Orientador: Eduardo Alves de Almeida / Banca: Maria Aparecida Marin Morales / Banca: Glória Elisa Florido Mendes / Resumo: Os contaminantes ambientais são relevantes no contexto ecotoxicológico devido a seus efeitos citotóxicos e carcinogênicos nos organismos não-alvos. A análise de biomarcadores bioquímicos constitui uma ferramenta eficiente nos estudos de avaliação de risco e impacto ambiental, pois conseguem realizar a detecção precoce dos efeitos nos organismos em virtude da exposição aos poluentes ambientais. O Brasil está entre os maiores consumidos de agrotóxicos do mundo e nesse contexto destacam-se os compostos organofosforados (OP) e carbamatos (CA). Neste trabalho foram analisadas em brânquias, fígado e tecido nervoso da tilápia Oreochromis niloticus e do cascudo Pterygoplichthys anisitsi após 2 e 7 dias, a atividade das enzimas acetilcolinesterase (AChE), carboxilesterase (CbE), glutationa S-transferase (GST), glutationa peroxidase (GPx), 7- etóxiresorufina-O-deetilase (EROD), e peroxidação lipídica como candidatos a biomarcadores bioquímicos sensíveis à contaminação por diazinon (OP) e carbaril (CA). A morfologia do fígado dos cascudos foi avaliada após 7 dias de exposição aos pesticidas, em fragmentos de tecidos corados com HE. A exposição aos pesticidas causou significativa inibição da AChE e CbE nas duas espécies; aumento significativo da GST no fígado dos cascudos expostos ao OP , no fígado e brânquias das tilápias expostas ao CA e nas brânquias dos cascudos expostos ao CA; inibição da EROD no fígado das duas espécies expostas ao OP e tendência à ativação nas duas espécies expostas ao CA; tendências à diminuição dos níveis de malondialdeído e aumento da GPx no fígado nas duas espécies. Os cascudos expostos ao OP mostraram aumento na taxa de núcleos hipercromáticos e esteatose, e em ambas as exposições os cascudos apresentaram aumento no diâmetro do núcleo dos hepatócitos, sendo mais acentuado pelo composto CA. Estes resultados... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Environmental contaminants are ecotoxicologically relevant due to their cytotoxic and carcinogenic effects in non-targets organisms. The analysis of biochemical biomarkers is a powerful tool in studies of risk assessment and environmental impact, because it can achieve early detection of the effects on organisms as a result of exposure to environmental pollutants. Brazil is among the largest world consumers of pesticides, including organophosphates and carbamates. In this work, after 2 and 7 days of the treatment, the activity of the enzymes acetylcholinesterase (AChE), carboxylesterase (CbE), glutathione S-transferase (GST), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) and lipid peroxidation were analyzed in gills, liver and nervous tissue of tilapia Oreochromis niloticus and armoured catfish Pterygoplichthys anisitsi, as candidates of sensible biochemical biomarkers of contamination by diazinon (OP) and carbaryl (CA). The morphology of the liver of the armoured catfishes was examined after 7 days of exposure to pesticides, in fragments of tissue stained with HE. Exposure to pesticides caused significant inhibition of AChE and CBE in the two species, significant increase in GST in the liver of armoured catfishes exposed to OP, in the liver and gills of tilapia exposed to CA and the gills of armoured catfishes exposed to CA, EROD inhibition in the liver of both species exposed to OP and a trend of activation in both species exposed to CA, and trends to decreased levels of malondialdehyde and increased GPx in the liver in both species. The catfishes exposed to OP showed increased rate of hyperchromatic nuclei and steatosis, and both armoured catfishes showed increase in the diameter of the nucleus of hepatocytes, being more accentuated by the armoured catfishes exposed to CA. These results suggest the usefulness of the activity of AChE, CBE, GST and morphological... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:22:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2009-04-15Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:08:30Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 rodrigues_acf_me_sjrp.pdf: 796473 bytes, checksum: 478bd32abee6cd2efceb78698757085b (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Os contaminantes ambientais são relevantes no contexto ecotoxicológico devido a seus efeitos citotóxicos e carcinogênicos nos organismos não-alvos. A análise de biomarcadores bioquímicos constitui uma ferramenta eficiente nos estudos de avaliação de risco e impacto ambiental, pois conseguem realizar a detecção precoce dos efeitos nos organismos em virtude da exposição aos poluentes ambientais. O Brasil está entre os maiores consumidos de agrotóxicos do mundo e nesse contexto destacam-se os compostos organofosforados (OP) e carbamatos (CA). Neste trabalho foram analisadas em brânquias, fígado e tecido nervoso da tilápia Oreochromis niloticus e do cascudo Pterygoplichthys anisitsi após 2 e 7 dias, a atividade das enzimas acetilcolinesterase (AChE), carboxilesterase (CbE), glutationa S-transferase (GST), glutationa peroxidase (GPx), 7- etóxiresorufina-O-deetilase (EROD), e peroxidação lipídica como candidatos a biomarcadores bioquímicos sensíveis à contaminação por diazinon (OP) e carbaril (CA). A morfologia do fígado dos cascudos foi avaliada após 7 dias de exposição aos pesticidas, em fragmentos de tecidos corados com HE. A exposição aos pesticidas causou significativa inibição da AChE e CbE nas duas espécies; aumento significativo da GST no fígado dos cascudos expostos ao OP , no fígado e brânquias das tilápias expostas ao CA e nas brânquias dos cascudos expostos ao CA; inibição da EROD no fígado das duas espécies expostas ao OP e tendência à ativação nas duas espécies expostas ao CA; tendências à diminuição dos níveis de malondialdeído e aumento da GPx no fígado nas duas espécies. Os cascudos expostos ao OP mostraram aumento na taxa de núcleos hipercromáticos e esteatose, e em ambas as exposições os cascudos apresentaram aumento no diâmetro do núcleo dos hepatócitos, sendo mais acentuado pelo composto CA. Estes resultados... / Environmental contaminants are ecotoxicologically relevant due to their cytotoxic and carcinogenic effects in non-targets organisms. The analysis of biochemical biomarkers is a powerful tool in studies of risk assessment and environmental impact, because it can achieve early detection of the effects on organisms as a result of exposure to environmental pollutants. Brazil is among the largest world consumers of pesticides, including organophosphates and carbamates. In this work, after 2 and 7 days of the treatment, the activity of the enzymes acetylcholinesterase (AChE), carboxylesterase (CbE), glutathione S-transferase (GST), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) and lipid peroxidation were analyzed in gills, liver and nervous tissue of tilapia Oreochromis niloticus and armoured catfish Pterygoplichthys anisitsi, as candidates of sensible biochemical biomarkers of contamination by diazinon (OP) and carbaryl (CA). The morphology of the liver of the armoured catfishes was examined after 7 days of exposure to pesticides, in fragments of tissue stained with HE. Exposure to pesticides caused significant inhibition of AChE and CBE in the two species, significant increase in GST in the liver of armoured catfishes exposed to OP, in the liver and gills of tilapia exposed to CA and the gills of armoured catfishes exposed to CA, EROD inhibition in the liver of both species exposed to OP and a trend of activation in both species exposed to CA, and trends to decreased levels of malondialdehyde and increased GPx in the liver in both species. The catfishes exposed to OP showed increased rate of hyperchromatic nuclei and steatosis, and both armoured catfishes showed increase in the diameter of the nucleus of hepatocytes, being more accentuated by the armoured catfishes exposed to CA. These results suggest the usefulness of the activity of AChE, CBE, GST and morphological... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

The increased use of pesticides has resulted in a corresponding increase in concern for the effect they may have on the health of humans and other non-target organisms. The two main areas of concern are the toxicological effects that mixtures of pesticides may have as well as the endocrine disrupting effects. Although the individual pesticides may be present at concentrations below the levels deemed to be detrimental to health, it has been argued that their combined effect may still result in elevated health risks. Another important aspect of pesticide risk assessment requires a consideration of the breakdown products of pesticides and their effect on human health. There has been very little research into the effects of degradation products and this issue should be addressed as these could potentially pose a higher risk than their parent compounds. One of the most important bio-markers available for use is the ubiquitous enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE). This enzyme is responsible for one of the most important functions in the body; namely nerve impulse transmission, upon which all life depends. The inhibition of this enzyme indicates toxicity and as a subsequence, a threat to the organism’s well-being. Bioassays have also recently been developed to test chemicals for endocrine disrupting effects. These tests rely on a dose response equivalent to that of the most potent well known estrogen 17-β estradiol. Any chemical that has a measurable response is deemed to display endocrine disrupting effects. This first aim of this study was to investigate the toxicological and endocrine disrupting effects of three organophosphorus pesticides; aldicarb, parathion and demeton-S-methyl, in addition to two breakdown products; aminophenol and p-nitrophenol. Two carbamate pesticides; carbaryl and carbofuran were also analysed. The toxicological effects of mixtures of the parent pesticide compounds were tested to assess if any antagonistic, additive or synergistic effects were observed. This data was then used in conjunction with an artificial neural network to assess if individual pesticides could be distinguished from mixtures of pesticides. A final objective was to sample various Eastern Cape water sources, utilising the enzymatic assay to determine the presence of any of these pesticides in these samples. There were several conclusions drawn from this study. AChE was successfully used as an assay to test the toxicity of the pesticides under investigation, based on their inhibition of this enzyme. An important factor for consideration throughout the study was the need to establish basal and monitor AChE activity (i.e. the need to monitor AChE activity in the absence of any pesticide). This ensured accurate comparison of the results obtained. It was found that demeton-S-methyl was the most potent of these pesticides followed by carbaryl, parathion, aldicarb and finally carbofuran, and that carbofuran could potentiate AChE. The results indicated that pesticide mixtures generally exhibited an additive inhibitory effect on AChE, although at some concentrations of pesticides, synergistic and antagonistic effects were noted. From the data using mixtures of pesticides, a feed forward neural network was created that was successfully able to distinguish individual pesticides from mixtures within its training parameters. None of the pesticides tested displayed endocrine disrupting properties in the Yeast Estrogen Screen (YES), T47D-KBluc and MDA-kb2 bio-assays. Other studies reported mixed results in this regard and thus no final conclusions could be drawn. The Blaauwkrantz River, Kariega River, Sundays River, Swartkops River and Kowie River were all tested for pesticides and although positive results were recorded, conventional methods indicated that there were no pesticides in the rivers. There were, however, trace metals present which are known to inhibit AChE, thus causing a false positive result. These results indicated that AChE can be used as a high throughput initial pre-screening tool, but that it cannot serve as a substitute for more accurate conventional testing methods.

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