The purpose of this thesis is to analyze climate change initiatives in China, the United States, and California, determine where they fall on a spectrum from climate change leader to climate change laggard, and evaluate the need for more effective collaboration among these entities in order to collectively tackle the global threat of climate change. This thesis supplements existing literature in the field by synthesizing the climate change activities of three important players in the global arena: China, the United States, and California. This thesis is different from other research, however, by underscoring the collaboration between these three entities and specifically recommending cap and trade as a mechanism through which to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. In this thesis, I claim that on a spectrum from climate change laggard to climate change leader, the United States settles as a laggard, California emerges as a leader, and contrary to popular belief, I argue that China is transitioning between the two. Moreover, I emphasize the importance of more collaboration – especially more substantive collaboration – between these key players in order to achieve significant global emissions reductions because they will stimulate other partnerships around the world and trigger more collective action on climate change. Finally, I offer cap and trade as a viable option through which these three entities can work together to reduce their contribution to global greenhouse gas emissions.

This thesis applies a novel method of change detection, the Landsat Image Stack Trend Analysis method to the monitoring of retrogressive thaw slumps in the Richardson Mountains, NWT. This method represents a significant improvement upon previous methods of thaw slump monitoring, which utilized air photos and high-resolution satellite imagery. This method applies Tasseled Cap brightness, wetness and greenness indices to Landsat TM/ETM images acquired between 1985 and 2011 and analyzes the temporal change of each pixel for the different indices values. This method is useful in retrogressive thaw slump monitoring in two ways. First, by creating a map showing the linear change over time from 1985 to 2011, retrogressive thaw slumps can be easily identified, as they are more dynamic than the surrounding tundra. In total, 251 thaw slumps were identified within an area of roughly 18 000km2. Second, thaw slump activity, from initiation, growth and stabilization can be studied by plotting the annual vegetation index pixel values of adjacent pixels in a thaw slump. This method allows for the efficient extraction of annual thaw slump headwall retreat rates, provided the availability of cloud-free imagery. The retreat rates of 16 slumps were extracted, which were found to have an average annual retreat rate of 11.8 m yr-1.

Official inception of the Common agricultural Policy of the European Union dates back to 1962. It has been criticised in many aspects so far / and the most recent criticisms came from the consumers. Nevertheless, consumers&rsquo / side with respect to agricultural reforms has often been neglected vis a vis producers&rsquo / side, making this subject and interesting issue needed to be looked into. This thesis study touches upon the historical development of the Common Agricultural Policy. It explores benefits and the losses incurred by European consumers regarding the agricultural policy and the amendments introduced thereto. It sets out from this point of view and elaborates on food security, safety and quality within the European Union. This thesis exhibits facts about environmental consequences of the CAP together with organic farming practices. Additionally, it mentions globalization of ! the agricultural market and the emergence of supermarket chain! s and di scusses the benefits and detriments these brought about especially for the consumer. Finally, it indicates the activities undertaken by the organizations within the European Union and explores some of the reflections regarding the possible developments pursuant to the enlargement process. Keywords: CAP reform, consumer, producer, food safety

La migranya és un mal de cap primari, episòdic crònic i incapacitant molt comú a la població. Ha estat identificada per la Organització Mundial de la Salut (OMS) entre les principals causes d'incapacitat. La migranya té una etiologia complexa, amb contribució de múltiples gens d'efecte menor i factors ambientals que conjuntament determinen una certa predisposició a la patologia. No obstant, hi ha formes rares de migranya en què la causa és monogènica, amb un únic gen d'efecte major que determina l'aparició del fenotip.L'objectiu principal d'aquest treball ha estat aprofundir en l'estudi de la base genètica de les formes monogèniques de migranya i més específicament, identificar nous loci responsables del fenotip migranyós i nous al.lels mutats en gens ja reconeguts com a responsables d'aquest trastorn genèticament heterogeni.D'una banda, s'ha mapat el gen responsable de la migranya, de forma independent, en dues famílies catalanes extenses no emparentades, amb una herència dominant, a la regió cromosòmica 14q32. Tanmateix, la identificació del gen causant de la malaltia en aquestes famílies resta encara per resoldre. D'altra banda, s'han identificat 9 mutacions en el gen CACNA1A, totes elles de canvi de sentit, en individus espanyols amb diferents variants de migranya (HM, MA i CPS) i atàxia episòdica de tipus 2 (EA2). Tres de les mutacions són responsables del fenotip FHM, una de les quals es va identificar en un individu que manifestava símptomes de BPT i que va evolucionar a BPV i finalment a FHM. La quarta mutació es va trobar en un pacient que des dels 7 mesos de vida manifestava episodis d'hipotèrmia amb símptomes acompanyants i que podria correspondre a una variant, encara no ben caracteritzada clínicament, de CPS. S'han detectat dos canvis més en pacients amb manifestacions d'EA2. El setè canvi es va detectar en un pacient afectat d'EA2 i FHM, i el vuitè en un pacient amb EA2 i MA. La novena mutació s'ha identificat en dues pacients amb MA, mare i filla, que pertanyen a una família en què segrega FHM. En aquest darrer cas s'han pogut fer, en col·laboracio, estudis funcionals de la proteïna mutada, que revelen que determinades variacions en el gen CACNA1A poden tenir un paper modificador i no causant, com fins ara s'havia pensat, del fenotip migranyós.L'estudi de les formes monogèniques de migranya presenta diverses complicacions com l'heterogeneïtat genètica, la variabilitat en l'expressió clínica, la penetració incompleta, les fenocòpies i les genocòpies i l'efecte dels factors ambientals, el seu caràcter episòdic i la manca de marcadors biològics, la variabilitat de la simptomatologia en funció de l'edat de l'individu, la dificultat d'agrupar pacients en categories fenotípicament homogènies, la difícil obtenció del teixit d'interès -sistema nerviós central- i la dificultat d'interpretar i reproduir una simptomatologia basada en el testimoni del pacient, en animals d'experimentació. Els estudis de lligament que es presenten en aquest treball proporcionen evidències significatives de l'existència d'un nou locus comú a FHM i MA en dues famílies catalanes. La identificació d'un nou locus de migranya i els resultats de l'anàlisi mutacional realitzada en el gen CACNA1A augmenten la reconeguda heterogeneïtat genètica no al·lèlica i al·lèlica de les formes monogèniques i rares de migranya. Identificar el nou gen de migranya que hem localitzat al cromosoma 14 i estudiar la seva rellevància entre els pacients migranyosos a nivell espanyol i mundial contribuirà de ben segur a una millor comprensió dels mecanismes moleculars de la migranya i també a la identificació de possibles dianes terapèutiques en benefici dels pacients que la pateixen. / Migraine is a chronic, episodic and disabling prymary headache. The World Health Organization (WHO) rated migraine among the most disabling chronic disorders. Migraine has a complex etiology involving multiple susceptibility genes and environmental factors. However, there are rare forms of migraine in which the cause is monogenic.The main goal of this work has been to study the genetic basis on the monogenic forms of migraine and more specifically, to identify new loci responsible for the migraine phenotype and new mutated alleles in genes responsibles for this genetically heterogeneous disorder.A gene responsible for migraine has been mapped in two extensive unrelated families at chr14q32. However, the identification of the causative gene rest to be identified. On the other hand, nine missense mutations have been identified in the CACNA1A gene in Spanish patients with hemiplegic migraine (HM), migraine with aura (MA), chilhood periodic syndromes (CPS) and episodic ataxia type 2 (EA2). Three of the mutations are responsible for the FHM phenotype, one of them was identified in an individual who manifested symptoms of childhood benign paroxysmal torticolis that evolved to benign paroxysmal vertigo and finally to FHM. The fourth mutation found in a patient that manifested episodes of hypothermia with accompanying symptoms, could correspond to a CPS variant. Two more changes have been detected in patients with EA2. The seventh change was detected in an affected patient of EA2 and FHM, and the eighth in a patient with EA2 and MA. The ninth mutation has been identified in two patients with MA belonging to a HM family. Functional studies of p.Ala454Thr CACNA1A protein revealed that some variants can have a not causative but modifier role.The linkage studies performed in this work provide significant evidence of the existence of a new common locus to FHM and MA. Its identification and the results of the mutational analysis carried out in CACNA1A gene increase the recognized genetic heterogeneity in monogenic forms of migraine. Identifying the new migraine gene will contribute to better understand the molecular mechanisms of migraine and the identication of new therapeutic targets.

Diss. Alnarp : Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet, 2004.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Uppsala : Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet, 2007. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.

Zugl.: Dortmund, Techn. Universiẗat, Diss., 2008.

Zugl.: Magdeburg, Univ., Diss., 2008

Zugl.: Magdeburg, Univ., Diss., 2009

Zugl.: Erlangen, Nürnberg, Univ., Diss., 2005.