Rice grows in saturated soil water condition and its requirement for water is highest amongst other cereal crops. In India, the southwest monsoon wind regime brings rainfall that provides a favourable environment for rice cultivation. Thus, there is significant dependency ofrice production on the southwest monsoon rainfall. Being a crop that grows across diverse climatic regions in India ranging from the humid to semi-arid, it offers possibility to explore therelationship between stable isotopic compositions in the grain organic matter with the climaticfactors relevant for its growth. In this thesis, we measured the isotopic compositions of oxygen, hydrogen and carbon of several rice genotypes that were cultivated during the southwest monsoon in diverse climatic regions across the Indian landmass. These isotopic values were then compared with the seasonalaverage values of climate factors such as relative humidity and temperature. Together with thiswe also studied the dependency of the oxygen isotope composition of the grain OM (δ18OOM) onthat of the source water (δ18OSW). Upon removal of δ18OSW effect from δ18OOM, we obtained astrong and significant relationship between the 18O enrichment in grain organic matter (definedas 18OOM) with relative humidity. The gradient recorded was 0.45‰ shift in 18OOM with 1%change in the relative humidity level. This relationship can potentially be used to estimate thepast variations in relative humidity (and by extension, can provide a measure of monsoon rainfallvariations). We further validated this relationship based on experiments carried out in aglasshouse where all the physical factors were well-monitored. Together with this, carbonisotopic composition measured in the rice grain organic matter were used to infer the water useefficiency of rice grown in different climatic settings. The stable isotope approach was furtherimplemented for studying the archaeological rice grains recovered from archaeological sites. Analysis of carbon isotopic composition of archaeological rice grains from seven archaeologicalsites (Balu, Kanmer, Ojiyana, Lahuradewa, JognaKhera, Hulas and Kunal), belonging to theHarappan civilization and other contemporary cultures provided a new suit of data on quantitativeestimate of the hydroclimatic condition (specifically relative humidity) and water availabilityduring the existence of this civilization.

Rice grows in saturated soil water condition and its requirement for water is highest amongst other cereal crops. In India, the southwest monsoon wind regime brings rainfall that provides a favourable environment for rice cultivation. Thus, there is significant dependency ofrice production on the southwest monsoon rainfall. Being a crop that grows across diverse climatic regions in India ranging from the humid to semi-arid, it offers possibility to explore therelationship between stable isotopic compositions in the grain organic matter with the climaticfactors relevant for its growth. In this thesis, we measured the isotopic compositions of oxygen, hydrogen and carbon of several rice genotypes that were cultivated during the southwest monsoon in diverse climatic regions across the Indian landmass. These isotopic values were then compared with the seasonalaverage values of climate factors such as relative humidity and temperature. Together with thiswe also studied the dependency of the oxygen isotope composition of the grain OM (δ18OOM) onthat of the source water (δ18OSW). Upon removal of δ18OSW effect from δ18OOM, we obtained astrong and significant relationship between the 18O enrichment in grain organic matter (definedas 18OOM) with relative humidity. The gradient recorded was 0.45‰ shift in 18OOM with 1%change in the relative humidity level. This relationship can potentially be used to estimate thepast variations in relative humidity (and by extension, can provide a measure of monsoon rainfallvariations). We further validated this relationship based on experiments carried out in aglasshouse where all the physical factors were well-monitored. Together with this, carbonisotopic composition measured in the rice grain organic matter were used to infer the water useefficiency of rice grown in different climatic settings. The stable isotope approach was furtherimplemented for studying the archaeological rice grains recovered from archaeological sites. Analysis of carbon isotopic composition of archaeological rice grains from seven archaeologicalsites (Balu, Kanmer, Ojiyana, Lahuradewa, JognaKhera, Hulas and Kunal), belonging to theHarappan civilization and other contemporary cultures provided a new suit of data on quantitativeestimate of the hydroclimatic condition (specifically relative humidity) and water availabilityduring the existence of this civilization

Rice grows in saturated soil water condition and its requirement for water is highest amongst other cereal crops. In India, the southwest monsoon wind regime brings rainfall that provides a favourable environment for rice cultivation. Thus, there is significant dependency ofrice production on the southwest monsoon rainfall. Being a crop that grows across diverse climatic regions in India ranging from the humid to semi-arid, it offers possibility to explore therelationship between stable isotopic compositions in the grain organic matter with the climaticfactors relevant for its growth. In this thesis, we measured the isotopic compositions of oxygen, hydrogen and carbon of several rice genotypes that were cultivated during the southwest monsoon in diverse climatic regions across the Indian landmass. These isotopic values were then compared with the seasonalaverage values of climate factors such as relative humidity and temperature. Together with thiswe also studied the dependency of the oxygen isotope composition of the grain OM (δ18OOM) onthat of the source water (δ18OSW). Upon removal of δ18OSW effect from δ18OOM, we obtained astrong and significant relationship between the 18O enrichment in grain organic matter (definedas 18OOM) with relative humidity. The gradient recorded was 0.45‰ shift in 18OOM with 1%change in the relative humidity level. This relationship can potentially be used to estimate thepast variations in relative humidity (and by extension, can provide a measure of monsoon rainfallvariations). We further validated this relationship based on experiments carried out in aglasshouse where all the physical factors were well-monitored. Together with this, carbonisotopic composition measured in the rice grain organic matter were used to infer the water useefficiency of rice grown in different climatic settings. The stable isotope approach was furtherimplemented for studying the archaeological rice grains recovered from archaeological sites. Analysis of carbon isotopic composition of archaeological rice grains from seven archaeologicalsites (Balu, Kanmer, Ojiyana, Lahuradewa, JognaKhera, Hulas and Kunal), belonging to theHarappan civilization and other contemporary cultures provided a new suit of data on quantitativeestimate of the hydroclimatic condition (specifically relative humidity) and water availabilityduring the existence of this civilization.

This research is associated to the FAPESP 2011/0095-7 thematic project, \"Interdisciplinary palaeoenviromental studies at Espirito Santo coast\" and to the FAPESP Research Program about Climate Global Change (PFPMCG-FAPESP). The objectives were: (1) to characterize the late Pleistocene connection between Atlantic and Amazon rainforest and possible routes of interaction (coast, continent or both); (2) to identify environmental characteristics that indicates the Northeastern Espírito Santo and Southern Bahia as a stable forest since the late Pleistocene; (3) reconstitute the vegetation dynamics and infer climate fluctuations. Three sedimentary cores were collected: at northern Espirito Santo (ES) state, southern Bahia (BA) and eastern Minas Gerais (MG). Carbon and nitrogen isotope analyses and bioindicators in sediments/ soils, chronologically determined by radiocarbon dating, contributed to the local palaeoenvironmental reconstitution. At ES, from ~33,460 to ~13,740 cal yr BP the vegetation was composed of arboreal/ shrub cold adapted species and the organic matter recorded the dominance of C3 plants (?13C ~-28?), suggesting a cold and humid forest domain. From ~13,740 to ~9500 cal yr BP vegetation changes, with the increase of grasses and decrease of arboreal types. Between ~9500 and to ~4000 cal yr BP herbs were abundant with a probable mixture of C3 and C4 plants (?13C ~-24?) and algae, suggesting a higher seasonality between humid and dry season. From ~7300 cal yr BP until present the peat layer initiates its deposition, and the pollen records represents the current vegetation. At BA, radiocarbon dating in high-resolution, C and N isotopes and palynology each ~150 years from ~6400 to ~3400 cal yr BP showed detailed vegetational dynamics. From ~6400 to ~5620 cal yr BP the pollen record indicates abundance of trees and shrubs (up to 96%). From ~5620 to ~4850 cal yr BP occurred a slightly increase of herbs (28%) but the ?13C of ~-28% indicate C3 plants domain. From 4850 to ~3400 cal yr BP trees and shrubs abundance increases up to 94%, indicating the forest domain. The results confirm the forest stability and high local humidity, allowing to recognize the area as a probable refugee since 6500 cal yr BP. Vegetation, climate and the landscape has changed at MG since ~10,000 cal yr BP. From 10,600 to ~9500 cal yr BP, pollen was not preserved, C/N values (2 to 11) reveal the algal contribution, the ?13C (~-20?) indicate the mixture of C3 and C4 plants and radiocarbon date inversions indicate that the material was reworked. From 9,500 to 7,500 cal yr BP the vegetation was predominantly herbaceous with mixture of C3 and C4 plant sources (?13C ~-17?). From 7,500 to 7,000 cal yr BP C3 plants (?13C ~-30?) as trees/shrubs domains the polen record. From ~7,000 to ~6500 cal yr BP the pollen records the herbaceous abundance, dominated by C4 plants (?13C ~-12 to 18?). Peat deposition starts at ~6500 cal yr BP composed by C3 plants, mainly dominated by trees. Pollen records since at least early Holocene and the floristics of current vegetation did not show any disjunct specie with Amazon / Este projeto está associado ao temático FAPESP 2011/00995-7, \"Estudos paleoambientais interdisciplinares na costa do Espírito Santo\", e ao Programa FAPESP de Pesquisas sobre Mudanças Climáticas Globais (PFPMCG-FAPESP). Os objetivos foram: (1) caracterizar a conexão da Mata Atlântica e Floresta Amazônica e possíveis rotas de interação (litorânea, continental ou ambas); (2) identificar padrões que caracterizem a região da costa norte do Espírito Santo e sul da Bahia como refúgios florestais; (3) reconstituir a dinâmica da vegetação e inferir flutuações climáticas desde o Pleistoceno tardio. Três testemunhos sedimentares foram coletados: ao norte do Espírito Santo (ES), ao sul da Bahia (BA) e ao leste de Minas Gerais (MG). Análises isotópicas de carbono e nitrogênio e bioindicadores em sedimento/solos, cronologicamente determinados por datação 14C, contribuíram para a reconstituição paleoambiental nestas regiões. No ES, de ~33.460 a ~13.740 anos cal AP, a vegetação era composta por espécies de árvores/arbustos típicas de regiões frias com o domínio de plantas C3 (?13C ~-28?), sugerindo a presença de uma floresta fria e úmida. De ~13.740 a ~9500 anos cal AP ocorreu o aumento das herbáceas e diminuição dos tipos arbóreos. Entre ~9500 e ~4000 anos cal AP, as herbáceas tornaram-se abundantes com mistura de plantas C3 e C4 (?13C~-24?) e algas, sugerindo maior sazonalidade entre as estações seca e úmida. De ~7300 anos cal AP até o presente, iniciou-se a deposição da turfa e pólen da vegetação atual. Na BA, a alta resolução de datação C-14, isótopos de C e N e palinologia a cada ~150 anos entre ~6400 e ~3400 anos cal AP revelaram a dinâmica da vegetação. Entre 6400 e 5620 anos cal AP arbóreas/arbustivas (96%) são abundantes. De ~5620 até ~4850 anos cal AP ocorreu um pequeno aumento de herbáceas (28%), e os valores de ?13C ~-28% indicam o domínio de plantas C3. De 4850 a ~3400 anos cal AP, a abundância de arbóreas/arbustivas (94%), indica domínio florestal. Os resultados confirmam a estabilidade florestal e a umidade local, permitindo reconhecer esta área como um possível refúgio florestal desde pelo menos 6500 anos cal AP. Em MG, desde ~10.000 anos cal AP ao presente, a vegetação, o clima e a paisagem modificaram consideravelmente. De 10.600 a ~9500 anos cal AP não houve preservação de pólen, os valores de C/N (~2 e 11) revelam a contribuição algal, o ?13C (~-20?) indica mistura de plantas C3 e C4 e inversões nas datações indicam o retrabalhamento do material. De 9500 a 7500 anos cal AP a vegetação era predominantemente herbácea, com mistura de C3 e C4 (?13C ~-17?). De 7500 a 700 anos cal AP, plantas C3 (?13C ~-30?) arbustivo-arbóreas dominam o registro polínico. De ~7000 a 6500 anos cal AP as herbáceasC4 (?13C ~-12?) são abundantes. A deposição de turfa iniciou em ~6500 anos cal AP, composta por plantas C3 arbóreas. Registros palinológicos desde o Holoceno inferior e a avaliação florística atual não revelaram a presença de espécies de distribuição disjunta com a Amazônia

Submitted by Biblioteca de Pós-Graduação em Geoquímica BGQ (bgq@ndc.uff.br) on 2017-02-01T18:17:45Z No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertação Mariana.pdf: 2676586 bytes, checksum: f84c5dd984b98dd78c0816e6a516bacc (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-02-01T18:17:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertação Mariana.pdf: 2676586 bytes, checksum: f84c5dd984b98dd78c0816e6a516bacc (MD5) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro / Universidade Federal Fluminense. Instituto de Química. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Geociências- Geoquímica, Niterói, RJ. / Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar as condições atuais do impacto da cana-de-açúcar nos sedimentos superficiais do Sistema Lagunar Mundaú- Manguaba, estado de Alagoas, litoral nordeste do Brasil. Nas ultimas três décadas, aproximadamente metade das bacias de drenagem no entorno do sistema estiveram cobertas por lavouras de cana. A utilização de marcadores geoquímicos orgânicos na determinação da origem da matéria orgânica tem-se mostrado uma ferramenta importante na avaliação da magnitude da poluição de sistemas lagunares por atividades agrícolas. Análises da composição elementar do carbono e nitrogênio orgânico (razão C:N) e isotópica do carbono (d13C), associadas à determinação de carboidratos e ligninas foram realizadas em 30 amostras de sedimentos totais ao longo das duas lagunas, canais e principais rios, bem como nas frações fina e grossa dos sedimentos. Além disso, foram analisadas 8 amostras de solo, procurando abranger todos os estágios de plantio da cana. A distribuição dos compostos analisados evidenciou a compartimentação do sistema em setores distintos, sugerindo que ocorram diferentes padrões de produção, introdução e degradação de matéria orgânica em cada região. De uma maneira geral, os valores de C:N e d13C indicam a presença de material autóctone nas partes centrais das lagunas e nos canais, a influência de fontes terrestres nos rios e uma mistura entre os dois tipos de material nas saídas dos rios. Nas amostras de solo foram verificadas o sinal característico de plantas C4, como a cana, com d13C próximo a -15‰ e razão C:N de 16, em média. A baixa razão C:N dos solos pode ser resultado, principalmente, da introdução de fertilizantes nitrogenados. As razões carboidrato:carbono foram mais elevadas nos solos e rios, indicando a presença de material vegetal. Da mesma forma, as maiores concentrações de ligninas (?) foram encontradas nas desembocaduras dos rios, evidenciando o aporte de material terrestre nesses locais. A distribuição das razões dos grupos fenólicos (S/V e C/V) não se mostrou muito distinta entre as estações, mas na maioria das amostras apresentou valores elevados da razão C/V, indicando a contribuição de angiospermas não lenhosas, tais como a cana, na composição de ligninas. Foi verificada a evidência de contribuição alóctone nas partes medianas das lagunas, mas os altos valores da relação entre as formas ácida e aldeídica do grupo vanilina [(Ad/Al)v] identificam o estágio avançado da degradação desse material, mascarando sinais específicos da cana. A entrada de matéria orgânica nas lagunas contribui para o aumento da produtividade primária, fato evidenciado pelas maiores concentrações de carboidratos nas regiões centrais. De uma maneira geral, as frações finas apresentaram-se enriquecidas em carbono e carboidratos, enquanto que valores elevados de ligninas e C:N, associados a valores de d13C mais leves, indicam que a fração grossa dos rios e região montante das lagunas é constituída principalmente por fragmentos vegetais. Os rios Paraíba do Meio e Mundaú apresentaram maior participação de cana em seus sedimentos, com 44% e 39%, respectivamente, enquanto que o rio Sumaúma apresenta aproximadamente 15% de cana em sua estação após a usina. O material lixiviado das bacias de drenagem provavelmente já é introduzido nos rios bastante processado, devido ao constante revolvimento e manejo dos solos. / This work aims to evaluate the actual conditions of sugar cane impact on the superficial sediments of Mundaú-Manguaba Lagoon System, State of Alagoas, Northeastern Brazil. During the last three decades, almost half of catchments areas around the system have been covered by sugar cane crops. Organic geochemistry tracers are currently used for the determination of organic matter origin as important tools for the pollution evaluation in lagoon systems affected by agricultural activities. Organic carbon and nitrogen analysis (ratio C:N), carbon isotopic analysis and carbohydrates and lignins determination were performed among 30 samples of course and fine fractions from two lagoons, channels and main rivers. Eight soil samples were also analyzed in order to represent all sugar cane cultivation stages. The compounds distribution showed the system partition to distinct sectors suggesting that different patterns of organic matter production, introduction and degradation occur in each regions. Overall, C:N e d13C values indicate presence of autochthonous material along central parts of lagoons and channels, influence of terrigenous source in rivers and a mixture of both materials at rivers outlets. The characteristic signal of C4 plants like sugar cane, were found in soil samples: d13C near to -15‰ and C:N ratio average 16. Lower C:N ratios may result, mainly, from the introduction of nitrogen fertilizers. Carbohydrate:carbon ratios were higher in soil and rivers, which indicate the presence of vegetal fragments. In the same way, higher lignin (?) concentrations were found at rivers outlets, showing the input of terrigenous sources at these locations. The distribution of phenoic groups ratios (S/V e C/V) were not significantly distinct between samples, but most of them had high values of C/V ratio, which indicates the contribution of non-woody angiosperms to lignins composition. There is an evidence of alochthonous contribution at median sectors, but high values of the acid:aldehyde ratios of vanillyl group [(Ad/Al)v] able the identification of advanced degradation stage of this material, hiding the specific signature of sugar cane. The input of organic matter in the lagoons improves the primary production, as showed by higher concentrations of carbohydrates in central sectors. In general, fine fractions had higher carbon and carbohydrate content. Meanwhile, higher values of lignins and C:N associated with lighter values of d13C indicate that the course fraction from rivers and month lagoons sector is constituted mainly by vegetal fragments. Paraíba do Meio and Mundaú rivers sediments presented higher sugar cane content, with 44% and 39% respectively, while sugar cane content was close to 15% in the station close to the plant in Sumaúma River. The leaching material from the cachtment area already reaches the rivers in a highlyprocessed form due to the constant mixture and management of the soils.

No description available.

No description available.

Cette thèse visait à développer nos connaissances quant au contrôle génétique et environnemental et la structuration géographique de la variabilité phénotypique pour des caractères fonctionnels chez le peuplier noir (Populus nigra L.). Trois caractères fonctionnels ont été étudiés : la phénologie de croissance, WUE et la résistance à la cavitation. La variabilité phénotypique exprimée pour la phénologie de croissance et WUE a été évaluée au sein d’une collection européenne de peuplier noir regroupant 1085 génotypes échantillonnés dans 13 métapopulations et installés en test clonal en pépinière dans deux sites expérimentaux. Nos résultats ont révélé une importante variabilité génétique ainsi qu’une importante plasticité phénotypique des caractères phénologiques et de WUE au sein des métapopulations. Une différenciation génétique modérée à forte des métapopulations a été observée pour la phénologie de croissance et WUE. Les différences entre métapopulations se structuraient selon des patrons plus ou moins complexes, qui semblaient refléter, pour la phénologie de croissance, une adaptation locale des métapopulations aux conditions de photopériode et de température. Tenant compte des capacités de phénotypage limitées pour la résistance à la cavitation, la variabilité génétique exprimée pour ce caractère a été évaluée au sein d’une population naturelle de peuplier noir regroupant 33 génotypes et installée en test clonal en pépinière dans un site expérimental. Nous avons détecté une variation significative du niveau de résistance à la cavitation entre génotypes. De manière générale, aucune relation phénotypique significative n’a été détectée entre la phénologie de croissance, WUE et la résistance à la cavitation au niveau intra-population, suggérant le maintien d’une diversité de combinaisons fonctionnelles. Le développement d’une puce à 10 331 marqueurs SNPs distribués à l’échelle du génome de P. nigra, notamment dans des régions candidates pour la phénologie de croissance, devrait permettre, à court terme, de confirmer l’adaptation locale des populations de peuplier noir et d’explorer ses bases génétiques. / This work aimed at improving our understanding of the genetic and environmental control as well as the geographic structure of phenotypic variation for functional traits in black poplar (Populus nigra L.). Three functional traits were studied: bud phenology, water-use efficiency (WUE) and xylem resistance to drought-induced cavitation. The phenotypic variation expressed for bud phenology and WUE was evaluated in a European P. nigra collection composed of 1085 cloned individuals sampled in 13 natural metapopulations and established in clonal test in nursery at two experimental sites. Substantial genetic variation and substantial phenotypic plasticity for bud phenology and WUE were observed within all metapopulations. Moderate to strong genetic differentiation of metapopulations was evidenced for phenological traits and WUE. Patterns of genetic differentiation were more or less complex depending on traits and seemed to reflect, for phenological traits, local adaptation of metapopulations to photoperiod and temperature. Taking into account the limited phenotyping capacity for xylem resistance to cavitation, genetic variation expressed for this trait was evaluated within one single natural population of black poplar composed of 33 genotypes which were established in clonal test in nursery at one experimental site. Significant variations were observed between genotypes for the degree of cavitation resistance. Overall, no significant relationship was detected between bud phenology, WUE and cavitation resistance at the within-population level, indicating the maintenance of a diversity of functional combinations. The development of an array covering 10 331 SNPs distributed across the P. nigra genome, notably in candidate regions for bud phenology, will enable in the short-term to confirm local adaptation of P. nigra populations and to identify its genetic basis.

No description available.

No description available.