and administration of class I histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors increases longevity through increased histone acetylation. Therefore, increased nuclear acetyl-CoA likely plays an important role in promoting longevity. Although cytoplasmic acetyl-CoA synthetase 2 (ACSS2) promotes aging by decreasing autophagy in some peripheral tissues, increased glial AMPK activity or neuronal differentiation can stimulate ACSS2 nuclear translocation and chromatin association. ACSS2 nuclear translocation can result in increased activity of CREB binding protein (CBP), p300/CBP-associated factor (PCAF), and other HATs to increase histone acetylation on the promoter of neuroprotective genes including transcription factor EB (TFEB) target genes resulting in increased lysosomal biogenesis and autophagy. Much of what is known regarding acetyl-CoA metabolism and aging has come from pioneering studies with yeast, fruit flies, and nematodes. These studies have identified evolutionary conserved roles for histone acetylation in promoting longevity. Future studies should focus on the role of nuclear acetyl-CoA and histone acetylation in the control of hypothalamic inflammation, an important driver of organismal aging.

No description available.

Genome-wide studies of diseases and chronic conditions frequently fail to uncover marked or consistent differences in RNA or protein concentrations. However, the developing field of kinetic proteomics has made promising discoveries in differences in the turnover rate of these same proteins, even when concentrations were not necessarily different. The situation can theoretically be modeled mathematically using bifurcation equations, but uncovering the proper form of these is difficult. To this end, we developed TWIG, a method for characterizing bifurcations that leverages information geometry to identify drivers of complex systems. Using this, we characterized the bifurcation and stability properties of all 132 possible 3- and 22,662 possible 4-node subgraphs (motifs) of protein-protein interaction networks. Analyzing millions of real world protein networks indicates that natural selection has little preference for motifs that are stable per se, but a great preference for motifs who have parameter regions that are exclusively stable, rather than poorly constrained mixtures of stability and instability. We apply this knowledge to mice on calorie restricted (CR) diets, demonstrating that changes in their protein turnover rates do indeed make their protein networks more stable, explaining why CR is the most robust way known to extend lifespan.

The normal aging process in humans is characterized by a number of hallmark changes including decreased white matter volume in the brain and accompanying cognitive decline. This is in contrast to neurodegenerative aging processes which involve acute pathology which results in neuronal cell death. Studying non-degenerative normal aging in humans can be difficult because of the high prevalence of neurodegenerative diseases in the population and other potentially confounding effects. Rhesus monkeys are an excellent model organism for the study of normal aging, as their aging process has been demonstrated to involve diminished white matter volume, but they do not suffer from neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's. In this study we seek to quantify levels of myelin degradation using confocal microscopy in regions of interest where it has been previously demonstrated that loss of white matter integrity results in lower levels of cognitive function across different treatment groups including aging monkeys, calorie restricted monkeys, and controls for calorie restricted monkeys. These areas include prefrontal white matter which is vital to executive function, the hippocampus which is integral to memory consolidation and the learning process, and finally the anterior, middle, and posterior cingulum bundle. The cingulum bundle contains a diverse variety of projections between cortical and subcortical regions, including but not limited to projections to and from the cingulate cortex which has been demonstrated to be vital for emotional processing, the limbic system, and a wide spectrum of other functions. We aim to quantify white matter degradation in these regions by using immunofluorescent tagging for healthy myelin basic protein (MBP) and degraded myelin basic protein (dMBP) and by measuring the colocalization between the two. For prefrontal white matter and hippocampus, we did not find significant differences in myelin degradation across treatment groups. In the cingulum bundle, however, we did find a significant effect of treatment on overall myelin damage throughout the bundle, and in particular we determined that there was a significant difference in colocalization in the anterior cingulum bundle between aging monkeys and control calorie restricted monkeys. Analysis of behavioral testing data yielded surprising results as we were unable to find a strong correlation between our measure for myelin degradation, and level of cognitive impairment. Our results indicate that there are likely differences in regional vulnerability to age related myelin damage across different white matter regions of the brain, however we would like to expand on this study to gain a more accurate understanding of how loss of white matter volume is distributed through the brain and the impact that has on cognitive outcomes.

Aging is the major risk factor for chronic age-related diseases characterized by loss of homeostasis, organ dysfunction, and inflammation. Calorie restriction (CR) has been shown to slow aging and delay the onset of chronic age-related diseases. Even though CR has many positive health effects, the degree and duration of the restriction needed would reduce the intervention's usefulness and make it challenging to start and maintain in humans. The difficulties brought on by CR have led to the development of CR mimetics that can mimic the effects of CR without reducing food intake (in an ad libitum state). We hypothesize that in PEPCK bovine Growth Hormone (bGH) overexpressing transgenic mice with accelerated metabolic and cognitive aging, the health span and phenotypes of aging can be improved by adding CR mimetics, a combination of lipoic acid, nicotinamide, thiamine, pyridoxine, and piperine to the diet. From 10 to 40 weeks of age, bGH-tg mice and their normal (N) littermates were fed CRM diet ad libitum. Normal littermates and bGH-tg mice fed a standard chow diet served as controls. Evaluation of the effects of CRM included insulin and glucose tolerance tests (ITT and GTT), indirect calorimetry as well as rotarod, working memory, grip strength testing. Body weight and percent fat mass were significantly lower, but percent lean mass was significantly higher in mice on a CRM diet at 40 weeks. At 19 weeks, insulin sensitivity was improved considerably in treated N and bGH-tg males. At 20 weeks of age, all mice on a CRM diet had significantly improved glucose tolerance and lower fasting glucose. At week 32, treated N female mice had significantly higher energy expenditure during the day and night per gram of body weight. In treated N males, this was true only during the day. Male bGH-tg mice on CRM diet had decreased energy expenditure during the night. Insulin sensitivity was significantly improved in treated male N and bGH-tg mice at week 37. Week 38 GTT showed enhanced glucose tolerance and lower fasting glucose in all mice on a CRM diet except Tg females. Week 39-40 Y-maze, rotarod and grip strength testing showed improved motor coordination and grip strength in all mice on CRM diet with no difference in working memory. Also, there was a significant improvement in metabolic and aging phenotype with lowered pro-inflammatory cytokines at the gene and protein levels in various tissues. Our study indicates the employed CRM produce the beneficial health effects in short-lived, insulin resistant bGH Tg mice but the effects are time-, sex-, genotype-, and diet-dependent. Most of the effects of this intervention resemble the effects of CR suggesting that employed compounds may act via similar mechanisms. This work was funded by the SIU-SOM Geriatrics Research Initiative (AB), NIA R01AG068288, and the Hillblom Foundation (PK).

Bakgrund: Övervikt och fetma ökar exponentiellt i alla samhällsklasser i alla delar av världen idag. Det kan orsaka lidande och förtida död för de drabbade. Risken att drabbas av våra vanligaste vällevnadssjukdomar som hjärt- och kärlsjukdom, typ 2 diabetes och neurodegenerativa sjukdomar som Alzheimers sjukdom ökar vid övervikt och fetma. Det i särklass mest effektiva sättet att gå ned i vikt är genom att minska sitt kaloriintag. För att behålla en viktnedgång behövs beteendeförändringar, stöttning och en långsiktig plan. Syfte: Syftet med studien är att undersöka om intermittent kalorirestriktion (CR) är mer effektivt än kontinuerlig CR när det gäller viktreduktion och bibehållande av ny vikt. Metod: En litteraturstudie genomfördes där fyra olika parallellstudiers resultat sammanställs. Parallellstudierna jämför effektiviteten av intermittent och kontinuerlig CR på viktreduktion och bibehållande av ny vikt. Resultat: I tre av de fyra studier som undersökts kan inga skillnader i effektivitet uppvisas mellan intermittent och kontinuerlig CR när det gäller viktreduktion och bibehållande av ny vikt över tid. En av studierna fann att intermittent CR, i form av ”week on, week off” två veckor i taget är mer effektiv när det gäller viktreduktion efter 16 veckors interventionsfas samt 6 månader senare. Slutsats: Som alla metastudier jag läst och de flesta studier på ämnet kan ingen skillnad i effektivitet mellan intermittent och kontinuerlig CR uppvisas gällande viktreduktion. Inte heller verkar den ena vara överlägsen den andra när det gäller bibehållande av ny vikt. Fler studier över längre tidsspann med fler deltagare krävs för att kunna dra slutsatser om vilken typ av CR som är mest effektiv på lång sikt. / Background: Overweight and obesity are increasing exponentially in all social classes in all parts of the world today. It can cause suffering and premature death to those affected. The risk of suffering from our most common well-being diseases such as cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes and neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease increases with overweight and obesity. By far the most effective way to lose weight is by reducing your calorie intake. To maintain a weight loss, behavioural changes, support and a long-term plan are needed. Purpose: The purpose of the study was to investigate whether intermittent calorie restriction (CR) is more effective than continuous CR in terms of weight reduction and maintenance of new weight. Method: A literature study was conducted where the results of four parallel studies were put together. The parallel studies compare the effectiveness of intermittent or continuous CR on weight reduction and maintenance of new weight. Result: In three of the four studies examined, no differences in effectiveness can be demonstrated between intermittent and continuous CR in terms of weight reduction and maintenance of new weight over time. One of the studies found that intermittent CR, in the form of "week on, week off" two weeks at a time, is more effective in weight reduction after 16 weeks of intervention and 6 months later. Conclusion: Like all meta-studies and most studies on the subject, no difference in effectiveness between intermittent and continuous CR can be demonstrated in terms of weight reduction. Nor does one seem superior to the other when it comes to maintaining new weight. More studies over longer time spans with more participants are required to be able to draw conclusions about the type of CR that is most effective in the long term.

Tannine sind pflanzliche, polyphenolische Sekundärmetabolite mit Protein-präzipitierenden und –bindenden Kapazitäten, welche offenbar für die antinutritiven und gesundheitsschädlichen Wirkungen der Tannine verantwortlich sind. Jedoch dominieren in der Literatur die gesundheitsfördernden Beschreibungen, für die meist die antioxidative Kapazität verantwortlich gemacht wurde. Der etablierte Modelorganismus Caenorhabditis elegans wurde zur Analyse dieses Kontrastes ausgewählt. Zunächst wurden Lebensdauer und Stressresistenz der mit Tanninsäure und den Tanninbausteinen Gallussäure, Ellagsäure und Catechin behandelten Nematoden ermittelt. Das vermutete Vorliegen eines „Calorie Restriction“ (CR)-Effektes als auch einer hormetischen Dosis-Wirkungs-Beziehung wurde überprüft. Weiterhin wurden antimikrobielle und antioxidative Eigenschaften als potentielle Ursachen der Langlebigkeit untersucht und die Auswirkungen auf die Fitness und Genexpression analysiert. Die Einbeziehung verschiedener Alterungs-Theorien rundete die Analyse der Tanninwirkung ab. Alle Tannin-Substanzen konnten eine Lebensverlängerung erwirken, doch erstaunlicherweise erwiesen sich Langlebigkeit und Stressresistenz als individuelle, nicht zwangsläufig gekoppelte Parameter. Hormesis, CR-nachahmende Eigenschaften, antimikrobielle Kapazitäten als auch verschiedene stressrelevante Gene sind teilweise für die Lebensverlängerung verantwortlich. Die antioxidative Kapazität scheint jedoch irrelevant zu sein. Die differentielle Expression mehrerer hundert Gene durch Tanninsäure unterstreicht zudem die Komplexität der Wirkweise. Hinweise zur Bestätigung der „Disposable Soma Theory“, der „Mitohormesis“-Theorie und der „Green Theory of Ageing“ konnten zum Teil gefunden werden. Diese Arbeit zeigt die individuelle und kontrastreiche Wirksamkeit der Tannine auf. Sie unterstreicht, dass Tannine molekulare Regulatoren sind, welche nicht nur auf ihre antioxidative und antinutritive Kapazität reduziert werden sollten. / The polyphenolic tannins are plant-produced secondary metabolites with protein precipitating and binding capacities. This characteristic is seemingly responsible for antinutritional and harmful effects. However, health benefits have also been extensively described in the literature. Indeed, antioxidant properties are believed to be the reason for these beneficial effects. The established model organism Caenorhabditis elegans was chosen to examine this apparent contradiction. The nematodes were exposed to tannic acid and to the tannin building blocks gallic acid, ellagic acid, and catechin and the lifespan and stress resistance were determined. The presence of a calorie restriction (CR) effect and a hormetic dose-response-relationship was verified. Furthermore, antimicrobial and antioxidative capacities were assessed as possible causes of longevity and the impact on fitness parameters and gene expressions was analysed. The consideration of different ageing theories completed the analysis of the tannin action. All tannin-substances were able to prolong the lifespan but against all expectations, longevity and stress resistance were shown to be independent entities, which are not necessarily linked. Hormesis, CR-mimetic properties, antimicrobial capacities as well as several stress relevant genes are partly responsible for the life-extension. The antioxidant capacities, however, appeared to be irrelevant. The regulation of several hundred gene expressions by tannic acid underlined the complexity of the mode of action. Furthermore, the results partly confirm the “Disposable Soma Theory”, the “Mitohormesis Theory” and the “Green Theory of Ageing”. This work dissects the contrasting efficiency of the tannin family and underlines in particular, that tannins are molecular regulators, which should not be reduced to their antioxidative and antinutritional capacities

Le tissue adipeux (TA) est un organe complexe specialisé dans le stockage et la libération d'énergie sous forme de lipides. Cet organe adipeux est essentiel pour le maintien de l'homéostasie énergétique. Les adipocytes sont les cellules prototypiques du TA. Elles se forment durant la différenciation de précurseurs, un processus appelé adipogenèse. L'adipogenèse est intimement associée à la synthèse des acides gras et de triglycérides lors de la lipogenèse. Néanmoins, divers facteurs peuvent perturber l'adipogénèse et la lipogenèse, contribuant au dysfonctionnement du TA et au développement des maladies métaboliques. Le but de cette thèse a été d'étudier la lipogenèse dans le contexte du stress du réticulum endoplasmiques (SRE), de la restriction calorique et du vieillissement. Dans le projet A, nous avons montré que l'exposition d'adipocytes à un SRE aigu inhibe l'expression des gènes liés à la lipogenèse et empêche l'incorporation du glucose dans les lipides. En plus, l'exposition des préadipocytes à un SRE chronique, détériore à la fois la lipogenèse et l'adipogenèse. Par contre, pour les adipocytes, un SRE chronique mais modéré n'a pas d'effet évident sur la lipogenèse. Ces effets du SRE pourraient contribuer à la détérioration de la fonction de TA vue dans l'obésité. La capacité du TA à stocker des lipides diminue avec l'âge, probablement à cause de l'accumulation de cellules sénescentes ou un SRE plus élevé. Dans le projet B, nous avons étudié la capacité lipogénique du TA humain en relation à la sénescence et aux marqueurs du SRE au sein d'une cohorte de femmes obèses jeunes ou âgées. Tandis que l'expression des principaux marqueurs de la sénescence était augmentée dans le TA des femmes âgées, l'expression génique des enzymes de lipogenèse et des chaperonnes était diminuée dans le TA des personnes âgées. Ces résultats étaient partiellement retrouvés dans les adipocytes différenciés in vitro des mêmes individus ce qui suggère une moins bonne capacité à faire face au SRE lors du vieillissement. Le régime à très basses calories (VLCD) est souvent prescrit en première intention pour une rapide perte de poids. L'amélioration de la sensibilité à l'insuline se voit dès 2 jours de VLCD. Néanmoins, on ne sait quasiment rien des modifications métaboliques du TA survenant durant les premiers jours. Dans le projet C, nous avons donc comparé les réponses métaboliques et inflammatoires du TA sous-cutané précocément (2 jours) et plus tardivement (28 jours) lors d'un VLCD. A 2 jours de régime, l'expression des gènes lipolytiques était augmentée, alors que l'expression des gènes lipogéniques était diminuées. Les marqueurs d'inflammation n'étaient pas changés dans le TA. Néanmoins, les changements d'expression dans le TA lors de la phase précoce du régime ne pouvait pas expliquer l'effet de ce régime court à l'amélioration de la sensibilité à l'insuline. Dans la phase tardive, l'expression des gènes impliqués dans la lipogenèse et la ß-oxydation était largement réduite, tandis que l'expression des marqueurs inflammatoires était augmentée. Nous avons donc montré que les réponses métaboliques et inflammatoires du TA sous-cutané à 2 jours et 28 jours de VLCD sont différentes. Dans le projet D, nous avons comparé et défini les effets de la restriction calorique modérée sur la physiologie des préadipocytes et des adipocytes différenciés in vitro chez des jeunes obèses ou des personnes âgées obèses. De façon surprenante, on n'a observé aucun effet de l'intervention sur le métabolisme des préadipocytes dans les deux groupes. Par contre, un effet bénéfique de l'intervention sur le métabolisme adipocytaire n'a été observé que chez les personnes âgées. Nos données montrent donc qu'une restriction calorique modérée peut avoir un effet positif sur le métabolisme adipocytaire des séniors. Pour conclure, cette thèse montre que la lipogenèse dans le TA humain peut être inhibée par le SRE, la restriction calorique sévère et le vieillissement. / Adipose tissue (AT) is a complex organ specialised in safe storage and release of energy as lipids. The adipose organ is therefore essential for the maintenance of energy homeostasis. The prototypical cells of AT are adipocytes, emerging from the precursors in a process called adipogenesis. Adipogenesis itself is tightly connected with lipogenesis, i.e. with the synthesis of fatty acids and triglycerides. Various stimuli can disturb adipocyte differentiation and lipogenesis and thus contribute to AT dysfunction and development of associated metabolic diseases. This thesis was focused on the investigation of lipogenesis in the context of endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS), calorie restriction and aging. In Project A, we showed that exposition of adipocytes to high acute ERS inhibits expression of lipogenic genes and glucose incorporation into lipids. Moreover, chronic exposure of preadipocytes to ERS impaired both, lipogenesis and adipogenesis. On the other hand, chronic low ERS had no apparent effect on lipogenesis in adipocytes. These effects of ERS could therefore contribute to the worsening of AT function seen in obesity. The capacity of AT to store lipids decreases in aging, possibly due to the accumulation of senescence cells or higher ERS. In Project B, we investigated lipogenic capacity of human AT in relation to senescence and markers of ERS. AT and adipose cells from young and elderly women were investigated. While mRNA expression of major senescent markers was increased in AT from the elderly compared to young individuals, mRNA expression of lipogenic enzymes and chaperones was decreased in AT from elderly individuals. These results were also partly observed in vitro in differentiated adipocytes from AT of the same individuals suggesting the reduced capability to cope with ERS in aging. Very-low calorie diet (VLCD) is first line lifestyle intervention to achieve rapid weight loss. The improvement of whole body insulin sensitivity can be seen as soon as after 2 days of VLCD. However, little is known about AT metabolic changes in those early days. Thus, in Project C, we compared metabolic and inflammation-related characteristics of subcutaneous AT in the early (2 days) and later (28 days) phase of a VLCD. In the early phase of VLCD, the expression of lipolytic genes was increased, whereas the expression of lipogenic genes was suppressed. The inflammatory markers remained unchanged in AT. The changes in AT gene expression in the early phase of VLCD could not explain the effect of short calorie restriction on the improvement of insulin sensitivity. At the later phase, expression of genes involved in lipogenesis and ß-oxidation was markedly suppressed, whereas the expression of inflammatory markers was increased. Thus, we found that the early and later phases of VLCD differ with respect to metabolic and inflammatory responses in subcutaneous AT. In Project D, we compared and defined the effects of moderate calorie restriction on preadipocytes and in vitro differentiated adipocytes in two groups of obese men: juniors and seniors. We did not observe any effect of the intervention on metabolism of preadipocytes in either group. However, we observed an intervention-driven improvement in adipocyte metabolism selectively in the group of seniors. Therefore, our data suggest that moderate calorie restriction could initiate positive changes in metabolism of adipocytes in seniors. In conclusion, this thesis brought several pieces of evidence that lipogenesis in human AT can be inhibited by ER stress, severe caloric restriction and aging.

No description available.